playISSUE 2 - 2007 AN OFFICIAL true PUBLICATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY

Science Honing in on Doping WADA’s research budgets have created a stable and significantly increased source of funding for anti-doping scientists, accelerating the development of new detection approaches and putting dopers squarely in their sights. play true

AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY p. 3 CONTACT: THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY E-MAIL: [email protected] p. 1 URL: www.wada-ama.org HEADQUARTERS 800 PLACE VICTORIA - SUITE 1700 P.O. BOX 120, MONTREAL, QC CANADA H4Z 1B7 TEL: +1 514 904 9232 FAX: +1 514 904 8650 AFRICAN REGIONAL OFFICE PROTEA ASSURANCE BUILDING 8TH FLOOR GREENMARKET SQUARE CAPE TOWN 8001 SOUTH AFRICA TEL: +27 21 483 9790 FAX: +27 21 483 9791 ASIA/OCEANIA REGIONAL OFFICE p. 2 pgs. 5–20 C/O JAPAN INSTITUTE OF SPORTS SCIENCES 3-15-1 NISHIGAOKA, KITA-KU TOKYO 115-0056 JAPAN TEL: +81 3 5963 4321 FAX: +81 3 5963 4320 EUROPEAN REGIONAL OFFICE AVENUE DU TRIBUNAL-FÉDÉRAL 34 1005 LAUSANNE SWITZERLAND TEL: +41 21 343 43 40 FAX: +41 21 343 43 41

LATIN AMERICAN REGIONAL OFFICE WORLD TRADE CENTER MONTEVIDEO TOWER II UNIT 712 - 18TH FLOOR CALLE LUIS A DE HERRERA 1248 MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY R.W. Pound editorial: Cover story: TEL: + 598 2 623 5206 FAX: + 598 2 623 5207 The Time Is Now Championing the Science If your sport or anti-doping EDITOR An exclusive interview with Prof. Arne Ljungqvist organization is not yet Code ELIZABETH HUNTER on the current state of anti-doping research and compliant, now is the time to on the promises it may hold for the future of safe CONTRIBUTORS get your house in order. JULIE CARTER JAMES ROACH and fair competition. FRÉDÉRIC DONZÉ JENNIFER SCLATER Page 1 ELIZABETH HUNTER STACY SPLETZER Page 3

TRANSLATIONS FRÉDÉRIC DONZÉ

PHOTOS JOONAS EKESTRÖM (TANJA KARI PROFILE) David Howman editorial: WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping: DESIGN AND LAYOUT Progress Based on Research Related Articles ANTHONY PHILBIN COMMUNICATIONS WADA has made significant Essential Partnerships...... p.5 The information published in the Play True magazine contributions to anti-doping was correct at time of printing. The opinions expressed The WADA Program in Depth ...... p.9 research activities on a are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily Gene Doping ...... p.12 number of fronts and is reflect the opinions of WADA. The Researcher's Perspective ...... p.15 continuing to pursue new Reproduction of articles of the Play True magazine is About hGH Detection ...... p.15 approaches and strategic encouraged. For permission, please send your written The Athlete's Passport...... p.19 request to the WADA Communications Department at partnerships. [email protected]. Play True magazine must be Page 2 credited in any reproduction. p. 22 contents

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Your Duty and Responsibility to Oppose Doping Partner Profile: ITF WADA Update: Social Science Research

Guest contributor Walter R. Frontera, BBC Radio's Tennis Correspondent WADA's Social Science Research Grant MD, PhD, President, International Jonathan Overend talks to the Program and how it will provide an Federation of Sports Medicine International Tennis Federation's evidence-based foundation for the (FIMS), and his message to sports (ITF) Dr. Stuart Miller about the development of anti-doping medicine physicians, clinicians Tennis Anti-Doping Program, education initiatives. and scientists. which is now exclusively Page 30 Page 21 managed by the ITF. Page 25

Olympic Museum Anti-Doping Exhibit Athlete Profile: Tanja Kari WADA Update: Education Seminars

Francis Gabet, director of the Paralympics and World WADA's new two-day education Olympic Museum, discusses why Championships multiple gold Traveling Seminars are empowering it was important for the Olympic medalist and WADA Athlete participants in multiple regions to Museum to renew this exhibit Committee member Tanja Kari develop and implement their own anti- and how visitors to the Olympic continues to give her all to doping education activities. Museum cite doping among their keeping sport clean and fair for Page 31 top three key issues. future generations. Page 22 Page 27

UK Sport Embraces ADAMS WADA Update: Athlete Committee WADA Updates & Calendar Pg

An overview of UK Sport's ADAMS WADA's Athlete Committee Third World Conference roll-out since it made a strategic convenes in Estoril (Portugal) on Doping in Sport...... 33 decision in late 2005 to fully to provide input on proposed New RADOs Established ...... 33 implement the program for changes to the World Anti- Investigations Symposium...... 34 doping control management. Doping Code and related Doping Quiz Link Program...... 34 Page 23 International Standards. Fourth IF Symposium ...... 34 Page 29 WADA Event Calendar...... 35 Richard W. Pound, WADA President

Code Compliance: The Time Is Now

Code signatories take note: your the organization undertakes a Some have taken on the fight Code compliance report card will process of reviewing its policies and against doping in a very resolute be made public next year. If your rules governing its activities and manner. Because of their firm and sport or anti-doping organization amending them to include the decisive action in confronting is not yet Code compliant, now is mandatory articles and principles of doping, these ADOs and IFs stand the time to get your house in order. the Code and related International a far greater chance in terms of Standards. This involves attending safeguarding their sports’ and The World Anti-Doping Code to all aspects related to the fight anti-doping programs’ integrity assigns WADA the responsibility against doping in sport including, and credibility. And their athletes of formally reporting on but not limited to, ensuring that the stand a far greater chance of stakeholder compliance every two rules for managing doping control experiencing the joy of fair and years. Our first report will occur in results follows the universally honest competition, without any November 2008. In lead-up to accepted procedures, there is an We will report publicly on compliance by the end of 2008, and I encourage every one of your organizations to take a hard look at your rules and programs today and contact WADA should you have any questions or require assistance so that you are fully compliant and can be reported as such.

this, WADA’s Executive Committee appropriate mechanism in place for clean athlete ever considering has directed WADA to prepare a reviewing and granting therapeutic resorting to doping in order to preliminary report for the September use exemptions, and, for IFs in “level the playing field.” 2007 executive meeting, particular, there is an out-of- reporting on the status of each competition testing program as Others, whose authorities anti-doping organization (ADO) defined by the Code. systematically have turned a and International Federation (IF) blind eye to doping over the vis-à-vis Code compliance. Implementation is another years, now find themselves in important step, and is no minor desperate situations calling for Let’s first clear up any confusion task, but in the end amounts to little extreme measures to salvage that might exist about what if there is not full compliance. An what good might possibly remain, exactly compliance entails. There ADO or IF is Code-compliant only as evidenced by recent headlines. are three “steps” to becoming when its policies and rules are in compliant: acceptance, line with the Code, and it is Between these two extremes, implementation and compliance. applying and enforcing them. there are those stakeholders that When an organization accepts the have taken some measures and Code, it agrees to the principles of Given that the Code was approved the Code and that it will use the in 2003 and that it came into force are compliant in some areas while Code as the basis for its anti- in January 2004, one might not so in others. doping program, rules and reasonably expect all ADOs and IFs regulations. Code acceptance is to have achieved full Code Whatever the case may be, an important public statement, compliance by now. Particularly now is the time for all Code but it is only a first step that since the Code, in its current form, signatories to act, and WADA can means very little without putting is the result of extensive drafting help. We have programs and action to those words through and consultation with, as well as activities in place, operating on a implementation and compliance. final approval from, all stakeholders daily basis, that are intended to including ADOs and IFs, a process assist stakeholders in meeting During the implementation phase, which began as early as 2001. their Code requirements.

1 play true - issue 2 - 2007 David Howman, WADA Director General

Progress Based on Research We review stakeholders’ rules and I am pleased to provide a brief recently hGH. Still, we know that provide models of best practice introduction to this issue of Play more can be done and recognize and guidelines to facilitate True in which we highlight some the need to continue to cultivate implementation. Model rules have of the recent advances in the champions, forge partnerships been developed for IFs, National science of detection as a result with our stakeholders and seek Federations, National Olympic of WADA’s scientific research collaboration from outside the Committees, National Anti-Doping program. Common themes you traditional anti-doping movement. Organizations and Major Games will read about are the relative Organizers. Guidelines are scarcity of funds for anti-doping For this issue we interviewed available for, among other research, the significant impact several individuals who have activities, result management, WADA’s research program has indeed championed the need for out-of-competition testing, made in spite of this and in a a dedicated research program or whereabouts information, relatively short period of time, who have contributed therapeutic use exemptions, blood and the value of partnership significantly to our ability to and urine sample collection, and and collaboration. detect doping through their own education programs. research activities. I want to take WADA’s program was established this opportunity to recognize their In addition to the assistance in in 2001, and has since devoted invaluable work, without which relation to rules and processes, we more than US$31 million to there could be no legitimate fight monitor sanctions, appealing decisions that are not in line with the Code. To help ensure there are For an international agency with an Code-compliant anti-doping annual budget of approximately US$23 programs worldwide, we foster the establishment of Regional Anti- million, close to 30 percent of the total Doping Organizations (RADO), and so far have helped to bring budget for scientific research is a more than 100 countries into the fold. We have proposed the significant commitment. It has been a development of an IF anti-doping worthwhile investment, resulting in our organization, based on the RADO model, so that some of the smaller ability to detect a number of performance sports can share resources in the fulfillment of their Code requirements. enhancing drugs, such as the designer

We will report publicly on steroid DMT and more recently hGH. compliance by the end of 2008, and I encourage every one of your scientific research. This year we against doping in sport. There organizations to take a hard look at committed US$6.6 million to the are many others too who have your rules and programs today and program. For an international dedicated themselves to scientific contact WADA should you have any agency with an annual budget of study in the field of anti-doping, questions or require assistance so approximately US$23 million, or who have used their expertise that you are fully compliant and can close to 30 percent of the total in other highly specialized areas, be reported as such. budget for scientific research is a to the service of the fight against significant commitment. It has doping in sport. WADA and its Doping is the greatest danger been a worthwhile investment, stakeholders are grateful for this facing ethical sports today, and resulting in our ability to detect a work and for the partnerships the consequences of not facing number of performance created, which allow us to this danger head-on through Code enhancing drugs, such as the become more and more efficient compliance can be far-reaching, designer steroid DMT and more at deterring and detecting doping. including non-participation in the Olympic Games.

play true - issue 2 - 2007 2 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

Championing the Science A Conversation with Arne Ljungqvist Prof. Arne Ljungqvist, who represented Sweden in high jump at the Games of the XV Olympiad in Helsinki in 1952, has dedicated his career to the health of athletes. He has held several influential posts in the field of sport and anti-doping,including chairmanship of both the IOC's and the IAAF's Medical Commissions. As chairman of WADA's Health, Medical and Research Committee and member of WADA's Executive Committee, Prof. Ljungqvist has played a pivotal role in the development of science and research to combat doping in sport. Play True met up with Prof. Ljungqvist during his recent meetings in Montreal to solicit his thoughts on the current state of anti-doping research and what promises it may hold for the future of safe and fair competition.

Play True: Given your experience over several 1990s. In particular, the IAF supported research decades of anti-doping, how do you perceive the conducted by the Cologne laboratory for the creation impact of WADA on anti-doping research? of a library of reference substances for the identification of steroid metabolites. Prof. Arne Ljungqvist: The absence of an interna- tionally available research fund for anti-doping was The creation of WADA, therefore, had a major impact a major stumbling block in the fight against doping on scientific research in the field of anti-doping. ever since the beginnings, back in the 1960s and Suddenly, money for long-term research projects 1970s. Decades ago, I raised the issue with the was available and scientists started to show interest, International Olympic Committee (IOC), in particular including scientists and scientific laboratories that its Medical Commission chairman at the time, Prince had not previously been involved in anti-doping. de Mérode, and the IOC president himself. Some local Sport today is a multi-billion dollar business. No (domestic) funds were available in a few countries enterprise of that size would produce a budget but practically nothing at the international level. without a substantial part of it being allocated for research and development. The WADA budget for In the absence of other funds, the IAF (International research into anti-doping is a major part of WADA's Athletic Foundation), which was established in budget, yet it is still a minimal fraction of the 1988, funded some research in the field in the financial return in global sport.

3 play true - issue 2 - 2007 “The creation of WADA had a major impact on scientific research in the field of anti-doping. Suddenly, money for long- term research projects was available and scientists started to show interest, including scientists and scientific laboratories that had not previously been involved in anti-doping.” WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

“We support projects for the development of techniques for the detection of new substances before they arrive on the market,just as we support projects intended to improve already existing analytical methods.”

How does WADA’s Health, Medical and Research Examples of the understanding of the evolution (HMR) Committee determine priority themes of science are the support of projects intended to for research funds? develop methods for the detection of gene doping. The risk that gene transfer technology may be We base our decisions on intelligence, experience misused for the purpose of doping is obvious to us, and our understanding of the evolution of science. although it may not be there yet. But better to be proactive than reactive. Examples of intelligence are those projects that are based on the seizure of designer drugs and the Can you illustrate how the gap is closing on cheaters? development of methods for their detection. Let me take human growth hormone (hGH) as an Experience tells us that athletes are ready to try example. There is evidence that hGH has been used the latest. Therefore, we support projects for the for the purpose of doping for more than 20 years, development of techniques for the detection of new despite the fact that the substance at that time was substances before they arrive on the market, just as extremely expensive and the supply very short. The we support projects intended to improve already reason for the high cost and limited supply was the existing analytical methods. fact that the hormone could only be obtained by

Science and Research Essential Partnerships

WADA devotes a significant For example, WADA has worked human fluids following the intake portion of its resources to in close cooperation with USADA of doping substances. Several scientific research. Nevertheless, to implement a test for growth NADOs fund their own scientific these resources, which are hormone, and the two organizations research projects, often in inevitably limited, cannot alone are currently working together on conjunction or in liaison guarantee the effectiveness of projects linked, among other with WADA. anti-doping research programs things, to genomics and worldwide. Therefore, WADA, as proteomics—the study of the IFs also partner with WADA on the coordinator of the fight modification of genes and research, the most recent example against doping, works in proteins through the exogenous being the development of the partnership with a number of intake of substances. Serving as Athlete’s Passport, a project that organizations—including another example is the aims to examine the biological International Sports Federations partnership with the Agence parameters of athletes over a (IFs), governments and National française de lutte contre le certain period of time in order to Anti-Doping Organizations dopage to co-fund research identify abnormal profiles in the (NADOs)—that provide valuable projects linked to metabolomics— context of the fight against doping expertise and resources in the the study of changes in a number (see related article, page 19). In field of research. of biochemical parameters in addition, WADA promotes anti-

5 play true - issue 2 - 2007 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

extracting it from the hypophysis of dead people. Three athletes were found doped with an analog of With the arrival of modern genetic-based technology erythropoietin (EPO)—Aranesp—and which had been for the production of hormones, growth hormone on the market for only a few months. Probably, those suddenly became readily available. involved in the athletes’ doping did not believe that there was already a method in place for the detection of the In 1996 the IOC initiated a project for the substance. But it was, very much thanks to a fruitful development of an analytical method for the collaboration with the producer of the substance. detection of growth hormone doping—GH 2000. Therefore, we consider it very important to continuously The intention was to have a method in place prior develop the collaboration with the pharmaceutical to the 2000 Olympic Games. Due to difficulties in industry (see related article, page 5). funding the project, the aim could not be fulfilled. What is the greatest challenge in Now, with the WADA research fund available we the field of anti-doping research? also have the basis for a detection method in place (see related article, page 15), as we have for the detection of, for example hemoglobin-based oxygen To keep up with the accelerating introduction of new carriers (HBOC), homologous blood transfusions and drugs on the market. And not just new in the sense other substances or methods. This rapid progress that they are more efficient and with fewer side would in all probability not have been achieved in effects than their predecessors but truly new in the the "pre-WADA time." sense that they work in a completely new way. A good example would be those drugs that the medical Further examples of the closing of the gap are the community hopes to have available within a near findings at the Salt Lake City Olympic Games in 2002. future for the purpose of gene therapy.

Continued on page 8.

“By collaborating with pharmaceutical companies, we gain access to an increasing amount of information on substances or molecules during their development phase, and we are able to analyze their doping potential, determine whether they can be detected by current tests and, if not, develop detection methods before they arrive on the market." Dr. Olivier Rabin, WADA Science Director

doping research on a government drugs, developed for therapeutic Similarly, WADA is exploring level. In Beijing in December purposes, to be abused for doping closer collaboration with drug 2006, for example, the Chinese purposes,” explained Dr. Olivier agencies on an international government organized a seminar, Rabin, WADA’s science director. level in order to encourage the attended by WADA representatives, “By collaborating with these pharmaceutical industry to take in order to present the results of companies, we gain access to an the anti-doping aspect further various scientific research projects increasing amount of information into account in its work and and advance anti-doping research on substances or molecules enable anti-doping agencies to in the country. during their development phase, be able to identify substances and we are able to analyze their with doping potential far earlier The pharmaceutical industry doping potential, determine and more systematically. In this provides another important whether they can be detected by regard, numerous meetings have focus for WADA and research current tests and, if not, develop taken place, with follow-up collaboration. “Several pharma- detection methods before they scheduled in the coming months. ceutical companies share our arrive on the market.” concerns and do not want their

play true - issue 2 - 2007 6 “History tells us that exogenous intake or administration of substances can be detected, and that will prove true also for gene doping. The existence of WADA funds for research will accelerate the development of new detection methods and the improvement of existing methods.” Prof. Arne Ljungqvist WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

What concerns you most about the current state One further area of research relates to the high costs of anti-doping scientific research? of doping controls and analysis. The development of inexpensive and large scale screening methods The fact that the resources for research into anti- would greatly enhance the efficiency of the anti-doping doping are still quite limited and that scientists will work by allowing for a significant increase in the not find research into anti-doping as a priority field. overall number of doping controls.

Scientists conduct their specific research because But the future of anti-doping research will obviously of personal interest in, and passion for, a particular not be limited to research into methods for the problem. But they also take availability of funding detection of doping. We need to know more about into account. You hardly go into a research field for long-term effects and side effects of various types of which there is no possibility of funding. In short: we existing and future doping regimes, as we need to have to compete with other areas of research for the know more about what drives athletes to abuse good scientists by showing the importance of our doping substances. It may sound a little pessimistic, field of research and by showing the scientists that but I am afraid that there will always be athletes we have money available for them. It is probably who are ready to dope. We have to conduct research more prestigious to conduct research into cancer, in order to better understand how to prevent people AIDS, or malaria than to do research in anti-doping, from resorting to doping and what strategies should though anti-doping research is also a noble cause be used from time to time in order to detect those offering significant benefits to public health. It is a who actually dope. WADA has today a very small tough competition, and it is for us to build up the research budget for studies based on sociological prestige of research in anti-doping, and it is for the and behavioral science (see related article, page 30). Olympic Movement and for the public authorities to understand the importance of proper funding. With Let me finish with an optimistic conclusion. I have WADA having been in place for seven years with an been involved long enough to have experienced all unchanged budget—which could not be fulfilled those events that have taken place when new doping during the first few years—I now think it is time to substances have come into use. The comments, even increase the WADA budget substantially. And I take from well known scientists, have often been: for granted that 20–25 percent of an increased "You will never be able to detect that." Such were the budget will still go to research. I honestly believe comments when we first started to develop methods that it is an inevitable evolution if the fight against for the detection of anabolic steroids back in the doping shall continue to develop. 1970s. Such were the comments when attempts were being made to detect testosterone. Such were Where is the future of anti-doping research? the comments when EPO came on the market in the early 1990s. And such were the comments when An obvious, and probably not too distant challenge attempts were being made to detect growth hormone. will be gene doping, and to find ways to detect it Today we have methods available for each of these (see related article, page 12). substances. Of course, they can be improved so that drug takers do not produce false negative samples. We have already been successful in recruiting the And, of course, the methods would have been necessary international expertise to assist us. But I developed much quicker had proper research funds believe that we will have to pass through both failures been available. But history tells us that exogenous and disappointments before we have a method, or intake or administration of substances can be different methods, in place. And that may prove a detected, and that will prove true also for gene costly path to pursue. I hope that our stakeholders will doping. The existence of WADA funds for research will understand and accept that. Scientific research accelerate the development of new detection methods cannot be expected to always give immediate and and the improvement of existing methods. clear cut answers to all questions.

play true - issue 2 - 2007 8 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

WADA Scientific Research Program: In Depth

WADA holds multiple science and medicine responsibilities in the fight against doping in sport, including annually preparing and publishing the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, overseeing stakeholder implementation of Therapeutic Use Exemptions, and accrediting and re-accrediting anti-doping laboratories worldwide. These duties were assumed by WADA in 2004 with the entering into force of the Code and its related International Standards. Another key priority for WADA is the development of the field of anti-doping scientific research for the effective detection and deterrence of doping in sport. WADA Science Director Dr. Olivier Rabin, in an interview with Play True, explains how WADA's scientific research program is structured and some of the advances the program has achieved since its inception in 2001.

Play True: Can you give us a little background Our work too is devoted to the anticipation of on the history of research in anti-doping? future doping trends and practices as well as the WADA is a fairly young organization. When development of a worldwide network of research did scientific research become a priority teams able to coordinate and bridge scientific for WADA and why? research efforts among the various partners.

Dr. Olivier Rabin: Before the inception of WADA, What have been some of the key themes of the anti-doping research was handled mainly by the research program in 2001–2006? How are IOC and the IOC-accredited anti-doping laboratories. these themes identified? A WADA research program was identified as a key priority by the constituents of WADA and was WADA’s HMR Committee, a panel made up of established as early as 2001, less than two international scientific experts, identifies priority years after the agency was created. themes that need to be addressed through research. The current focus includes compounds and methods What are the objectives of WADA’s research program? regulating and enhancing growth; compounds and methods enhancing oxygen carrying capacity of Overall, the program aims to improve our ability to blood; endogenous and exogenous anabolic steroids; detect and deter doping. We have several goals in projects relating to the Prohibited List; gene and cellular this regard. First, we want to enhance existing tests technologies applied to sports; and genetic, physiologic and methods so that they become more sensitive, and environmental factors related to doping. more rapid, more selective and less costly. We also develop new tests and technologies to detect new What is interesting to note is the evolution of these substances and new markers as we become aware themes since WADA first launched its scientific of them. We are exploring new strategies in the fight research program, revealing the necessary constant against doping, such as the longitudinal study of adjustments of anti-doping research to incorporate athlete biological parameters—what we call the cutting edge scientific knowledge and address new “Athlete’s Passport” (see related article, page 19). issues facing anti-doping.

9 play true - issue 2 - 2007 How WADA Allocates its Research Budget WADA'sWADA’s research budget is divided into three types of "responses"“responses”or or programs:programs: standardstandard grants,grants, targeted targeted grantsgrants and reactive grants. While approximately 70 percent of WADA'sWADA’s 2007 research budget is allocated to projects based

Who typically applies for WADA on the subject matters prioritized by the HMR Committee, scientific research funds? approximately 20 percent is targeted to specific areas to respond to specific research questions that need answering. Various organizations and research teams from the five continents apply for WADA grants. The majority of the The remaining budget is reserved to enable WADA to react in research teams are academic teams not traditionally times of need, for example when a new designer steroid is related to the anti-doping field but applying their area uncovered and the rapid development of of expertise to anti-doping research. It is key for WADA uncovered and the rapid development of to attract other scientific competencies to expand anti- a detection method is required. doping horizons. Many projects are also coming from anti-doping laboratories which apply their expertise in the field to develop innovative research.

How are research proposals solicited, and how do you determine which ones to fund? Reactive Grants Targeted Grants It is quite an extensive annual process, beginning with a call for proposals in the early part of the year for submission in May. The peer review of projects by 10% 20% external panels of experts occurs in June and July, so that, by September, the HMR Committee can review the projects’ peer review ratings and comments. The HMR Committee then presents its recommendations to WADA’s Executive Committee for approval. During the balance of the year, accepted proposals undergo Standard Grants ethical review by external experts prior to formal acceptance and release of funds. Of course, many 70% projects are multi-year endeavours and we actively monitor their progress throughout their entire lifecycles.

As far as determining which projects to fund, we first start with the principle that approximately 70 percent of our budget will go to quality projects in subject areas defined as priority research themes by the HMR Committee, roughly 20 percent will be devoted to topics we have targeted as needing research attention but not necessarily covered by research applications, Quick Stats: and the rest is reserved for those situations in which WADA Scientific Research Program 2001–2007 we need to be reactive, such as when a new designer steroid is uncovered and we need to develop rapidly a detection method for it. 291 Applications received from 205 research teams

How much has WADA devoted to research? 50 Teams from traditional anti-doping field 105 Teams from outside anti-doping (e.g. genetics) WADA committed US$6.6 million to scientific research 117 Projects approved for funding in 2007. That’s in addition to the US$25 million that has been put toward research since 2001. What’s (approximately 40% acceptance rate) important to recognize is that for an international 26 Percentage of WADA's overall budget dedicated agency with an annual budget of approximately to scientific research in 2006 US$23 million, close to 30 percent of the total budget for scientific research represents a significant 31.6 Total US$ in millions committed by WADA to scientific research, 2001–2007

play true - issue 2 - 2007 10 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

“Science remains a component of an integrated solution in the fight against doping,and is probably more under the spotlight today—especially now that it is universally accepted that doping not only undermines the integrity of sport, but more alarmingly poses a serious threat to public health.”

investment and reflects WADA’s commitment to (with the IOC and USADA); validation of markers advancing the science of detection. for ethnic and sex differences; and demonstration of the non-validity of the Ghrelin marker. Let’s talk about results. What can you say about the outcomes of research so far? How has the research Our research efforts have also brought us the helped to advance the fight against doping in sport? development and validation of insulin detection, the detection of dextrans, identification of the masking There’s quite a long list of important improvements properties of alpha reductase inhibitors, and the and breakthroughs in anti-doping science, but to ergogenic effects of Beta-2 agonists. give you some examples, let me start with anabolic steroids. In 2005, we discovered and disclosed Where are you currently focusing desoxy-Methyl-Testosterone, or DMT, the designer your research efforts? steroid uncovered by WADA in collaboration with the Montreal anti-doping laboratory headed by We are always trying to enhance current detection Prof. Christiane Ayotte and later related to the BALCO methods, and in that respect we are working on affair. Other key advances relating to anabolic extending the detection window for the EPO test and steroids include the detection of 6 Oxo compounds; the hGH test. As for new tests, some of our priorities a method to detect aromatase inhibitors; the include autologous blood transfusion, certain hormones development of certified reference materials to (e.g. IGF-1) and new steroids. Of course, new methods further increase the quality of substance analyses are being addressed, such as genomic signatures, in laboratories; proof of tainted supplements proteomics and metabolomics, and longitudinal converting into nandrolone; the detection of new integration of chemical/bio-physiological parameters. long lasting steroid metabolites; and confirmation of IRMS importance to detect testosterone abuse. What is your feeling about WADA’s ability to meet these challenges? As for blood doping, we have been able to develop and implement a detection method for HBOCs. WADA inherited a situation in which very little With the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) as research was being conducted and, in a brief period our partner, we have been working on a detection of just a few years, has built a strong international method for homologous blood transfusion. Other research program with various key scientific projects include the development of the EPO analysis challenges solved or being currently addressed. software GasEpo; the study of the influence of Much remains to be done, but a momentum has exercise on EPO urinary profiles; exploration been created with the strong belief that with of new approaches for EPO detection (e.g., 2 DG, sufficient resources, anti-doping science can deliver chromatography, antibodies); as well as the blood adequate solutions to the issues anti-doping is facing module for the Athlete’s Passport. and will face in the future.

The abuse of hGH is an area of critical concern for Science remains a component of an integrated the fight against doping, and WADA has devoted solution in the fight against doping, and is probably more than US$3 million to hGH research alone. more under the spotlight today—especially now that This research has included the development and it is universally accepted that doping not only validation of the differential immunoassays; undermines the integrity of sport, but more co-development of the hGH markers approach alarmingly poses a serious threat to public health.

11 play true - issue 2 - 2007 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping Gene Doping An Overview and Update

Gene therapy represents an exciting and promising step forward in medical research, but its misuse to enhance athletic ability poses a serious threat to the integrity of sport and the health of athletes. WADA has been tracking the threat of gene doping since it first became a notion and has devoted significant resources to enable its detection. As early as 2002, WADA hosted a conference on gene doping at the Banbury Center on Long Island (U.S.), the first time experts from both the scientific and athletic worlds came together to tackle this issue. Then, in December 2005, WADA, in collaboration with the Karolinska Institute and the Swedish Sports Confederation, held a second workshop meeting in Stockholm (Sweden) on gene doping in sport to take stock of the situation and develop worldwide consensus on the way forward.

Instrumental in leading the debate has been world-renowned expert Prof. Theodore Friedmann, professor of pediatrics and director of the gene therapy program at the University of California, San Diego (U.S.). Prof. Friedmann is head of WADA's panel on gene doping and shares his thoughts on the current state of gene therapy and its implications for doping and sport.

Play True: How have recent advances in genetics impacted the world of sport?

Prof. Theodore Friedmann: Sport is being affected seriously by genetics in two important ways. The first positive effect is the development of new kinds of tests for any and all kinds of doping. WADA has developed an important set of research studies and results that indicate that the tools of the modern genetic revolution—the same kinds of tools that produced the deciphering of the human genome several years ago— will be applied to finding evidence of exposure to performance-enhancing materials and procedures. On the negative side, the huge advances in gene therapy and the methods of introducing genes into humans to treat life-threatening disease are being seen by some to allow new ways to dope by introducing genes—not to cure disease but rather to enhance athletic performance. Genes control the function of muscle cells, blood-producing tissues and the ways in which our bodies utilize energy, and we know that many of

play true - issue 2 - 2007 12 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

those genes can be manipulated. gene therapy studies have also convinced that WADA will be The advances in methods to led to very serious and entirely able to develop and eventually introduce new genes to cure are unpredicted and unexpected implement effective new ways more or less identical to the harm to the patients, even death. to detect doping in sport by methods that might be imagined This technology is highly these new methods. for sport enhancement. That fact experimental and completely makes the likelihood of attempts inappropriate where the goal What kind of outcomes has the at gene doping pretty high. might be something other than research provided so far? the cure of life-threatening Do you believe that gene doping is disease like cancer, neurological The scientists working under happening right now? degenerations and so on. To apply the WADA banner have learned this very immature technology to a great deal about the function My only honest answer to that athletes or to any young, healthy of some genes that are likely to question is, "I don't know." people for the purpose of be used illicitly in gene doping What we do know is that there increasing some already-normal attempts, such as genes that is a growing level of interest in function, in my mind, is unethical produce growth factors the sports world in the potential and constitutes deliberate (e.g. hGH, insulin-like growth for gene doping, and that some professional malpractice. factor and related muscle factors) scientists working on potential and erythropoietin. This kind of genetic cures for muscle diseases In terms of developing a detection science is complex and long- like muscular dystrophy or blood method for gene doping, how high term, but the results of these disorders are being approached by of a priority is this for the anti- studies are beginning to be sports figures to inquire about the doping community? published in the scientific use of genes in sport. We also journals and shared with the know that at least one prominent During the past four to five years, general scientific community. sport trainer in Germany has been WADA has developed a vigorous WADA-supported studies have accused of making attempts to research program designed to shown that when these genes are “WADA is not a basic research funding agency but WADA is certainly the lead agency—in fact the only one that I know of—in the application of modern molecular genetics and DNA technology to the development of improved methods for detection in doping and in averting the use of gene therapy approaches to doping.”

obtain an experimental material learn how foreign genes might introduced into test animals, designed to increase blood be used in attempts to improve some of the expected effects, production in patients with cancer athletic performance. Many such as muscle growth and and kidney disease. His case is laboratories around the world are increased blood production, do currently being investigated and I taking part in the program and the in fact occur but also that many expect that more of this situation general genetics community is other unwanted and potentially will come to light soon. submitting high quality proposals disruptive effects occur to many to WADA. I would estimate that other normally functioning genes At the same time, I am very close to eight million dollars (U.S.) and to the normal metabolic familiar with the problems that the have been committed and spent processes that they regulate. field of gene therapy continues to in the WADA research program In some studies, a number of have delivering foreign genes to for gene doping, representing a these "side effects" changes to humans in ways that are effective significant portion of the entire genes and to metabolism are and safe. Although a number of WADA budget. I think that the size being put together to try to remarkable new therapies have of the effort is appropriate for the develop a "signature" for exposure been developed, a number of size of the threat to sport. I am to potentially doping agents.

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At the December 2005 Gene Doping Workshop, experts stated, Detecting Gene Doping in the Stockholm Declaration,* that "gene transfer for the purpose of therapy remains a very immature Exposure to a foreign gene anywhere in the body leaves evidence— and experimental field of human a "footprint"—in other tissues of the body that are easily obtained and medicine." Have there been any tested, by methods similar to those used in DNA detection in forensic significant developments in gene science. For instance, if one were to inject a potentially enhancing therapy since then that would agent into one tissue—a muscle for example—the presence and change the outlook for gene doping? action of that new gene will alert cells in other parts of the body and will cause responses that can be detected in The technology of gene therapy is still very immature and while places other than where the foreign gene was there continue to be advances in injected. This occurs in test animals, serious diseases, we have all been and it is very likely that the same sobered by the magnitude of the happens in humans. problem of delivering genes safely into human beings and to the ways in which foreign genes can produce unwanted effects, some of which are lethal. Since the Yes. It is true. I have no doubt that in the application of modern Stockholm workshop, there have new detection methods will be molecular genetics and DNA been many improvements in these developed. Early methods are technology to the development technologies, increasing evidence already being designed at this of improved methods for detection for success in some lethal diseases. very moment. In exactly the same in doping and in averting the use way that DNA technology has of gene therapy approaches to There have also been additional added so much in forensic doping. WADA has also sponsored occurrences of setbacks and science and crime detection, DNA the most important and influential adverse events, including an technology will add very powerful public forums for a discussion additional death among the group new tools to detect doping. of this societal problem and of children who have been so discussions are underway for successfully treated for immune Let me close by highlighting that another conference in 2008. deficiency by gene therapy. As WADA is not a basic research we continue to improve the funding agency but WADA is WADA has done the world of technology, we will sadly see certainly the lead agency—in fact sport a great service in more ways in which the methods the only one that I know of— undertaking this work. can surprise us with unexpected effects and with serious harm to BRIEF BIO patients. In medicine, we recognize that treatment can be Prof. Theodore Friedmann received his undergraduate and M.D. a two-edged sword: harm and degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and his clinical training in pediatrics at Boston Children's Hospital of Harvard University benefit. To cure disease, we all from 1960–1962 and 1964–1965. He served as a medical officer accept both sides of the sword. with the U.S. Air Force and carried out post-doctoral research at the For healthy young people, we University of Cambridge (U.K.), the U.S. National Institutes of should demand that we do no Health (NIH) and the Salk Institute in California. He has been on the harm. Clearly, that is not the case faculty of the University of California San Diego (UCSD) since 1971 for gene transfer technology. where he is now professor of pediatrics, Muriel Whitehill Professor of Biomedical Ethics and director of the UCSD program in gene You also stated that scientific therapy. He is currently president of the American Society of Gene progress “suggests that new Therapy, and in addition to his work with WADA’s Health, Medical detection methods are likely to and Research Committee (gene doping panel chair), he has served emerge, which will help to keep on many national and international genetics panels and committees, including chairmanship of the U.S. NIH Recombinant DNA sport untainted by gene doping Advisory Committee. methods." Is this true?

*The complete text of the December 2005 Stockholm Declaration on Gene Doping is available online at: www.wada-aama.org. The Researcher's Perspective The development of a detection method for hGH has been a significant priority for the scientific community devoted to the fight against doping. The widespread implementation of the hGH detection method is expected to occur later this year. The successful development of one of the strategies to detect hGH is the result of team work involving key contributions from Dr. Zida Wu, Dr. Martin Bidlingmaier and many students and technicians, led by Prof. Christian Strasburger, chief of clinical endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte. Prof. Strasburger describes what it was like to take on the challenge of developing the hGH detection method (isoform approach), an often arduous yet in the end fruitful experience.

Play True: How did you become series of generating high affinity extracellular part of a growth involved in research for monoclonal antibodies to hGH. hormone receptor molecule to hGH detection? report only those GH-forms in An eminent problem and circulation which retained the Prof. Christian Strasburger: dilemma in clinical medicine is capability of activating GH-receptors. Following completion of my that different assay techniques In the validation process of this doctoral thesis on chemiluminescent measuring hGH yield very method we recognized that it had immunoassays in 1984 and two discrepant results, and yet, on a clear preference for recombinant years of clinical training, I had the these measurements, clinical hGH over pituitary-derived hGH in opportunity to stay for a two-year decisions are based regarding human serum. post-doctoral fellowship at the daily injections of short children Weizman Institute of Science in and nowadays life-long daily So that was the start. How long has Rehovot (Israel), where I learned injection for adults with growth the entire process taken, what have how to generate monoclonal hormone deficiency. Therefore my been the major steps involved? antibodies against hGH (1986– colleagues and I developed and 1988). After returning to Germany, validated a method combining a The initial observation was made my team and I started a long monoclonal antibody and the in 1996 and it took more than 12

About hGH Detection

HGH is a hormone that is cartilage cells, resulting in bone synthesized and secreted by cells growth and also plays a key role in the pituitary gland located at in muscle and organ growth. the base of the brain. HGH is known to act on many aspects of HGH is prohibited both in- and cellular metabolism and is also out-of-competition under the necessary for skeletal growth in List of Prohibited Substances and humans. The major role of hGH Methods. Commonly reported in body growth is to stimulate the side effects for hGH abuse liver and other tissues to secrete include: diabetes in prone insulin like growth factor (IGF-1). individuals; worsening of IGF-1 stimulates production of cardiovascular diseases; muscle,

15 play true - issue 2 - 2007 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

months before we obtained initial strategy based on hGH isoform academic hospital provides funding from the German Federal differences certainly represented a immunoassay reagents of the Institute of Sports Sciences to significant breakthrough and we highest quality control standard screen the more than 100 were able to publish these findings for a long period of time to all monoclonal antibodies to hGH in The Lancet in early 1999. WADA-accredited laboratories, that had previously been we started to look for collaboration generated for their ability to detect It was tedious to maintain with the diagnostic industry. the existing structural differences research support and after the Unfortunately, our first selected between recombinant hGH as a 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, partner, after more than two years monomorphic preparation and the the IOC provided a research grant of collaboration, decided to mixture of hGH isoforms as for three years by which we aimed discontinue the joint development secreted by the pituitary gland. to further increase the project for the differential discriminatory potency of our immunoassay kit. We therefore After combining two antibodies technique and select the most had to identify a new partner in each in a sandwich immunoassay suitable monoclonal antibodies the diagnostic industry and found format for the measurement of among the large panel of anti- a highly reputed collaborator in recombinant hGH on one hand hGH monoclonals that were Germany. At the end of 2006, and pituitary-derived hGH on previously established. the CMZ-assay company was the other hand, we approached founded which will be marketing the consortium GH 2000, led by Before the 2004 Summer these differential immunoassay Prof. Peter Sonksen, and informed Olympics, WADA, jointly with kits later in 2007. them about our potential solution USADA, hosted scientific to the problem they were workshops of the most active What is the status now of the addressing. The consortium scientists involved in hGH anti- detection method for hGH? collaborated in providing us 40 doping research worldwide and blinded samples derived from decided to move forward with the either pituitary stimulation tests isoform approach. By changing the performance for hGH release or from the platform of the differential pharmacokinetic profiles after The isoform approach by differential immunoassays from injection of hGH in GH-deficient immunoassay strategy for the microtiterplate-based fluorescence adult patients. Our differential detection of hGH abuse was immunoassays to tube-based immunoassay approach permitted applied during the Athens chemiluminescent immunoassays us to differentiate these 40 serum Summer Olympic Games and the and by improving the antibody samples without error. This blind Turin Winter Olympic Games. immobilization technique, the test of the differential immunoassay Because it is not feasible that an lower detection limit of our

joint and bone pain; hypertension hGH is often taken by doping have been systematically reviewed and cardiac deficiency; abnormal athletes in the off-season to by international independent growth of organs; accelerated optimize performance, the test is experts in such fields as hGH, osteoarthritis. In untreated most effective when implemented endocrinology, immunoassay, acromegalic individuals (known in a no-advance-notice out-of- analytical chemistry, etc. These for pathological over-production competition strategy. Widespread tests are the outcome of nearly of hGH), many of the symptoms implementation of the test, once US$10 million in research over described above are observed and produced on a commercial basis, the course of more than 11 years, life expectancy is known to be will allow routine testing. first initiated by the IOC and the significantly reduced. European Union, and then taken Another test, in its final research over by WADA when it was The test to detect hGH abuse is a stage, will be combined with the created and had adopted scientific blood test and is reliable. It was current test to further enhance research as one of its introduced at the Athens Olympic the detection window for hGH priority activities. Games in 2004 and other major abuse. The concepts and sport events. However, because development of both hGH tests

play true - issue 2 - 2007 16 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

“Our method's underlying principle is that these structural differences between recombinant hGH and hGH in human sera exist regardless of age, gender, ethnic background or sports discipline. With the improved lower detection limit as achieved during the presently completed commer- cialization,the usefulness of the method is further significantly improved. ”

method could be dramatically analysts have the best opportunity What advice would you give improved. The method is robust to prove the abuse. Our method’s young scientists interested in and stable and is expected to pass underlying principle is that these anti-doping research? industrial validation and structural differences between certification tests in the recombinant hGH and hGH in I would advise young scientists forthcoming months to then human sera exist regardless of who have begun to enjoy research become generally available. age, gender, ethnic background or in one area to take a step back and sports discipline. With the take a broader look at different Why is the detection improved lower detection limit as approaches to the solution of the of hGH so important? achieved during the presently problems supposed. While completed commercialization, the traditional anti-doping laboratories HGH has apparently been used usefulness of the method is are using gas chromatography / widespread because it was further significantly improved. mass-spectromaty (GC-MS) considered undetectable and the methods to detect small known physiological effects of What have been the most substances like anabolic steroids, growth hormone are muscle significant challenges you have amphetamines and so on, building as well as lipolytic and encountered along the way? recombinant proteins therefore providing energy approximately 100 times larger substrates which cheating athletes After the idea was there, the major such as EPO or growth hormone obviously fancy. Growth hormone challenge was to obtain and cannot be detected from serum has been discovered in the maintain research funding for this samples by these techniques and if luggage of an elite athlete and activity at a university teaching the GC-MS methodology is to be several athletes have meanwhile hospital. We also had to learn that applied, then an immuno-recognition confessed having abused hGH to the transfer from an academic and affinity chromatography step enhance their performance. If setting to commercial rollout of has to precede the analytical step clean athletes are to compete on a such a differential immunoassay to allow removal of the bulk of other level playing field, then hGH involved tedious work, but also proteins in the sample otherwise detection must be implemented. provided opportunities of method- interfering. Therefore, immunoassays ological improvement. Finally, traditionally used in the neighboring How confident are you in the when we started working on this discipline of endocrinology have detection method’s reliability project, WADA was not yet their place and in turn endocri- and validity? founded and the message in nologists are learning from doping support of anti-doping was not analytics and are bringing GC-MS We are extremely confident in this as unequivocal as it is today. Even for steroid metabolites to the method because it is a very direct our colleagues were sceptical clinical routine. Young scientists approach. If an athlete abuses about patenting such an idea due should broaden their horizons and hGH, then by the direct to the limited number of interested experience and know that there is measurement of hGH, doping organizations at the time. “more than one way to Rome.”

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What do you see for the future of anti-doping research? BRIEF BIO: Prof. Christian Strasburger is chief of clinical endocrinology at I believe anti-doping research has to Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte. He received use a dual strategy. First, there needs post-doctoral training at the medical faculties of the universities to be more funding of anti-doping in Lübeck and Munich (Germany). He also held a post- analytical research to narrow the gap doctoral fellowship at the Weizmann Institute of Science in between the also science-driven Revohot (Israel). doping versus the anti-doping movement. Secondly the phenomenon Prof. Strasburger has published more than 140 scientific of doping in my opinion requires articles and serves on the editorial board of Pituitary, GH- sociological and psychological research and IGF-research, Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. looking at sports as a mirror image of He was recently appointed editor-in-chief of the European human society and we have to strive Journal of Endocrinology. In addition, Prof. Strasburger to better understand what goes wrong serves on the councils of the Growth Hormone Research in society leading to the use of Society and the European Neuroendocrine Association, and performance enhancing drugs in served formerly on the German Endocrine Society Council. sports. We need to convince young Prior to university, he was a rower on the German junior athletes that they should compete by national team and competed at the world championships. fair means, even if it means not winning.

GLOSSARY:

Affinity chromatography: Chromatographic method of separating biochemical mixtures, based on a highly specific biologic interaction such as that between antigen and antibody.

Chemunilescence: Emission of light (luminescence) without emission of heat as the result of a chemical reaction.

Chromatography: Family of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a “stationary phase,” which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated.

Immunoassay: Biochemical test that measures the concentration of a substance in a biological liquid, typically serum or urine, using the reaction of an antibody or antibodies to its antigen. The assay takes advantage of the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen.

Isoform: Version of a protein with only small differences to another isoform of the same protein.

Mass spectrometry: Analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It is used in anti-doping to find the composition of a physical sample by generating a mass spectrum representing the masses of sample components.

Microtiterplate: a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes.

Monoclonal antibodies: Antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell and are all clones of a single parent cell.

Pharmacokinetics: Discipline of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the distribution and elimination of substances administered to a living organism.

play true - issue 2 - 2007 18 WADA—Leading Scientific Research in Anti-Doping

The Frontier between Anti-Doping and Medicine: The Athlete’s Passport By Dr. Alain Garnier, WADA Medical Director

Given the various practices that must be adapted and anticipate holistic, medical approach. The have been used since ancient future trends. The fight against study of indirect metabolic effects times to enhance human doping has to be equipped with the on the body subsequent to the performance, doping can be same means, both scientific and intake of a xenobiotic is known regarded as having existed since financial, as those used by cheats as metabionomics. It is already the beginnings of sport. In this if it is to avoid becoming inefficient. producing encouraging results in respect, it is likely that human In view of the contribution of veterinary medicine, for example, behaviour has changed less than biotechnologies and new doping to monitor the absence of use of the arsenal of treatment methods protocols, endeavouring to detect hormones in breeding. available. In the past, more often a substance in the body at a given than not, a substance was taken moment is no longer sufficient. Furthermore, the use of indirect sporadically, during or in proximity Some coaches are effectively markers is common in medical to a sporting event. In this context, capable of ensuring that the practice. Thus, an elevated the toxicological approach, based athletes concerned are “free” transaminase (hepatic enzyme) on the detection of a substance or of all traces of substance during level in a patient indicates alcohol its metabolites in a urine sample, presumed testing periods, absorption, regardless of the blood can be considered a valid solution. despite the implementation of alcohol level at the time of the Unfortunately, sport has recently unannounced testing programs dose. Generally speaking, in seen the establishment of to tackle this stumbling block. practising medicine, a diagnosis is organized, planned doping, based Moreover, the ergogenic effects rarely based on a single biological on a more rigorous scientific obtained by an athlete during examination; on the contrary, it is approach that makes use of all treatment can, in some cases, last based on a set of combined clinical available resources. Consequently, weeks, months or even years, as and biological elements that make it has become increasingly difficult recently demonstrated in relation up the body of arguments to justify to detect modern doping methods to anabolic steroids. the treatment perspective. using the traditional anti-doping approach adapted to old techniques. Consequently, it appears that The application of these general the nature itself of the available principles to monitoring doping The limits of the system have substances, combined with the through a biological passport could already been reached if one sophistication of the protocols be used as a tool in addition to the considers the new protocols for the used, can rapidly illustrate the urine and blood tests. The identi- doping abuse of EPO (microdoses, limits of the direct detection of fication of relevant biological intravenous solutions, etc.), banned substances, particularly autologous blood manipulation, if only the urine method is used. recourse to growth factors or even The majority of doping cellular therapy. The arrival of substances are drugs used biotechnologies and products as a for purposes other than their result of pharmacogenetics will no medical intent; these have doubt further heighten this trend. numerous physiological, In order to ensure that the biological and metabolic mechanism does not operate in effects on the body. favour of cheats, as opposed to in It would therefore be favour of the organizations leading interesting to try to the fight against doping, the objectivize these different methods to combat this scourge effects through a more

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parameters should make it possible In terms of interpretation of results, take into account the features to establish individual distin- the registration of data is also of and specificities of different guishing profiles. This biological considerable interest. Indeed, sports (the monitoring tracing throughout an athlete’s biology and medicine are well parameters could vary from one entire sporting career should make aware of the limits of interpretation discipline to another). In this any illegal preparation far harder to when references for normality are context, a pilot project (the implement, thanks to the based on population averages. Athletes for Transparency detection, in the event of such The registration of all individual program) under way, developed preparation, of indirect signs of the data means that it is no longer in France and backed by WADA, use of banned substances or necessary to consider an average should assess the athletes’ methods. As with speed detection value as the norm; on the contrary, support for this concept on roads, it is a matter of it makes it possible to refer to the considering the volunteer-based progressing from fixed radars (the individual’s own values and assess approach. It also constitutes location of which is often known) variations in these. In a model a technical feasibility study to mobile radars that measure using individual systems of in terms of sample collection speed on a permanent basis. references, the study of the profile procedures (standardization and the intra-individual variability of collection and laboratory The Athlete’s Passport, contemplated becomes more relevant, bearing in analysis protocols) and the by WADA as far back as 2002, mind that the validity and sensitivity implementation of an online is based on a similar approach. will increase with the amount centralized results platform. of data collected. In its final form, it would be used • A pilot study to test and to meet the two-fold objective of Although the concept is simple, in validate the most appropriate improving the effectiveness of the that different models have already mathematical processing model fight against cheats and protecting been validated for widespread use is currently being developed the health of athletes. At the same in other fields, such as epidemiology, with the IAAF and the Lausanne time, it should also enable the legal medicine or even veterinary anti-doping laboratory. intelligent targeting of athletes and monitoring, its practical application promote doping controls during in the field of anti-doping poses a In conclusion, if the urine and apparently suspicious or critical number of problems. In order to blood tests, which are essentially periods. From a more medical respond to the complexity of this toxicology tests, are to be maintained point of view, this biological situation, WADA has developed a and improved through increasingly monitoring is also likely to illustrate multi-level strategy: sophisticated analytical methods, biological disturbances linked to these will inevitably have to be pathological processes, whether or • A meeting of scientific experts rapidly combined with effective not these are the result of doping to identify the most relevant tools such as biological monitoring. manipulation. If necessary, early parameters to be monitored In view of the challenges posed by and effective medical intervention (the fields of haematology and current and future biotechnological can thus take place. In terms of endocrinology are currently methods, an increasingly global public health, such an approach involved), as well as the data and biological approach, similar is very probably more effective processing model to be to that used in forensic science, than that consisting of advocating employed. is necessary in order to respond medically assisted doping. Above with the expected efficiency. and beyond the advantages • A legal study in order to assess Nevertheless, the descent of described, such a model could the legal validity of the model medicine and its rules on the also constitute a good global proposed and the nature of field of anti-doping should be indicator of the prevalence of possible disciplinary decisions. accompanied by in-depth doping, information lacking today bioethical reflection if the in order to optimize the fight • A feasibility study and experience is to be effective against doping. implementation of strategies that and durable.

The Athletes for Transparency program (left), developed in France and backed by WADA, constitutes a technical feasibility study in terms of sample collection procedures (standardization of collection and laboratory analysis protocols) and the implementation of an online centralized results platform for the type of ‘biological passport’now being considered. www.athletesfortransparency.com play true - issue 2 - 2007 20 Guest Feature

Sports medicine physicians, clinicians and scientists: Your duty and responsibility to oppose doping

By Walter R. Frontera, MD, PhD, President, International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS)

As the international organization In FIMS we believe in these objective is fulfilled by means promoting and representing sports principles and have acted of congresses, team physician medicine around the world, FIMS accordingly since the foundation of development courses, advanced is interested in and committed to our Federation in 1928. Moreover, team physician courses, developing relations and the Continental Associations of publications (including an establishing collaborations with FIMS in Africa (African Union of electronic journal), a Web site, and organizations that share a common Sports Medicine), the Americas the preparation and dissemination vision, mission, objectives, and (Pan American Confederation of position statements on various activities. WADA is one of those of Sports Medicine), Asia (Asian topics of scientific interest and important groups. Federation of Sports Medicine), importance. Given the crucial role and Europe (European Federation of education in the development of The basic principle that the of Sports Medicine Associations), a human being and the formation practice of sport and the tradition in addition to the countries in the of professionals in all disciplines of physical activity and exercise region of Oceania strongly support and areas of knowledge, these "All sports medicine physicians,clinicians,and scientists have the duty and responsibility to oppose the use of doping practices in sports based on moral,ethical,and physiological grounds."

must promote physical and mental this position. Evidence to this is activities represent one important health should be protected and the active involvement and way FIMS has joined the respected. Further, the concept participation in anti-doping movement against doping. that excellent health is not only activities of many of the leaders desirable but necessary for optimal and members of FIMS. In FIMS we look forward to performance in competitive sports continuing our work in this area must be understood and accepted. One of the main objectives of and to partner with those that share Therefore, all sports medicine FIMS is to educate sports medicine the same values. The work done by physicians, clinicians, and physicians around the world. We WADA and other similar bodies scientists have the duty and strongly believe that this will have must be supported by professional responsibility to oppose the use as a consequence an enhancement organizations to be more effective. of doping practices in sports of the quality of medical care for This is exactly what FIMS intends based on moral, ethical, and athletes at all levels of competition to do and we hope to join WADA physiological grounds. and in all regions of the world.This in this worthy endeavor.

BRIEF BIO:

Walter R. Frontera, MD, PhD, is dean of the faculty of medicine and professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) and physiology at the University of Puerto Rico. Dr. Frontera completed his medical studies and a residency in PM&R at the University of Puerto Rico and a doctoral degree in exercise physiology at Boston University.

Dr. Frontera's career is rich with positions and achievements dedicated to the health of athletes: establishment of the Center for Sports Health and Exercise Sciences at the Albergue Olímpico, the training center of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee (PROC); PROC chief medical officer in Central American and Caribbean (CAC), Pan American, and Summer Olympic Games; director of medical services, CAC Games; president, Puerto Rico Sports Medicine Federation; member, PROC; and Earle P. and Ida S. Charlton Professor and chairman of the department of PM&R, Harvard Medical School and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.

As president of FIMS and the Pan American Confederation of Sports Medicine, his main research and clinical interests include sport injury rehabilitation and the effects of aging and exercise on skeletal muscle. Dr. Frontera has published more than 200 scientific publications and currently serves as editor-in-chief, The American Journal of PM&R; board member, International Society for PM&R; and fellow, Association of Academic Physiatrists, American Academy of PM&R, and American College of Sports Medicine.

21 play true - issue 2 - 2007 Interactive Anti-Doping Exhibit made permanent at Olympic Museum

by Francis Gabet, Director of the Olympic Museum

cubes, boxes containing contravenes the spirit of sport, it information sheets, videos and represents a genuine danger to touch screens for a final quiz will the health of athletes. The List of undoubtedly make this space Prohibited Substances and dynamic and attract visitors. Methods is exhibited in an original form: ten small cube-showcases This exhibition aims to give the illustrate the Prohibited List public an overview of the past, categories with a presentation present and future of the fight of the banned substances and an In May 2007, the Olympic against doping. While doping in explanation about their medical Museum in Lausanne added to sport is not a new phenomenon, use, established doping effects its permanent exhibitions a new it is now important to know the and, in particular, side effects. space devoted to the fight against various forces involved in the fight doping in sport. This project came against doping. At the Olympic In order to safeguard doping-free to light as a result of the close Games, attention is drawn to the sport, doping controls are crucial. cooperation between the Olympic IOC’s “zero tolerance” policy and, The control procedure is illustrated Museum, Dr. Patrick Schamasch, on an international level, the in 12 stages through photos, from director of the IOC Medical and various fields of WADA’s activities the selection of athletes right Scientific Department, Dr. Martial are presented, with an emphasis through to result management. Saugy, technical director of the on scientific and medical research, Swiss Laboratory for Doping which is one of the essential Raising athlete awareness is Analysis, and WADA. weapons in the fight against doping. also a cornerstone in the fight for clean sport, and a video with It was extremely important for The fight against doping also testimonials from well-known the Olympic Museum to renew entails prevention and education. athletes presents an optimistic this space, not only because And, although the issue of doping vision of doping-free sport to the doping is significant in relation often refers to the sporting public. At the end of the exhibition, to the future of sport, but also, context, doping conduct can visitors can test their knowledge quite simply, because visitors to be understood only in relation to by means of a quiz, originally the Olympic Museum cite doping society as a whole. Topics such devised by WADA and readapted among the top three key issues as the cult of performance and the according to the topics dealt with that they would like to see dealt professionalization and increasing by the Olympic Museum. with when they visit the museum. media coverage of sport are presented to those visitors who The exhibition will also be used In order to make the subject wish to find out about the by the Education and Culture appealing, the Olympic Museum phenomenon of doping. Department during guided tours sought to offer the public a and school visits. Anti-doping kits, recreational and interactive space. While doping threatens the anecdotes and a Whizzanator will The pivoting showcases and educational values of sport and support the presentation.

play true - issue 2 - 2007 22 Guest Feature

UK Sport Embraces

By Russell Langley, Communications Manager, UK Sport

UK Sport has been up and The need for dedicated resource Michael Stow, science & information running on ADAMS since was paramount and led to UK coordinator at UK Sport, said: “We November 2006, and with it Sport contracting consultant could see straight away how rolling out the latest release in the Dave Beaumont who has worked ADAMS allows for better tracking of coming weeks we caught up with closely with members of the TUEs, which means we can now the members of the team at the Drug-Free Sport team to ensure a effectively monitor the types of National Anti-Doping Organization smooth transition to the system. medication athletes are asking for (NADO) for the UK to see what approval to use. This obviously impact the system has already “We held a number of testing days helps from a TUE point of view, but had, and what it hopes to achieve over the past few months, following can also provide a useful source of in the future. a mission through the entire intelligence which can help with the process of planning, allocation and planning and allocation of tests.” WADA has been developing sample collection to ensure there ADAMS (Anti-Doping are no unforeseen circumstances,” In April 2007, UK Sport began Administration and Management said Beaumont. “These flagged up managing its testing and results System) since 2004, with UK differences in the way we work to functions through ADAMS, with Sport now having spent over a the way ADAMS allowed. Working all aspects from test allocation to year significantly assisting with closely with WADA we have been the notification of results now ideas for functionality, testing and able to iron these out in order to centrally managed. The first batch refinements to help ensure that minimize the impact on our of missions were set up during each release fully meets the needs working practices.” January and February, and from of all concerned. The relationship the start of April all tests are now first came about when UK Sport UK Sport’s first foray into ADAMS managed through ADAMS. The made a strategic decision in late was through the Therapeutic Use Testing Team at UK Sport 2005 to fully engage with ADAMS Exemption (TUE) management allocates the missions and the and commit resources to its element which has been in place Doping Control Officers (DCO) implementation. since November 2006. then log in to see where they need

ADAMS at work at UK Sport. ADAMS Results Team who manage findings. ADAMS Testing Team who plan and allocate all tests. ADAMS "not only ensures testing across the world is a little smarter, and therefore more effective, but importantly it also gives more confidence to athletes about the quality of the testing program and the faith they have in our ability to catch anyone using a prohibited substance."

to be and when in order to carry imminent and with the high see who was tested where and out the test. profile cases in the UK over the when, and what the outcome was of past 12 months, arguably the those tests. With the UK Sport team getting to most significant for UK Sport. grips with ADAMS, the next phase UK Sport has operated its own “Importantly, we will also be able of preparation involved the online whereabouts system to see what tests are planned by induction of the DCOs, as Julia since July 2005, and the priority different organizations meaning Hardy, quality & administration will be to induct the athletes an end to scenarios whereby there assistant at UK Sport explains: currently using this on to ADAMS might be duplication of tests on before rolling it out across all athletes by different bodies. “Being out in the field, it was vital other sports. A schedule for this This not only ensures testing that the DCOs understood process is currently being drawn across the world is a little smarter, ADAMS, particularly the areas up, with the emphasis on and therefore more effective, which slightly changed the way quality induction, backed up but importantly it also gives more we work. With that in mind we by thorough education and confidence to athletes about the produced a tailor-made user guide support for athletes. quality of the testing program and for them covering both ADAMS the faith they have in our ability to and UK Sport processes. To back Overseeing the implementation catch anyone using a prohibited this up they also have a hotline is Andy Parkinson, head of substance or method. they can call at any time to talk operations at UK Sport. He said: them through any issues they “It has taken a tremendous amount “Looking ahead, we’re keen to have. However, the user- of work to get us to this stage but remain integrally involved in the friendliness of the system means the fruits of that labor are already ongoing development of ADAMS. this has hardly been used.” starting to show and we are Having worked on it for so long we delighted with how well the roll-out feel a great sense of ownership and Once the results are back from of ADAMS in the UK has gone. want to do everything we can to the laboratory, they are inputted explain the benefits to our into ADAMS from where each “The real benefit of ADAMS will counterparts across the world. We stage of the results management come when more NADOs and have recently held discussions about process can be monitored to International Federations come on the mid term future of ADAMS and ensure Code compliance. board, as the volume of information have plenty of ideas on how ADAMS it will contain will be invaluable. For can be further developed and we The final stage of the roll-out— the first time we will have a global look forward to sharing our thoughts athlete whereabouts—is test history of athletes, allowing us to with WADA.”

play true - issue 2 - 2007 24 Partner Profile

BBC Radio's Tennis Correspondent Jonathan Overend talks to the International Tennis Federation's (ITF) Dr. Stuart Miller about the Tennis Anti-Doping Program, which is now exclusively managed by the ITF.

Stuart Miller came to the ITF from the UK's Leeds Metropolitan University, where he was course leader of the Sport and Exercise Science BSc degree. Stuart has a BSc in sports science,an MSc in biomechanics, and a PhD in neuromuscular biomechanics. In 1997, Miller became the secretary general of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, the world's leading sports biomechanics society. He was elected as a vice president of the organization in 2001. His expertise is in the field of sports science, and he regularly contributes scientific papers to national and international publications. As well as Anti-Doping, Stuart's other responsibilities at the ITF include Technical (equipment) and Sports Science & Medicine.

When the ITF took control of the WTA drug testing treated has changed,” or, “the management) but we have made program on 1 January 2007, a year after reaching a people who are conducting the the program, as a whole, more similar agreement with the ATP, a significant shift in tests are doing things differently.” efficient by centralizing it. the policing of the sport was complete.The Tennis We’re still operating on the same Anti-Doping Program became exclusively managed principles that testing is largely Ethically, for the good of the sport, by the ITF, ending the sometimes confusing and random, with no advance notice. was it necessary that both ATP potentially conflicting days of player organizations All the principles for an effective and WTA programs came under policing and prosecuting their own members. It's just testing program are in place. the control of the ITF? the start, and fresh challenges lie ahead in the next few months. With important revisions being proposed Who does the testing? I’m not going to comment on the by the anti-doping community to the World Anti- rights and wrongs of player Doping Code for as early as 2008, there could be The ITF contracts IDTM organizations trying to police crucial implications for professional tennis players who [International Doping Tests and themselves, but the potential for fail anti-doping tests. Jonathan Overend spoke to Dr. Management] who are one of the conflict of interest is clear. While Stuart Miller, head of the ITF's Science and Technical biggest independent testing there’s no suggestion that this Department that oversees the program. organizations in the world. They influenced the ATP’s or WTA’s work a lot with WADA in other operation of its programs, to be Jonathan Overend: sports; they have a large network seen to have no conflict of interest Can you explain how drug-testing of doping control officers and is extremely important and from procedures in tennis have chaperones throughout the world; the ITF’s point of view, having a changed, if at all, since the and they facilitate the testing program which is free of ITF took over the ATP requirements that we put in place. suspicion, which is transparent and WTA programs? and cohesive, is very important. I What about back at base— think it’s been a good thing and Dr. Stuart Miller: From an has it meant an increased the fact that we’ve reached administrative perspective it’s now workload for the ITF? agreement with the ATP and WTA more streamlined. We don’t have shows they think it is as well. three separate organizations There’s no doubt that we’re busier working with a single test than before. There’s more testing How many times a year are the provider. A key aim at the start to organize, we’re working closely top players tested? was for the players not to notice a with both the ATP and WTA, and difference. We didn’t want players there are more issues to deal with Last year there were close to saying, “The way I’m being (either on-site or results 2,000 tests in tennis, which puts

25 play true - issue 2 - 2007 Partner Profile

“Because testing is random, the more events you play the more likely you are to be tested; likewise, the better you do in those tournaments the more likely it is. Top players would expect to be tested more than ten times per year.”

us in the upper range of Olympic program to demonstrate whether the use of nutritional supplements. sports in terms of tests conducted. you have a clean sport or not. What is the very latest advice? The frequency of testing depends on the players’ rankings. Because In the sport of track and field, The ITF Sports Science and testing is random, the more events athletes have been found guilty of Medicine Commission has very you play the more likely you are to taking a designer drug that recently updated the statement be tested; likewise, the better you nobody had known about: THG. Is which is distributed through our do in those tournaments the more that why you feel it would be naive Web site and through our testers likely it is. Top players would to think you’re catching all the to players. It does say that players expect to be tested more than cheats? The fear there might be are recommended not to take any ten times per year. an ‘undiscovered’ drug? dietary supplements because it’s impossible to guarantee their Since the ITF has had control of Elite sport is lucrative for players safety. As long as the World Anti- the whole tennis anti-doping and there have been instances in Doping Code maintains a policy program, how many positives other sports where the temptation of strict liability, the players are have there been? to reach the top by unfair means held accountable whatever the has been too great. However, we circumstances, so they take In 2006 there were three doping have no evidence that it’s the case supplements at their own risk. offences—one in Australian Open in tennis. Tennis is a difficult sport qualifying, one in a challenger to categorize in terms of its Finally, what is the ITF doing to event and one in a wheelchair physiological demands and educate players about the risks event. So, relatively few therefore the type of substances and dangers of doping? considering there were nearly that players could see as key to 2,000 tests. giving them success. Tennis has a It’s not just players, but also number of contributors to success. coaches we want to educate and So do you believe it’s a clean sport? It has endurance, speed, agility but we’re expanding our work in this it also has skill. You can’t be a great field. We’ve produced a Q&A leaflet You would have to draw that player without a significant amount on Therapeutic Use Exemptions, conclusion. It would be naive to of skill, and that in itself helps we have a 24-hour hotline which is think we catch every person who tennis be a little more confident open to all players who have is engaged in doping; however, that there isn’t widespread abuse of questions about medications or the based on the principles that we’re designer substances that we don’t Prohibited List, and we also work at operating within the program, the yet know about. junior level with presentations and record in 2006 is certainly Web site information so we can get indicative of a clean sport. And A few years ago the ITF was very to the players at a time when they you need a comprehensive test vocal in advising players against are receptive.

Tennis anti-doping timeline www.itftennis.com/antidoping

Late 1980s: Drug testing in tennis begins with the Men's Tennis Council. 1990: With the formation of the ATP Tour, testing is extended to include performance-enhancing, as well as recreational, drugs. 1993: ITF, ATP and WTA create a joint anti-doping program that covers the whole of the sport. 1999: WADA is founded as an international independent organization to promote, coordinate, and monitor the fight against doping in all sport. 2002: ITF President Francesco Ricci Bitti is elected to the WADA Foundation Board. Consisting of 38 representatives from the Olympic Movement and governments, this is WADA's supreme decision-making body. 2006: ITF takes over the management, administration and enforcement of the program at ATP-sanctioned events. 2007: ITF takes over the same duties at WTA-sanctioned events. Sport as Equalizer Paralympics and World Championships multiple gold medalist Tanja Kari was once known simply as “the skier.” She continues that tradition of single-minded dedication today, giving her all to keeping sport clean and fair for future generations.

Photo by Joonas Ekeström Athlete Profile

Finnish cross-country skier Tanja Kari was born to Play True: What has sport given you? be a champion on skis. Placed on her first set of skis at the age of four, Tanja raced in her first Tanja Kari: Sport has given everything to me. It’s the competition when she was six. Despite being born basic building block of who I am. It helped me observe with a disability that took away her capacity to use society via sport and sport via society. It also gave me a two poles—two poles offer balance and speed, great education. important factors for any skier—Tanja excelled so much while using only one pole, that she competed What’s your opinion of anti-doping right now? with able-bodied kids and garnered immense What is the best way to convince young people not to dope? respect along the way. I think we need to encourage athletes and make them “In the beginning, I was able to be equal with think, “What is the core of sport?” There has to be joy other kids who didn’t have a disability. Kids can and satisfaction, and there must be a healthy sometimes be pretty cruel to each other, but they relationship. This has to start with young kids. We need also respect other kids who are good at sport. So I to create safe and enjoyable atmospheres so kids get think skiing gave me a way to grow up equal pleasure from sport. without thinking about my disability,” said Tanya. What is important to you when we talk She quickly became known as 'the skier' in her about anti-doping as an issue? community and her skills as an athlete became more known than her disability. Today Tanja is I believe in the relationship with sport and its health one of the greatest female winter Paralympic aspect. Yes, sometimes athletes have to risk their body athletes in history with an impressive list and push themselves to the limit. And I believe that the of achievements: whole group, the whole support group needs to be on the same line with that. • Four-time Paralympian: - 2002 (Salt Lake City) three gold What do you think of competitive pressure - 1998 (Nagano) three gold in the context of performance enhancing drugs? - 1994 (Lillehammer) two gold, one silver - 1992 (Albertville) two gold Most will think they can achieve without using drugs, • Ten-time World Championships medalist but others may become fascinated with the idea of (nine gold, one silver) taking a shortcut. It’s really a question of moral ethics and the athlete is the one that has to choose his or her Tanja retired at 30, following the 2002 path. They need to ask themselves, What is really Paralympic Games, fulfilled by her career and important and what is not? What is a true victory in achievements as an athlete. sport? Is it the one in which you can really feel joy and

“I think we need to encourage athletes and make them think, "What is the core of sport?" There has to be joy and satisfaction, and there must be a healthy relationship. This has to start with young kids. We need to create safe and enjoyable atmospheres so kids get pleasure from sport.”

But Tanja has never really retired and continues enjoyment? Or is it just a gold medal without these to give back to sport. Today, she is living and ingredients? Understanding this helps to understand and working in Salt Lake City (U.S.) and is a control competitive pressure. member of WADA’s Athlete Committee and the International Paralympic Committee’s As an athlete and as a hero to many young athletes, what is Anti-Doping Commission. the most important message you want to convey?

Tanja recently shared with Play True her views on Athletes should challenge themselves. They can be their the importance of sport in the development of best without drugs or doping, I know they can. They can young people, as well as efforts to combat train and give everything to sport and know they will get doping in sport. everything and more in return.

play true - issue 2 - 2007 28 WADA Updates

Athlete Committee Lends Muscle to a Stronger Fight against Doping

The thirteen members of WADA’s • Tougher Sanctions for Cheats: the IST in order to allow Athlete Committee convened in The committee reiterated its flexibility to national anti- Estoril (Portugal) on April 13–14, strong stance for toughening doping organizations and sports 2007, to provide their input and sanctions for first-time serious federations in setting these recommendations on the doping offences. They said that rules. Calls are now however proposed changes to the World sanctions need to be tougher in been made by the international Anti-Doping Code and related order to deter cheating and take community to harmonize this International Standards. cheaters out of competition. In part of the doping control process. light of the revision of the Code As a result, proposals for the The group was hosted by currently underway, they called global policy have been received Laurentino Dias, Portuguese for increasing the sanction for a and drafted into a new version Secretary of State for Youth and first-time serious doping offence of the IST, which is expected to Sport, and Committee member from two to four years. be approved by November Rosa Mota, Olympic and World 2007 following extensive Champion in Women’s Marathon. • Incentives for Cooperation with stakeholder consultation. The Investigations: Also in the Committee has submitted its The Committee agreed upon the context of the Code revision, the feedback on the current draft following recommendations and Committee discussed the proposal to the WADA’s statements: concept of offering incentives Standards & Harmonization (such as reducing sanctions) to Department for consideration • Confidentiality: The committee doping athletes for providing during revision of the IST. stressed the responsibility of information and facilitating organizations and individuals investigations into serious The Committee received involved in the doping control organized doping schemes. presentations from all members and results management While the committee agreed showing major advances made process to maintain athlete that such a principle might be globally in informing athletes of confidentiality when dealing helpful to stem the scourge of their responsibilities and reminding with athlete information. doping and to catch cheaters, them of the need to play true. The Committee members stressed they urged that, out of fairness Committee will be contributing to that athletes need to have to clean athletes, such incentives a special section on the WADA absolute confidence in the should not encourage the rapid Web site targeted at athletes for integrity of the anti-doping and easy return of doping the promotion of clean sport. system and the protection of athletes to competition. confidential information. On 14 April, the Committee visited • Financial Penalties: Committee the accredited anti-doping • List of Prohibited Substances: members reiterated their desire laboratory based in Lisbon. The When asked about views for financial matters to be fully Lisbon laboratory is 1 of 34 on the List of Prohibited discussed and considered to laboratories worldwide that are Substances and Methods, ensure that those who are accredited by WADA to perform the Committee supported the demoted in standing by a doped anti-doping analysis under the Code. current policy and system for athlete can recover awards. considering substances and Chaired by Vyacheslav Fetisov, Head of the methods for banning. Further, • Whereabouts and Missed Tests: Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sport members noted that cannabis Committee members were (Russian Federation), the WADA Athlete should always remain on the asked to provide their views on Committee consists of elite international athletes Prohibited List because it proposed changes to the especially concerned about the prevalence of sends a strong message to International Standard for doping in sport. In working with WADA and athletes and youth worldwide. Testing (IST) relating to athlete providing input on anti-doping programs and Committee members stressed whereabouts information and the responsibility of elite missed tests. Until now, rules initiatives, WADA Athlete Committee members athletes to serve as role for whereabouts and missed represent the voice of clean athletes and work to models to youth. tests have not been dictated by help level the playing field for athletes worldwide.

29 play true - issue 2 - 2007 WADA Updates WADA and Social Science Research

On 29 May 2007, WADA issued the comments of the peer the official call for proposals for its reviewers and makes its funding 2008 Social Science Research recommendations to WADA's Grant Program (Program). This Executive Committee. The Executive was the fourth call for proposals Committee makes the final since WADA first created its Social decision as to the projects that will Science Research Grant Program receive funding. The final step is in 2004, awarding its first grants for the selected projects to undergo in 2005. With education and ethical review by WADA’s reviewers. research being among WADA’s strategic objectives, the intention Since its inception, the Program is that social science research will has served to fund 14 research Among WADA's long-term projects are the implementation and provide an evidence-based projects, initiated by researchers development of a central database of social science research reports foundation for the development of in regions as varied as Africa, on topics related to doping in sport. education initiatives that serve the North America, South-East Asia, preventive aspects of WADA’s fight Western and Eastern Europe, and WADA’s Education Committee against doping in sport as well as Scandinavia. A couple of the recently recommended that the contributing to the existing funded projects have focused on Program be opened up as much knowledge base in the field. topics relating to a specific sport as possible to accommodate or to athletes with disabilities, and research that is specific to various To be admissible for funding under one project consisted of a vast regions or cultures, to help generate the Program, submissions must international literature review of momentum for anti-doping work not only satisfy the Program’s research on anti-doping education in regions where few initiatives detailed administrative requirements, and prevention programs, the currently exist. As a first step in but also be related to the specific beliefs and behaviours that lead to facilitating this development, the research priorities that are doping and the predictive and call for proposal documents for formulated each year by WADA’s precipitating factors. Other topics the 2008 Program have been Education Committee and that the have included the studies of the published not only in English Agency sets out in the respective knowledge of and attitudes and French, but also in Spanish. call. Furthermore, WADA particularly towards doping among a variety of encourages collaborative research, specific populations (including Finally, among WADA’s long-term projects with specific cultural or among the medical profession) or projects are the implementation regional perspectives, as well as specific countries or cultures, and and development of a central student projects. the development of a psychome- database of social science trically sound tool for assessing research reports on topics related In a first step, and provided the athletes’ attitudes towards and to doping in sport. While this submissions satisfy the Program’s propensity for doping. database will of course feature the administrative requirements, the reports of the projects funded submissions are assessed by two To date, approximately six of under the Program, WADA also external peer reviewers, using the research projects funded invites all of its stakeholders to weighted criteria established by under the Program have been submit all relevant research WADA’s Education Committee. completed and their reports are project reports that have already This includes, in particular, the now posted on WADA’s Web site. been made public for inclusion. scientific merit of the proposed Although the Program is still project and the degree to which young, the projects that have For more information concerning the research will have substantial already been completed have the 2008 Program please visit our impact given the objectives set out yielded conclusions that tend Web site. To submit a research in the research priorities of the Program. to corroborate the preventive report for future inclusion in the direction taken by current WADA Social Science Research In a second step, WADA’s and ongoing anti-doping Database, please e-mail Education Committee considers education activities. [email protected].

play true - issue 2 - 2007 30 WADA Updates

Anti-Doping Goes Global with WADA Education Seminars

Learning through play: WADA's anti-doping card game introduces spirit of sport values to students in Madagascar.

In 2005, WADA piloted an participation in such events by include providing participants Education Symposium in those involved in anti-doping with basic information on anti- Montevideo, Uruguay, with the education first hand and promote doping issues and on WADA’s purpose of disseminating local collaboration in anti-doping education work, introducing information on doping in sport, education activities, the participants to the Model offering guidance and providing Symposium format has recently Guidelines for Core Education practical tools participants can been replaced by the Traveling and Information Programs, and use to disseminate anti-doping Seminar concept. During a engaging participants in creating messages in their countries or Traveling Seminar, members of a local annual and long-term plan throughout their organizations. the WADA Education Department for anti-doping education. It is The success of the pilot led to five and a representative of the local intended that, at the end of the multi-national Symposia being WADA Regional Office (or of the Seminar, participants will have held in Europe (Moscow and relevant Regional Anti-Doping gained a level of knowledge of Athens), Asia (Macau and Kuala Organization) travel to two or three and comfort with anti-doping Lumpur) and Africa (Cairo). countries within one same region education topics and materials to run the Seminar activities. sufficient to train others, help The Traveling Seminar Concept build relationships among the The ultimate goal of the two day different actors in the region to In order to give a larger number Seminar is to empower participants open the doors for future joint of stakeholders the opportunity to develop and implement their action, and promote the sharing of benefiting from anti-doping own anti-doping education and communication of anti-doping education events, increase activities. The general objectives education materials and policies.

31 play true - issue 2 - 2007 WADA Updates

Given these objectives, the Ministries of Education, Sport themselves playing with people Seminars include few formal and Youth) are engaged in a who are not following the rules presentations but instead favour Focus Group session, to discuss and may even have to sit out of small group work. These and evaluate possibilities for the the game because they have been workshop-style Seminars give integration, within the local school “banned for life.” credence to the notion that system, of the curriculum from athletes do not train in isolation WADA’s Teacher’s Tool Kit. This Looking towards the Future and focus on the importance of Tool Kit contains a series of lesson educating all those who work with plans, currently targeting teachers The Traveling Seminar concept, athletes (including coaches, of students aged 10-12 years, along with its associated school health care professional, teachers, with suggested activities for activities, was first piloted in and parents) on the dangers of introducing the Spirit of Sport Nicaragua and Colombia in doping. Over the course of the values and anti-doping messages September 2006. A second set Seminar, participants, to young people. of Seminars were held in the Indian representing National Sport Ocean in March 2007 (Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar). Federations, Anti-Doping Finally, a classroom activity is Several Seminars are being Units/Organizations, Ministry of included among the Seminar’s planned for 2007 (Africa, Sport, National Olympic other activities in order to observe Caribbean, Latin America and Committees and National first hand the reaction to and Oceania) and for 2008 (Latin Paralympic Committees, work suitability of anti-doping America, Asia, Africa, Caribbean, together to establish a plan for education in local classrooms. and Eastern Europe). anti-doping education. The classroom activity typically involves a discussion surrounding Finally, in keeping with WADA’s School Activities the reasons why people are focus on positive values involved in sport (values), why development for prevention In parallel to the Seminar’s sport is governed by rules and purposes, modifications to the workshop activities, the Seminars how cheating (whether doping or Seminar programming are include a school component. other forms of cheating) is regularly suggested so as to best Local education experts contrary to the Spirit of Sport adjust the Seminar content to (representing school values. These classroom activities local contexts, needs and administrators, classroom usually end with students playing resources and to encourage teachers, academics, university the WADA Anti-Doping Card participants to create and faculty responsible for teacher Game, which places students in implement their own, customized training, curriculum developers situations in which they are either anti-doping programs that are and representatives from encouraged to cheat or find based on values development.

Learning by doing: developing a plan for anti-doping education activities in Mauritius with WADA Regional Director (Africa) Rodney Swigelaar.

Seychelles Seminar participants with WDA Education Manager Jen Sclater and Education Director Julie Carter. WADA Updates Third World Conference on Doping in Sport Madrid (Spain), 15 –17 November 2007

In February 1999, the First World Conference on Doping in Sport was held in Lausanne (Switzerland) and resulted in the founding of WADA. In March 2003, a Second World Conference was held in Copenhagen (Denmark) where delegates from governments and the sport movement worldwide unanimously adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (Code) as the nucleus for the fight against doping in sport. The Code entered into force on 1 January 2004.

The years of experience since the Code’s adoption have shown it to be an effective tool, and as with any living document, requires regular review. WADA has always undertaken to coordinate this work and, in mid-2006, launched a process of review on a scale similar to the consultations that led to the observers and media on several of these Code's initial adoption. The goal is to build on experience to noteworthy activities and achievements, fine-tune the Code and enhance the global fight against doping as well as future strategies to combat in sport. In Madrid (Spain), from 15–17 November, at the doping in sport. Third World Conference on Doping in Sport, delegates will discuss the proposed changes to the Code and its related Registration to attend the Third World standards. A revised Code will be made available to Conference Conference on Doping in Sport is now open— delegates in October ahead of the Conference and a final deadline 15 August 2007. For additional Conference resolution will be submitted for adoption during the information on the conference program, final session of the Conference. participation guidelines, registration and accommodation, please visit the official Since its inception, WADA has made significant advances in the conference Web site at: global campaign against doping, and will update delegates, www.wadamadrid2007.com.

Three New RADOs Established: Central Africa, Eastern Europe and South Asia The fight against doping in sport continues to In South Asia, a new RADO was established in May expand to new regions of the world with the 2007, and is being hosted by the Maldives, whose establishment of three new Regional Anti-Doping government and NOC will provide the office and Organizations (RADO). staff, in addition to accommodations and meals for meetings held in the country. The Central African RADO (Zone IV), launched in April 2007, is being hosted by Cameroon, whose Through the RADO program, WADA facilitates the government and National Olympic Committee creation of anti-doping organizations in regions of (NOC) have agreed to provide office and staff to the world where there previously existed limited or coordinate anti-doping development in the region. no anti-doping activity. Since the launch of the RADO development program in late 2004, 101 Belarus will be hosting the new Eastern Europe countries have become newly active in the fight RADO which was created in March 2007. The against doping in sport. The objective is for all Belarus government and NOC have agreed to countries of the world to be engaged by 2010. provide office and staff.

33 play true - issue 2 - 2007 two-day symposiumincluded two-day Key themesdiscussedduringthe doping underground. the moresinisterelementsin organizationstoattack with sports law enforcementagenciesand among multiplegovernmentand urged increasedcooperation scale dopingschemes.Attendees inthetargetingofwide efforts canbestcoordinate and sport discussions onhowgovernment in London (UK),toadvance authorities onApril16–17,2007, anti-doping andlawenforcement symposium ofgovernment,sport, convenedaninternational Sport, WADA, ofUK withthesupport Development ofModelProtocols forSharingInformation Investigations SymposiumCallsforIncreasedCooperation, Fourth IFSymposiumMeets withSuccess areas: results management and case studyworkshops inthreemain possible, emphasis wasplacedon as symposium This year, soastomake the its administration. to thefightagainstdopingand opinions onvariousissueslinked improvements, informationand exchange proposalsfor Federations (IFs)andWADA to fromInternationalSports experts symposium enablesanti-doping in Lausanne(Switzerland).This Symposium attheOlympicMuseum International Federation Anti-Doping WADA annual hosteditsfourth On March27–28,2007, New! Free EducationalTool: DopingQuizLinkProgram Visit WADA’s Web siteat Paralympics andmanyWorld Championships. Program thatWADA eventsincludingtheOlympics, takestomajorinternationalsporting asthefoundationofAthleteOutreach The DopingQuiz,whichoperatesin15languages,serves tolearnabout anti-doping. have theopportunity oftheWebsamples below),andtheDopingQuizbecomesapart site,givingstakeholdersanotherwaytoensurethattheirathlet theypreferfromseveraloptionsavailable Stakeholders simplyfollowafeweasystepstoselecttheDopingQuiz“Web Sticker” doping andtheirresponsibilitiesundertheWorld Anti-DopingCode. athletes andmembersoftheathleteentouragevisitingthesesitesafuninteractivewaytolearnmoreaboutdangers of Through WADA’s “DopingQuizLinkProgram,” stakeholderscanputtheDopingQuizontheirorganizations’Web sites,giving interactive as w w w . w a d a -a on abroadscale,including "The 'upstream'organizersofdoping and sharingofinformation. and guidelinesforcooperation development ofmodelprotocols discussed, includingthe the talkstofollow-uponstrategies was createdattheconclusionof from cheating.Aworkinggroup those whofacilitateandprofit cansanction work sothatsport authorities intheirinvestigative law enforcementandsports facilitating collaborationbetween scale dopingschemesand toshutdownthelarge necessary the frameworkandtools giving lawenforcementagencies a WADA tofacilitate stakeholders' Management System createdby Anti-Doping Administration and implementation ofADAMS,the Anti-Doping Organizations;and the through thecreationofRegional worldwide developmentprogram World Anti-Doping Code;WADA's dealt withthecurrentrevision ofthe Other moretraditionalsessions programs forindividualIFs. create annualanti-dopingeducation Exemptions (TUEs);andhowto testing andTherapeuticUse as athletewhereabouts,targeted basis, doping onaday-to-day management ofthefightagainst sanctions; issueslinked tothe m a . o r g to getstarted! such U.S. OlympicCommittee. the U.S.Anti-DopingAgencyand Springs (U.S.)inNovember2006by a firstmeetinghostedinColorado The London symposiumfollowedon and supply." doping agenciestoshutdownsource among lawenforcementandanti- more unifiedandcooperativeaction must bestopped.To dosorequiresa littlethemselves, while riskingvery athletes, profitingfromtheircheating individuals andgroupswhopreyon organized andwell-financed General DavidHowman. "Well- accountable," saidWADA Director athlete entourage,mustbeheld traffickers andmembersofthe Doping Organizations and WADA. be heldforthe IFs, NationalAnti- on daytwo, ajointmeeting will another venuein Lausanne.And Organizations willbeheldin Association ofNationalAnti-Doping while aconcurrentsessionofthe WADA andtheIFswillmeet, different format.Ondayone, 1–2, inLausanne,aslightly Symposium willbeheldonApril Symposium. Nextyear, the inthe2007 some 50IFstookpart representing Over 80participants ADAMStrainingsession. two-day Symposium, WADA alsohelda doping activities.Following the managementofanti- day-to-day AAUpdates WADA (see es WADA Calendar

WADA Program Calendar. For the most current updates, visit www.wada-ama.org ATHLETE OUTREACH WADA's Athlete Outreach program raises awareness and encourages doping-free sport through direct interaction with athletes at major sporting events worldwide. July 11–23 All Africa Games Algiers, Algeria July 13–29 Pan American Games Rio de Janeiro, Brazil August 8–18 World University Games Bangkok, Thailand Oct. 28–Nov. 3 UNESCO-WADA Anti-Doping Education Program for Young Athletes (Tennis) Washington, DC

INDEPENDENT OBSERVERS The Independent Observer (IO) program helps enhance athlete and public confidence at major events by randomly monitoring, auditing and reporting on all phases of the doping control and results management processes.

July 11–23 All Africa Games Algiers, Algeria July 13–29 Pan American Games Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

CODE REVIEW & CONSULTATION

The World Anti-Doping Code (Code) represents one of the most important achievements to date in the fight against doping in sport. The Code is the core document that provides a framework for harmonized anti-doping policies, rules and regulations among sports organizations and public authorities. Building on the experience gained to date and to further advance anti-doping efforts, WADA has initiated a Code consultation period, similar to that used in its development, for a practical review of its provisions and fine-tuning them to enhance anti-doping programs. The Code consultation process commenced in April 2006 and has now entered its third and final stage of consultation.

June–July Third Consultation Phase Montreal, Canada October 15 Final draft revision posted online Montreal, Canada November 15–17 Final draft revision submitted for adoption, Third World Conference Madrid, Spain on Doping in Sport

ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

WADA works with stakeholders to facilitate the establishment of strong anti-doping programs in sports and regions throughout the world. The following are meetings of various development programs, including those of Regional Anti-Doping Organizations (RADOs).

July 18–19 West Asia RADO Project Team Meeting Jordan August 28–29 Eastern Europe RADO Board Meeting Kiev, Ukraine September 4 South East Asia RADO Board Meeting Brunei Darussalam

ADAMS TRAINING

ADAMS (Anti-Doping Administration & Management System) is the web-based database management system that coordinates anti-doping activities worldwide. WADA hosts training sessions for stakeholders adopting the ADAMS system.

September 4–5 Lausanne, Switzerland September 8–9 Bucharest, Romania

EDUCATION TRAVELING SEMINAR

WADA’s Traveling Seminars raise understanding about anti-doping efforts, disseminate general information about anti-doping in sport and offer guidance and practical tools for initiating or enhancing anti-doping education programs among WADA stakeholders throughout the world. The dates below are subject to change. For the most current information, please contact [email protected].

August 6–7 Santiago, Chile August 9–10 La Paz, Bolivia August 13–14 Panama City, Panama October 17–18 Abuja, Nigeria October 22–23 Accra, Ghana October 26–27 Bamako, Mali

THIRD WORLD CONFERENCE ON DOPING IN SPORT

The deadline for registering for the Third World Conference on Doping in Sport is 15 August 2007. Visit the conference Web site at www.wadamadrid2007.com for details on registration, participation guidelines and accommodations (see related article, p.33). November 15–17, 2007. Madrid, Spain.

WADA INFORMATION/EDUCATION SESSION

In cooperation with the Indian Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, WADA will host an extensive program to inform government and sport stakeholders and other interested parties from the region about the importance of the fight against doping in sport and stakeholders’ respective responsibilities under the World Anti-Doping Code. October 5–6, 2007. Patiala, India.

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