The Demand for Resources to Practice Fire Management in the Protected Areas of the – .1

Zane Erasmus 2

Abstract The Western Cape Province of South Africa is prone to frequent wild fires. Land managers manage fire in the vegetation that survives in fragments over a wide and mountainous landscape. Boundaries are extensive, and the impacts of alien plant species and urban and agricultural activities on the fringes present consistent challenges. Managers within Protected Areas strive to achieve biodiversity objectives by managing to achieve optimum Veld ages and diverse habitats.

Fire Management in effect entails three main activities that are closely integrated, namely,

 the suppression of wild fires,  the implementation of control burns, and  the preparation of firebreaks.

These activities are labour intensive, requiring large numbers of field workers to carry out dangerous and physically demanding operations.

The National Department of Forestry had, up until the mid-1980’s, managed the vast Mountain Catchment Areas (MCA’s) which represent most of the remaining Fynbos . The Western Cape Provincial Conservation authority took over control of the MCA’s, after which management resources dedicated to Fire Management declined quite significantly. This came about directly as a result of financial restrictions imposed by the authorities.

This study discusses a means whereby the human resources required to manage fire in order to meet ecological and legislative objectives, is described. This provides an essential means for management to determine the volume of work for which Fire Managers are responsible. Furthermore, it can be used to determine accurate budgetary targets.

Introduction The Western Cape, in contrast to the rest of Africa, experiences a Mediterranean climate. Winters are cold and wet, while summers in contrast are very hot and dry (Tyson and Preston-Whyte, 2000). A system of folded mountain ranges traverses the entire Province. Lightning is a common natural source of ignition in the high lying areas (Edwards, 1994). Of particular significance is the fynbos biome , also known as the Cape Floristic Kingdom (CFK). One of the world’s six floral kingdoms, it is found almost exclusively within the boundaries of the Province (Cowling and Holmes, 1992).

1 A version of this paper was presented at the Western Cape Fire Prevention and Management Seminar 6 – 7. September 2006 Ganzekraal, Western Cape, South Africa. 2Zane Erasmus – CapeNature, Private Bag X6546, George, Republic of South Africa, 6530 - [email protected] Regional Session F—The demand for resources —Zane Erasmus

While it is the smallest of the Floral Kingdoms (90 000 km 2), it is also the most species rich with 9 600 species on record, more than 70 percent of which are endemic to the Western Cape (Anon 2000). Fynbos - which means “fine bush”, consists of fine leaved, evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs. The presence of three families generally identifies the vegetation type, namely low shrub Ericaceae , leafless reed like Restionaceae and waxy broadleaved Proteaceae . Structure within different Fynbos plant communities varies significantly. However all types display extreme density where canopy cover, can in some cases, exceed 75 percent in mature stands (Kruger, 1979). Fire is a natural phenomenon given the climatic and topographical features that prevail in the Western Cape. Fynbos has evolved complex avoidance and tolerance mechanisms to survive fire. Indeed, fynbos is both fire prone and fire dependant (van Wilgen and Scott 2001). Without regular burning, fynbos can become senescent – and conversely with fire that is too frequent, species that have not adapted to recurrent fires can become extinct. Survival mechanisms invariably respond to the inherent fire regimes that may prevail in any particular fynbos type. There is consensus amongst botanists that fynbos is adapted to fire intervals ranging from between 10 to 30 years (van Wilgen 1987), dependant on localized factors such as climate and topography. In terms of the Constitution of South Africa, nature conservation is a concurrent responsibility of all spheres of government. Since the management of the fynbos biome is predominantly a conservation activity, this responsibility in the Western Cape has fallen primarily to CapeNature, a Parastatal formed on 1 April 2000, to manage all nature conservation concerns in the province. Other Conservation Agencies and landowners are actively involved in fire management and related conservation activities. Table 1 reflects the current conservation management status in the Western Cape.

Table 1 —Conservation areas in the Western Cape showing respective management authorities (Based on figures in le Roux and others 2002) Number of Management Authority Area Units Protected (Ha) Wilderness Areas 4 CapeNature 116,924 Provincial Nature Reserves 79 CapeNature 576,757 Contractual Provincial Nature 1 CapeNature 933 Reserve Island reserves 12 CapeNature 295 Marine Protected Areas 6 CapeNature 41,930 Local Authority Nature 38 Municipalities in association 25,582 Reserves with CapeNature Mountain Catchment Areas 15 Private landowners in 619,038 association with CapeNature Private Nature Reserves 148 Private landowners in 122,399 association with CapeNature South African Natural 36 Private landowners in 33,198 Heritage Sites association with CapeNature Conservancies 43 Private landowners in 563,121 association with CapeNature National Parks 7 South African National Parks 90,283

Total Area in Ha Protected 2,190,460

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CapeNature is directly responsible for managing 736,839 ha, and indirectly for an additional 1,661,338 Ha. According to le Roux and others (2002), 10.7 percent of the Western Cape’s surface area falls under statutory conservation areas, while an additional 7.7 percent falls under privately owned conservation land.

Fire Management of the Fynbos vegetation is the most critical of all conservation activities for two reasons.

 Firstly, Conservation Managers need to maintain optimum levels of biodiversity to ensure that natural processes continue. Selected areas are burnt under prescribed conditions where season and intensity are key factors for ensuring that diversity levels are accomplished. Furthermore, intervention measures are required to ensure that large areas of young fynbos are not burnt in wild fires before reseeding species have been able to mature;

 Secondly, the scarcity of water has become the most critical factor determining development in the Western Cape. An increased demand from the social, industrial and agricultural sectors, coupled with the projected impacts of global warming, indicate that there are inadequate water resources for the future (Midgeley and others, 2005). CapeNature is responsible for the management of Mountain Catchment Areas (MCA’s) including private MCA’s, by virtue of the delegation of the National Mountain Catchment Areas Act (63 of 1970) to the Provincial Government in 1987 (Nicholson, 2005). The aim of this management is to produce a sustained yield of high quality water throughout the year (Wilson, 1985). Versfeld (1995) identified that this objective is only possible if the natural vegetation is maintained in a viable state through a sound burning policy. Since the economy of any community is dependant on a sustained yield of good quality water, it could be stated that the future development of the Western Cape economy is dependant on how effectively CapeNature manages the MCA’s. The only way that MCA’s can be "managed" is by practicing sound Fire Management principles. While Pitman and others (1981) showed that the invasion of the mountain catchments by alien woody species can significantly reduce runoff, it should also be borne in mind that large wild fires can substantially spread invasion by encouraging seed release from cones, stimulating germination and creating large safe sites for seed germination (Richardson and others, 1992). It makes sense therefore that any alien plant eradication operation is only effective if associated with proactive Fire Management prescriptions.

Conservation Managers are trained Fire Management “experts” and understand the demanding nature of Fire Management within the scope of their institutional responsibilities. However, there is no indication of the level of human resources that are required to operate throughout the Province.

In this paper, a means whereby the human resources required to meet legislative Fire Management requirements, as well as ecological and hydrological objectives, is discussed. This fundamental information is essential to determine the resources required by CapeNature to fulfill its mandate to the Provincial Government of the Western Cape.

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Methodology An expert survey model was compiled on an Excel spreadsheet (Appendix 1) and sent to 19 of the major Nature Reserves that are responsible for managing Fynbos and thereby practicing Fire Management. The Reserves are spread evenly throughout the Province and thus represent the various classes of Fynbos.

Managers were requested to refer to their own records and provide the information requested for 21 basic questions divided into five fundamental categories.

These are discussed as follows:

Question one. Requests the name of the Protected Area managed . CapeNature manages Protected Areas that are formally protected in terms of Provincial or National legislation. Protected Areas include predominantly Wilderness Areas and Provincial Nature Reserves.

Questions two, three and four . Total Area Where Fire Management is practiced . Managers were asked to provide the area in Hectares where Fire Management is practiced. Many of the Protected Areas include elements of both the Succulent and Fynbos within the areas that they manage. The Biome is an arid shrubland dominated by stem and leaf succulents and there is not enough plant material to support fires in most areas of this biome (Bond and others, 2004). Managers were therefore only asked to provide the areas on which Fynbos was found. The area provides the first indication of the scale of resources that may be required to manage the area.

Questions five, six and seven. Total Distance of Boundaries . This gives another indication of the scale of responsibility that each Manager may have. Boundaries are the interface that Managers have with landowners that may practice another form of land management. Different Fire Management policies, for example, apply on agricultural and in particular on Forestry land. The more extensive the boundaries, the higher the risk to outside influences. This applies particularly to boundaries with urban areas where the risk of fire ignition may be high.

Firebreaks In questions eight, nine, 10, 11 and 12 , managers were asked to provide information on firebreaks. In terms of sections 12 and 14 of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act, all landowners are obliged to prepare firebreaks to prevent and control the spread of wildfire from their properties. Failure to prepare a firebreak is an offence in terms of Section 15 (Nicholson, 2005). In many cases managers may, by agreement with neighbours, reduce the distance of firebreak preparation, by formally agreeing to jointly prepare a firebreak that is not on the common or cadastral boundary. Managers were thus asked only to provide information for the firebreaks which they currently prepare. The Act does not prescribe exactly what specifications apply to firebreaks since the Act is applicable throughout South Africa where conditions and vegetations types vary considerably. In the Western Cape, a number of different methods are utilized and Managers were asked to provide information relating to each.

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In question eight Managers were asked to provide the area where firebreaks are burnt. This is calculated by multiplying the length of the break by width, i.e. 25 km length @ 100m width = (25, 000m x 100m)/10, 000 m 2 = 250 Ha). Burnt firebreaks are the most effective, but can also be the most dangerous since there is always a risk of starting runaway fires. Managers were requested to provide the volume of work carried out, expressed in Hectare. Distance would not be relevant since burnt firebreaks vary in their width.

Question nine covers the preparation of tracers . These are hoed lines cleared in advance on either side of a firebreak that is to be burnt. The area of tracers is calculated in square metres by multiplying length of tracer in metres by width in metres (10, 000 m 2= 1 Ha.).

Question 10 covers the preparation of Hoed Breaks . In some cases, a Hoed break (similar to a tracer) is considered adequate protection and is regarded as a firebreak. Hoed breaks are useful when initiating counter fires or back burns during wild fire suppression operations. Hoed breaks are known locally as "skoffeled breaks". The area of the Hoed break is also expressed in square metres by multiplying length of the hoed break in metres by width in metres.

Managers were asked in Question 11 to provide, in square metres, the area of firebreaks that were prepared by means of mechanically cutting the vegetation with brushcutters. This method is preferred by Experts as only the aerial portion of the plants, particularly resprouters, is removed. The root system remains and continues to bind the soil so preventing soil erosion on slopes and other sensitive areas (Johns 3, 2005).

In Question 12 managers were requested to provide information on other forms of firebreak preparation. In rare cases, Managers may utilize existing roads and paths as firebreaks. Chemical suppressants and other defoliants are not permitted in the preparation and maintenance of tracer/hoed belts within Protected Areas (Johns 4, 2005).

Control Burns Questions 13 to 15 cover the field of controlled burns, or prescribed burns that form a critical part of Conservation Management in the Fynbos Biome. Managers were asked to provide information on the number of burns that in a typical year, they would be expected to carry out. This would vary from one Reserve to the other, but would depend on the Area that was managed and the Fynbos type. The Area burnt is expressed in Hectare.

Controlled burns in the Fynbos Biome are conducted for three major reasons and these are covered in the following questions.

Question 13 – controlled burns to achieve ecological objectives should be carried out on a 12-14 year rotation in Mountain Fynbos. The objective of the burn is to prevent

3 Johns M (2006) Conservation Manager – Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, Kleinmond, Cape Nature [email protected] 4 Johns M (2006) Conservation Manager – Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, Kleinmond, Cape Nature [email protected]

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senescence of the Fynbos and to optimize Veld age distribution. These burns take place from January to April after the current seed crop of species with soil-stored seed has matured and been released. Internal controls are in place to ensure that Veld maturity has been confirmed by means of a vegetation monitoring survey. In exceptional cases, burns are carried out to reduce extreme fire hazard where the vegetation has exceeded 20 years of age.

Question 14 requests information regarding burns carried out subsequent to initial clearing operations in Veld infested with Pinus and Hakea invader plant species. These burns are timed to remove any resprouting or reseeding plants that may grow subsequent to the clearing operation. Strict controls are in place to ensure that the natural Veld is mature.

Debris is sometimes stacked in areas where large woody invader plant species have been cleared. The combustible material has to be burnt to remove the risk of wild fire and to promote the recovery of indigenous species. Burns for this purpose are usually carried out under cool conditions when the risk of runaway fires is low. As in the previous cases, controls are in place to ensure that ecologically sensitive sites are not placed at risk. Information relating to these Fuel Reduction burns is requested in Question 15 .

Wild Fire Suppression Midgeley and others (2005) attribute the increase in the number of extreme fire hazard days in the Western Cape over the past two decades to global warming. A consequence of this phenomenon is that the frequency, intensity and size of fires can increase quite significantly in the future. Since frequent fires are a well-known cause of the local extinction of large indicator species such as the Protea (Kruger, 1977) it can be expected that many more reseeders are threatened by frequent fires. Managers thus have to intervene in wild fires not only to reduce the area burnt, but also to protect species from possible extinction. Wild fire suppression is an advanced and complex activity, requiring expensive technology to provide early detection and an associated rapid response from suitably trained and equipped fire-fighters.

Managers were requested, in questions 16 to 21 , to provide historical data indicating the numbers of wild fires that were experienced for the past six fire seasons, starting in the 1998/1999 fire season, and ending in the 2003/2004 fire season.

The “norms”, indicating the number of “person days” required to carry out each measurable task, for each of the activities listed in questions 8 to 21 , are included in a column to the right of the questions, i.e. 50 person days are required to burn 2 hectares of firebreak. This in effect means that with a team of 50 workers, a 2 km firebreak, that is 100 metres wide, can be safely burnt in one day. Table 2 indicates the norms that were used to calculate the “person days” for each of the activities. The norms are based on estimates provided by Conservation Managers Johns 5 and Viljoen 6 (pers. comm. 2006). These are qualified estimates, and

5 Johns M (2006) Conservation Manager – Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, Kleinmond, Cape Nature [email protected] 6 Viljoen P (2006) Conservation Manager – Waterval Nature Reserve, Tulbagh, Cape Nature [email protected]

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independent study may find a variation to the norms used, as there is significant variation dependant on a large number of environmental factors Table 2 —Norms used to calculate the person days requirements for each activity. Quest Activity Norm Nr. 50 units per 2 Ha. (or 2 Km 8 Burnt firebreaks @ 200 m) 9 Preparation of Tracers 1 unit per 200 m2 10 Hoed firebreaks 1 unit per 200 m2 11 Brush cut firebreaks 1 unit per 400 m2 Ecological burns for 13 Biodiversity 160 units per 1, 000 Ha burn 14 Post alien clearing burns 160 units per 1, 000 Ha burn 15 Fuel reduction burns 50 units per 10 Ha burn Managers were requested to provide actual units utilized for the control of wild fires. Figures obtained form 16-21 Wild fire suppression. relevant Fire Reports.

The actual person days required for each activity is calculated by formulating the data entered in response to each question, with the respective norms. This figure is calculated by the model and is not captured by the Manager.

All completed spreadsheets were saved to a single excel file as separate worksheets. A Summary spreadsheet was then constructed. The data collected in this way are presented in Appendix 2.

Results A response was received from all 19 of the experts that were sent the questionnaire. After verification all the data registered as accurate.

The first data field of interest is that Fire Management is practiced on 1,147,103 Ha of Protected Area. The combined boundaries of the Protected Areas is 5,818 Km long. This is an indication of the fragmented nature of the Protected Areas and provides an insight to the scale of work that the Conservation Managers are responsible for. This is particularly significant when it is taken into account that, as a landowner in terms of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act, CapeNature is obligated to prepare firebreaks on all boundaries.

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Table 3 summarises the total number of Person Day required to carry out each Fire Management activity each year. These figures are in turn divided by a factor of 230, this being the total number of work days in a year (3).

5 days per year, minus weekends, public holidays and annual leave). This division provides the number of individual Personnel who have to be employed for a full year to complete the relevant activities.

Table 3 —Indicating total number of person days required to carry out Fire Management activities in the Western Cape. These totals are divided by a factor of 230 to determine the total number of personnel required to carry out the activity. Total Person days Total Number of Personnel Activity Required Required Firebreaks 96,680 420 Controlled Burns 40,537 176 Wild Fire suppression 27,693 121 164,910 717

The total number of Person days required to complete activities is 164, 910. Therefore, a task force numbering 717 workers, employed full time would be required each year to complete the Fire Management activities for which CapeNature is responsible.

A distinct advantage of maintaining the model as a monitoring and evaluation tool is that it is dynamic. Should conditions change in any of the Nature Reserves, then these amendments can be made to the relevant worksheet in the model. Similarly if any of the norms for activities be amended, then this too can be changed and the impact that these changes may have on the overall number of people required to carry out the work can then immediately be determined.

Discussion Fire managers, according to van Wilgen (2005), require scientific training as well as an understanding of the knowledge imparted by researchers, to be able to practice Fire Management efficiently. Whereas this cannot be disputed, it remains a fact that with training and knowledge alone, a manager cannot manage fire. A good manager requires adequate resources, in terms of money and people to safely manage fires in the Western Cape.

During the year 2000, a series of large fires swept throughout the Western Cape. A special commission of investigation was appointed to determine the underlying cause of the excessive spread of fires and to make recommendations to prevent a recurrence. One of the key causes of the widespread fires becoming uncontrolled was identified by the commission as being the decreased financial resources made available to the various organisations involved in fire suppression operations. There was, as a result, a lack of capacity and leadership at many of the fire suppression operations (Kruger and others 2000). The lack of management capacity in preceding years also meant that prescribed block burning was not carried out, and this would,

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according to Bigalke (2000), have contributed to the series of wild fires experienced during the year 2000.

Figure 1 —Graph illustrating reduction in numbers of staff employed at the Riviersonderend and Langeberg MCA Reserves during the period 1980 to 2004. Contractors and WoF staff employed subsequent to 2002 are seasonal workers employed on a temporary basis.

Riviersonderend/Langeberg MCA Personnel Numbers

60 50 40 WoF 30 Cont. 20 Perm. 10 0 1980 1990 1997 2000 2002 2003 2004

This extraordinary decrease in capacity is illustrated in the figure 1 which shows the numbers of permanent staff employed at the Riviersonderend and Langeberg MCA Reserve for the period starting 1980 and leading up to 2002. Vacant posts which were created when staff retired or resigned, were simply not filled due to financial restrictions. Contract labour has been utilized since 2002 and creates a false impression that numbers have increased beyond the figures of the early eighties. However, contract labour is seasonal and only utilized for fire suppression operations. Further complications arise with contractors as they are not adequately trained or equipped. Control or discipline is difficult and there is no motivation to extinguish fires as contract workers are paid an hourly or daily tariff. The Working on Fire Programme (WoF) is a National Poverty Relief Programme whereby local communities are recruited, trained and equipped to fight fires on neighbouring Nature Reserves. However, the teams are also not permanent.

Table 4 —Gradual increase in number of fires and total area burnt for the past four fire seasons in the Western Cape. Statistics provided by Cape Nature Scientific Services section, Jonkershoek. Nr of Area burnt fires (Ha) 2001/02 24 40,422 2002/03 49 44,862 2003/04 67 46,001 2004/05 87 63,492 1005/06 101 87,553

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Table 5 —Provides an estimate of the total amount required to employ 717 personnel for Fire Management operations in the Western Cape. Required Norm Total Task per in Rands Force annum Based on an average annual Salaries 717 39,000 27,963,000 salary. Would include annual refresher Training 717 14,000 10,038,000 courses Protective clothing 717 3,500 2,509,500 Boots, overalls, gloves. Safety requirements, including Equipment 717 6,500 4,660,500 radios. Operational Costs 717 15,000 10,755,000 Transport and fuel. Administrative Costs 717 3,500 2,509,500 Includes communication. 58,435,500

This unfavourable situation is further exacerbated by the recent increase in the number of fires over the past few years. Table 4 provides an indication of the increase in the number of fires recorded as well as an increase in the area burnt throughout the Western Cape for the last four fire seasons. The lack of resources and corresponding increase in fires has prevented CapeNature from practicing effective Fire Management. firebreaks are not completed which is a contravention of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act. Besides being illegal, this places Managers in a difficult position as wild fire suppression operations are even more hazardous to control. Managers also face the possibility of litigation when fires spread from CapeNature land on to private land and neighbouring landowners suffer losses.

In the past year only 11 of a potential 97 control burns were carried out. In effect, this means that the Biodiversity objectives that CapeNature has set itself are not being achieved either. The current Fire Management approach is almost exclusively reactive, with very little proactive activity taking place.

This study has shown that to be able to meet both its legal Fire Management obligation, and its critical biodiversity objectives, CapeNature would need to employ at least 717 people each year (Table 3). The current cost to do this, as shown in Table 5, would equal nearly R 60 million. The question remains regarding who is responsible for meeting this cost.

The Constitution of South Africa places responsibility for Nature Conservation on the Government. The Provincial Government of the Western Cape (PGWC) bears this responsibility. This has in turn been delegated by way of the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board Act (Act No. 15 of 1998) to CapeNature . CapeNature is funded primarily by the PGWC.

Unemployment in the Western Cape is estimated at 26 percent (Provincial Government Western Cape, 2005), with on average 612,000 economically active people unemployed (Provincial Government Western Cape, 2003). Since Fire Management activities are profoundly labour intensive, it is strongly recommended that the Provincial Government Western Cape consider funding an employment Programme whereby the youth of the Province can be gainfully employed. Fire Management provides a consistent occupation that will exist in the Province in perpetuity. If managed by CapeNature, this Programme would not only provide

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employment opportunities for a large number of people throughout the Province, but also will in essence take care of the critical natural resources of the Province, namely water and biodiversity.

Acknowledgments I am particularly indebted to Dr Christo Marais who reviewed a draft of this document, and provided valuable advice. I wish to thank my wife Diane who has patiently read this script a number of times. The views expressed within this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CapeNature, or any other institution or organization involved in Fire Management.

References Journal Article Kruger FJ (1977). A preliminary account of aerial plant biomass in fynbos communities of the Mediterranean-type climate zone of the Cape Province. Bothalia 12, 301- 307. van Wilgen BW and Scott DF (2001) Managing fires on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: dealing with the inevitable. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 2 pp 197-208. Backhuis Publishers, Leyden. van Wilgen BW (2005) Managing Fires: the science behind the smoke, in Quest: Science for South Africa 1 (3) 2005 pg. 31. Published by the Academy of Science of South Africa PO Box 72135, Lynnwood Ridge 0040, South Africa Nonserial Report Anon (2000) Cape Action Plan for the Environment. A biodiversity strategy and action plan for the Cape Floral Kingdom. WWF South Africa. pp one- seven. CapeNature (2002). Biodiversity of the Western Cape 2002. Western Cape Nature Conservation Board. Internal Publication. Pamphlet. www.capenature.org.za . Bigalke, RC (2000) Assessment of State Forest Management by Provincial Authorities: Western Cape. Commissioned by Department of Water affairs and forestry and funded by DFID. Internal report. p 61 Johns M (2005) Fire Management Operations. In: Erasmus, Z. (Ed,). Fire Management Policy and Guidelines version 3. CapeNature. Internal Policy Publication. pp 34-37 . Kruger FJ, Reid P, Mayet M, Alberts W, Goldammer G and Tolhurst K. (2000) A review of the Veld fires in the Western Cape during 15 to 25 January 2000. A report to the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry and the Premier of the Western Cape by the Task team: Toward improved Veldfire management in South Africa. Department of Water Affairs. Pretoria. pp 108. Midgeley GF, Chapman RA, Hewitson B, Johnston P, de Wit M, Ziervogel G, Mukheibir P, van Niekerk L, Tadross M, van Wilgen BW, Kgope B, Morant PD, Theron A, Scholes RJ and Forsyth GG (2005) A Status Quo, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Physical and Socio-economic Effects of Climate Change in the Western Cape. Report to the Western Cape Government, Cape Town, South Africa. CSIR Report No. ENV-S-C 2005-073, Stellenbosch. Nicholson J (2005) Legislation. In: Erasmus Z (Ed.). Fire Management Policy and Guidelines version 3. CapeNature. Internal Policy Publication. pp six - seven Cape Town.

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Pitman WV, Potgieter DJ, Middleton BJ and Midgley DC. (1981). Surface Water -Resources of South Africa. Volume IV' Drainage Regions EGHJKL The Western Cape. Report No. 13/81, Parts one and two. Hydrological Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Provincial Government Western Cape 2003. Treasury Department provincial economic review and outlook. Chapter 3. Provincial Government Western Cape (2005) Western Cape Provincial Economic Review & Outlook 2005 - Summary (Reports & Research) Treasury. PGWC. CapeGateway. Wilson PAS (1985) General Policy Memorandum for the Management of Mountain Catchments in the Western Cape Forest Region. Internal policy document drafted by the Department of Environment Affairs and Forestry. Book or Monograph Tyson PD and Preston-Whyte RA (2000) The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa . Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Chapter in Book or Monograph Bond WJ, Geldenhuys CJ, Everson TM, Everson CS, and Calvin MF (2004) Fire Ecology: Characteristics of Some Important Biomes of Sub-Sahara Africa. In “Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa” . (Eds. JG Goldammer and C de Ronde) pp 11-12. A publication of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) 2004 Distributed by www.oneworldbooks.com. Cowling, R.M. and Holmes, P.M (1992) Flora and Vegetation, in The Ecology of Fynbos, Nutrients, Fire and Diversity Ed. Cowling Richard. Oxford University Press pp23 – 61 Edwards D (1994) Fire Regimes in the biomes of South Africa. In: Booysen P de V and Tainton N M (Eds.) Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems . Springer Verlag. Berlin. pp 19 – 37. Kruger FJ (1979) Plant Ecology. In: Day J, Siegfried W R, Louw GN and Jarman M L (Ed) Fynbos Ecology: a preliminary synthesis. South African National Scientific Programmes report No 40 Cooperative Scientific Programmes, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. P 97. Richardson DM, Macdonald IAW, Holmes PM and Cowling RM (1992) Plant and animal invasions. In: The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, Fire and Diversity . Edited by RM Cowling. Oxford University Press, Cape Town (p. 294). van Wilgen BW (1987) Fire regimes in the fynbos biome. In: Cowling R C, le Maitre DC, McKenzie B, Prys-Jones RP and van Wilgen BW (Eds.) Disturbance and the dynamics of fynbos biome communities . South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 135. Foundation for Research Development. Pretoria. pp eight-nine. Versfeld D (1995) Catchment Management And Soil Resources. In: Boucher, C. ad Marais, c. (Eds.) Managing Fynbos Catchments for Water. Proceedings of a workshop held on 30 November 1993 at Stellenbosch, South Africa. Programme report series No24 Foundation for Research Development, Pretoria. Unpublished Paper le Roux A, Lloyd P and Turner AA (2002) State of Biodiversity: Western Cape province, South Africa. Status of Conserved Areas. In: Biodiversity of the Western Cape 2002. CD. Western Cape Nature Conservation Board ISBN: 0-620-29893-6. Appendixes (See attached)

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Appendix 1

Sample Spreadsheet Questionnaire

Appendix 2

Person Day Figures for Fire Management Activities in the Western Cape Total Area where Fire Management RIVE RIVE ANYS ANYS JONK JONK GEEL DEHP CEDB OUTE HOTT VROL GRVB SWAR SWAR KGBG KGBG LMBR MARL MARL GOUK WATV WATV WBAY GAMK GAMK

is practiced: KAMM State or Provincial Land 1,560 65,183 13,798 35,151 23,500 42,017 27,200 30,369 13,827 38,168 27,898 2,241 23,882 1,592 14,600 130,818 32,278 67,298 13,000 Private MCA 0 173,815 837 14,369 20,000 45,147 109,800 40,631 16,532 0 21,532 0 13,401 0 0 52,693 0 0 0 Other 0 10,900 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,049 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,147,103 1,560 249,898 14,635 49,520 43,500 87,181 137,000 71,000 30,359 38,168 49,430 2,241 60,332 1,592 14,600 183,511 32,278 67,298 13,000

Boundaries State or Provincial Land 27 392 107 270 98 242 36 73 122 234 42 41 79 27 61 597 138 210 111 Private MCA 0 1,054 84 156 95 191 414 147 94 0 89 0 89 0 0 430 0 0 0 Other 0 66 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5, 818 27 1,512 191 426 193 435 450 220 216 234 131 41 168 27 61 1,026 138 210 111

Person days Firebreaks RIVE RIVE ANYS ANYS JONK JONK GEEL DEHP CEDB OUTE HOTT VROL GRVB SWAR SWAR KGBG KGBG LMBR MARL MARL GOUK WATV WATV WBAY GAMK GAMK KAMM KAMM Burnt breaks 0 58 375 4,275 100 15,625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Preparation of tracers 0 749 125 0 70 12,894 0 730 3,240 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 Hoed breaks 0 2,980 0 2,396 13 0 3,750 0 450 2,930 9,891 0 120 2,250 0 6,385 350 20,694 0 Brush cut breaks 563 315 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 570 0 780 0 0 825 0 1,050 Other 0 1,061 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96,680 563 5162 500 6671 200 28519 3750 730 3690 3180 9891 570 120 3030 0 6385 1175 20694 1850

Session No.—part of the title—authors’ last names

Person days Controlled Burns RIVE RIVE ANYS ANYS JONK JONK GEEL DEHP CEDB OUTE HOTT VROL GRVB SWAR SWAR KGBG KGBG LMBR MARL MARL GOUK WATV WATV WBAY GAMK GAMK KAMM KAMM Ecological burns for biodiversity 0 640 192 2,560 240 1,280 640 800 343 80 0 21 30 0 0 0 384 3 1 Post alien clearing burns 0 800 16 720 48 240 80 160 0 80 0 18 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 Fuel reduction burns 1,200 900 250 2,000 0 1,000 20,000 5,000 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 0 0 40,537 1,200 2,340 458 5,280 288 2,520 20,720 5,960 343 660 0 39 30 10 0 0 684 3 2

Person days Wild Fires RIVE RIVE ANYS ANYS JONK JONK GEEL DEHP CEDB OUTE HOTT VROL GRVB SWAR SWAR KGBG KGBG LMBR MARL MARL GOUK WATV WATV WBAY GAMK GAMK KAMM KAMM 1998/1999 50 3,144 920 500 0 2,780 665 138 2,364 3 454 0 0 0 0 723 37 3,000 153 1999/2000 50 1,775 6 6,130 4,466 2,236 1,291 4,622 172 2,222 606 0 177 0 0 6,604 1,372 1,903 0 2000/2001 50 473 1,732 146 1,351 855 4,562 70 0 402 97 0 28 0 4,005 2,898 0 96 0 2001/2002 50 1,445 0 36 50 159 1,289 3,069 675 1,642 9,868 0 2,831 0 0 3,389 4,144 252 397 2002/2003 50 1,067 173 53 1,865 130 1,050 26,000 0 5,961 7,407 0 1 0 0 2,662 102 11,616 0 2003/2004 50 395 1,096 151 156 530 897 7,750 0 45 487 0 1 0 0 1,024 2 800 20 27, 693 50 1,383 655 1,169 1,315 1,115 1,626 6,941 535 1,712 3,153 0 506 0 668 2,883 943 2,945 95

RIVE RIVE ANYS ANYS JONK JONK GEEL DEHP CEDB OUTE HOTT VROL GRVB SWAR SWAR KGBG KGBG LMBR MARL MARL GOUK WATV WATV WBAY GAMK GAMK KAMM KAMM Person days Firebreaks 563 5,162 500 6,671 200 28,519 3,750 730 3,690 3,180 9,891 570 120 3,030 0 6,385 1,175 20,694 1,850 Person days Controlled Burns 1,200 2,340 458 5,280 288 2,520 20,720 5,960 343 660 0 39 30 10 0 0 684 3 2 Person days Wild Fires 50 1,383 655 1,169 1,315 1,115 1,626 6,941 535 1,712 3,153 0 506 0 668 2,883 943 2,945 95

Total Person Days 1,813 8,886 1,613 13,120 1,803 32,154 26,096 13,631 4,568 5,553 13,044 609 656 3,040 668 9,268 2,802 23,641 1,947 Personnel Requirement 8 39 7 57 8 140 113 59 20 24 57 3 3 13 3 40 12 103 8 Grand Total 717