The Private

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE Two and three-quarter million copies of thc 1961 Automobile Association PRIVATE ASSOCIATION Handbook arc now distributed to Members- breaking all previous records. -- A With their usual thoroughness the A.A. tested -- -.-a ------maw materials for the cover before finalIv sclec~inFyellow 'seal' Kinline from the depcni- aRlc Li~lsonrang. Nearly a quarter of a million yards of Kinline were reqnircd hy Kizell, S. ILobert of Lincoln and the Oxford Greyfriars this enormous run. Linson is proud to asqist the Raymond Irwin A.A. in serviug the hlotorists of Britain.

Crvrrcfgrlr* lGlir*r. I.r*irvMrlrw Classification for Private Libraries V Linson, Fabroleen. Exrrlin?Milskin, Qrternlitc D. J. Foskett The Herity Press Association Affairs Ben Lieberman

Book Trade Changes Recent Private Press

Vol. 3 : No. 8 October I 9 6 I

@ Copyright 1961 by the Private Libraries Association 65 Hillway, , N.6 Printed by The John Roberts Press Limited Joropress House Clerkenwell Green London ECI The Private Libraries Association The Private Library 65 Hillway, h on don N.6 Quarterly Journal of the Private ~ibrariesAssociation President: D. J. FOSKETT, M.A., F.L.A. Hon. Editor: Philip Ward, 28 Parkfield Crescent, North Harrow, Middlesex Hon. Secretary: Antony Wilson Vol. 3 No. 8 October 1961

D. J. Chambers Peter Reid G. E. Hamilton C. E. Sheppard J. K. Power Philip Ward Associa tion Afiirs The Private Libraries Association is a socieey of people interested in books from the amateur or professional point of view. Membership is ope11 to all who pay Membership in 1962 one guinea on January 1st each year regadless of the date of enrolment. For the seventh successivc year the Council of the P.L.A. announces an annual subscription of one guinea, to include four issues of The Private Library, six j?xckange Lists, and at least one free pamphlet on some aspect of the . A new edition of the Members' Handbook is planned for January, but, unlike its predecessors, it will be sent to all members frce of charge. The directory of members thus brought up to date is of course confidential to members, as are the occasional supplements. The new editor is Pcter Reid, to whom changes of address and subject interests should be submitted for free inclusion. The Private Library HEFFER'S- THE BOOK In response to various letters asking for more information on the lustory of The Story of Printing and Bookmaking libraries on the lines of our July contribution entitled "Thc chained library in Hereford Cathedral", it is hoped to initiate a series of similar articles. Professor DOUGLAS C. MCMURTRIE Irwin, in the present issue, evaluates the importance of Robert Grosseteste in This discussion of books and their medieval scholarship, and in a forthcoming number E. A. Parsons, whose makers is written from the viewpoint of private library in New Orleans consists of some fifty thousand books and MSS, the designer and printer. It deals with gives a conspectus of current scholarship on the Alexandrian library. the origins of writing and of our D. J. Foskett, the Association's President and Chairman of Council, has put alphabet, and outlines the making of readers of this jo~~rnalin his debt by expo~mding"Classification for private A CAMBRIDGE books from the earlicst times, mrntioning libraries", a series of five articles begun in 1959 and concluded in this issue. olltstanding individual printers and Private press co-operation is a recent phenomenon: examples that spring to BOOKSHOP their contributions to the art of book design. The author discusses the various mind are John Rydcr's "Miniature folio of private presses" and the P.L.A. THAT IS KNOWN features of bookmaking which enter into Society of Privatc Printers run by David Chambers. Ben Lieberman's "Check- the planning and production of various logs of private press names" furnish another such example: the Herity Press, IN ALL PARTS kinds of book, and the printer's ideals. which publishes these check-lists, is described in this issue by its owner. There are bibliographies for most of the OF THE WORLD Foreign Classics Committee 0 '~tsformat and presentation are well The Coininittee would draw the attention of members to translations of foreign W. HEFFER & SONS LTD worthy of its fascinating contents.' classics recently published by Penguin Books: Maupassant's Bel-Ami (H. N. P. Petty Cury, Cambridge ~flEGIJARDIAN Illustrated 77s net Sloman), a selection from (Paul Turner), Also sprach Zaratkustra (R. J. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Hollingdale's version), and R. S. Pine-Coffin's new translation of Saint AugustineYsConfessions. Nelson have now issued the late A. E. Taylor's version October 1961 109 of 's Politicus and Sovhistes in a single0 volume. while the lone-awaitedD France, the English students in migrated to Oxford, and a later migration Anderson translation of Beethoven's letters is announced for the near future from Oxford brought Cambridge into being. by Macmillan. The two great mendicant orders founded by S. Dominic and S. Francis in the early years of the thirteenth century reached Oxford in 1221 and 1224 re- Book Trade Changes spectively, and they soon spread through England. They drew their inspiration Under this heading we shall issue from time to time additions and amendments from two very different sources. S. Thomas Aquinas the Dominican was prim- to A directory ofdealers in secondhand and antiquarian books in the British Isles, pub- arily the scholar, logician and champion of reason. S. Bonaventura the Fran- lished by the Sheppard Press of s Caledonian Road, London, N.I. Entries ciscan, who was his friend, and fellow-student in Paris, leant towards neo- consist of name, address, telephone number and telegraphic address, details of Platonism and mysticism and was the champion of faith and the contemplative stock, catalogues issued, and membership of trade organisations. life. On the one side, reason and truth: on the other, faith and love and a cer- This important reference tool appeared first in 1951, and then in 1953, 1955, tain independence of spirit. The Dominican Order was founded on the ideal 1957 and January 1961. Quarterly supplements in The Private Library will of teaching and preaching, and for S. Thomas the contemplative life meant a obviously enhance the value of the du-ectory as a current tool, and at the same life of disciplined study. The Franciscans on the other hand were primarily time make available to members the latest information on British booksellers. engaged in pastoral and missionary work, though they soon found that this needed a background of academic training. This was indeed their first break with their founder's ideal of absolute poverty, which forbade any brother to own anything but his habit and girdle and hose. Imitating the Dominicans, they S. ROBERT OF LINCOLN AND THE became inevitably a learned order. "Paris, Paris", cried Brother Giles, "Thou hast destroyed Assisi"; and he might well havc said the same of Oxford. For the OXFORD GREYFRIARS next century or so, all the great scholars belonged to one or other of these orders, and a quite surprising number of them were connected with Oxford. by Raymond Irwin S. Thomas had two precursors: Alexander of Hales in Gloucestershire, and Albertus Magnus, whose pulpil S. Thomas was. Of those that came after, many N THE long period that separates the climax of the Benedictine Age in the were Oxford men: Duns Scotus, a much wiser man than his later nickname twelfth century from the Tudor Reformation in the sixteenth, the history suggests; Roger Bacon, the solitary scientist of the middle ages, struggling gal- Iof English libraries must take special account of the influence of Robert lantly against ecclesiastical ccnsure; Adam Marsh, the first teacher at the Oxford Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, who was born c. 1175 and died 1259. His story Franciscan School; Archbishop Peckham; Thomas Bungay; and Wdiam of illustrates very clearly the changes that were talung place in religion and educa- Ockham, the last of the great schoolmen, who, being an individualist and con- tion (and consequently in libraries) at thls time. The great days of the monastic tent to separate faith and science by an impassable gulf (as perhaps many do schools were drawing to a close; the new universities were rising in their place, today), had his influence on the thmking of both Wyclif and Martin Luther. and the coming of the friars had introduced not only a new n~issionaryzeal Of all the people who were associated with the work of the early Franciscans into the Church, but quite new scholarly disciplines concerned with the neces- in England, the greatest and in some ways the most interesting was Robert sary, but almost impossible, task of reconchg the teaching of (whose Grosseteste, the effective founder (along perhaps with S. Edmund Rich, Arch- works were now being studied for the first time in Western Europe) with the bishop of Canterbury) of the University of Oxford, and its first Chancellor. He orthodox doctrines of the Church. New textbooks on new subjects were sud- was born about I 175 of humble parents in Suffolk, and was sent by his friends denly in great demand. They had to be light and portablc and easy to copy; and to study both at Oxford and Paris, returning afterwards to become rector schol- new methods of book production emerged, with a great new army of profes- arum at Oxford. After various preferments he was elected in 1235 to succeed sional scribes (in Paris, said Roger Bacon, their number was legion) to replace Hugh de Wells as bishop of Lincoln, in which diocese Oxford then lay. He was the workers & the monastic sciiptorium. a commanding figure in the England of his day; a scholar, a great pastoral work- The transition from monastic to academic teaching coincided with the end- er and a saint, for his whole life was devoted to the re-awakening of religion ing of the monastic system of admitting child oblates - the recruitment of and the revival of true learning; although he was never canonised, all the chron- children who had to be educated in the monastic schools. The climax of classical iclers agree in calling him 'Saint Robert of Lincoln'. He had a big literary out- learning in the monastic libraries came in the last half of the twelfth century; put; over 60 substantial treatises remain, besides many smaller works. Unlike after that, interest in classical studies dropped as a direct result of the decline in many medieval scholars, he never failed to stress the need to return to original chdd recruits, and the copying of texts came almost to a standstill. This was sources; he had a truer apprcciation than most of the importance of science and the time of the first and minor when the new universities in mathematics, and Koger Baconhimself paid tribute to his eminence on this score. and at Paris were springing to life. In the troubles of Henry I1 and the hgof His interest in original sources led him to learn some Greek, at a time when

110 October 1961 October 1961 111 books into the paths of academic studies, and it was at Adam Marsh's suggestion few Ennlish0 scllolars were familiar with that lannuane.0 0 In this he had the hclv of two men: a Greek named Nicholas, who was a clerk at S. Albans; and John that Grosseteste bequeathed his own books to the convent library. When these of Basingstoke, Archdeacon of Leicester, who was the first Englishman to ac- books were added, the convent must have possessed a quite remarkable collec- quire a genuine knowledge of Greek. John of Basingstoke had studied at tion of contemporary scholarship: Oxford's first great library indeed, for the , where (according to Matthew Paris) he was taught by a girl of nineteen University Library in S. Mary's Church must at this date have been small and who was said to have been the daughter of Michael Acominatus. the Arch- limited in comparison, and the College libraries were still in the future. Grosse- bishop. It is not likely that Grossetege ever acquired a real mastery of Greek, teste's books were still in the convent library in the 15th century, when Thomas and unlike his friend Roger Bacon he never learnt Arabic. He did however Gascoigne noted their presence, but it seems as though even then they were learn Hebrew, as both Bacon and Adam Marsh also did; though Bacon states being dispersed. One - Grosseteste's copy of S. Augustine De civitate Dei, full that Grosseteste's knowledge of neither Greek nor Hebrew was sufficient to of his own marginal notes - was given by the friars to Gascoigne, and afterwards transferred to Durham College; it is now in the Bodleian. Some are believed enable him to translate effectivelv without helv. There was a neneral0 innoranceD of Hebrew at the time, in spite of the number of Jews in the country. Anti- to have been taken to Durham itself, possibly by Richard de Bury. When Jewish prejudice probably accounts for this; contact with Jews was not encour- Leland visited the convent in 1535, its great library had all but vanished. aged by the Church, and indeed it was expressly forbidden by the Cistercians. Not a great deal is known of the organisation of the Oxford Greyfriars' It might seem from this that Grosseteste was rather an inspirer of scholarship library. The convent lay in the parish of St. Ebbe's, near the Castle and the city than a scholar himself. This may be unfair, in view of the tributes which so wall, but nothing remains visible today. The cloisters were as usual on the south eminent a scholar as Roger Bacon paid him. In the physical sciences, Bacon side of the church; the chapter house and dormitory were on the east of the asserted that Grosseteste superseded Aristotle, and that his work was far more cloisters, the refectory on the south, and the library may have been on the west, intelligible than Aristotle, being based on the experimental method which but no evidence of this survives. The church is believed to have measured 79 Bacon himself used, rather than on tradition; moreover, Grosseteste, according yards from east to west? and if the rest of the buildings were on this scale, the to Bacon, was the only living scholar who had a true appreciation of the signi- library may have been very spacious indeed. There were indeed two separate ficance of scientific knowledge, and especially of the supremacy of mathematics libraries, one for the friars and one for secular students, but no description of in explaining the real causes of thiugs. them remains. Each of the friars was provided with a studium, i.e. a combined Bacon's admiration for both Grosseteste and Adam Marsh is beyond doubt. desk and bookcase. At first only the minister and the lector had cells of their Equally certain is the fact that Grosseteste not only placed Oxford firmly on own, but later those friars who were Doctors of Divinity were given their own the map, making it for a time at least the premier university of Western Europe, chambers. The first large accession to the library was probably the collection but inspired and encouraged a long line of famous scholars whose work won of Adam Marsh, who had inherited the library of his uncle, Richard Marsh, recognition throughout the medieval world. Bishop of Durham. He joined the order c. 1237, and was the first of the great In addition he was a bitter opponent of ecclesiastical abuses such as the appro- Franciscan teachers at Oxford. He became one of Grosseteste's closest friends, priation of benefices by monasteries, and of royal and papal exactions. He was and much of the correspondence between these two men relates to their books; a close friend of Simon de Montfort, whose sons he had educated; he was in one of his letters Adam Marsh urges that a certain young friar should be allowed to study at Oxford, for at no other place are such aids to study so readily intimate with the nueen.I' and not without his influence over the kinn: and he won praise from such different so~~rccsas Wyclif and Gower (who pr%ed him accessible. Grosseteste's bequest of his own library came in 1253. Other bequests as 'beyond Aristotle') and even from Matthew Paris, who, though he regarded are said to have included many Hebrew books, acquired when Edward I ex- him as a persecutor of the monks, yet acknowledged his virtues. "He was", pelled the Jews in 1290. In the 15th century bequests became rarer however, and wrote Matthew, "a manifest confuter of the pope and the king, the blamer of the influcnce of the convent declined. There were indeed scarcely any books vrelates. the corrector of monks. the director of vriests. the instrmtor of clerks. bequeathed to the mendicant libraries in the 15th and 16th centuries, though ;he support of scholars, the preacllcr to the people, the persecutor of the incon- many were left to the new college libraries. Some of the Greyfriars' books were tinent, the sedulous student of all scripture, the hammer and despiser of the sold, and moreover in 1412 the friars were excluded from the University Romans. At the table of bodily refreshment he was hospitable, eloquent, courte- Librarv. Shortlv before the dissolution Leland revorted that "at the Franciscans' ous, pleasant and affable. At the spiritual table devout, tearful and contrite. In house there are cobwebs in the library and moths and bookworms; more than his episcopal office he was sedulous, venerable and indefatigable." this - whatever others may boast - nothing, if you have regard to learned books. Both the Dominicans and the Franciscans on their arrival in England sought For I, in spite of the opposition of all the friars, carefully examined all the book- Grosseteste's protection, and his active encouragement was responsible for their cases of the library". If any works of value still remained, the friars may well rapid expansion. He was particularly interested in the Oxford Greyfriars, and have taken care that Leland did not see them. The destruction of the convent he became their first rector and divinity lecturer in 1224. It was largely his in- by Cromwell was complete; none of their records survived, and only a handful fluence that guided them forward from their founder's rejection of learning and A. G. Little, The Greyfriars at Oxford, 1892, p. 24.

112 October 1961 October i i 61 113 of their books have been identified. This is grievous because the convent must dissolution had amassed a greater collection of contemporary works, including have been particularly rich in the works of Grosseteste himself, of Adam printed books, than any other English house; Miss Bateson's catalogue of their Marsh, and his great pupil Roger Bacon, and of other famous Franciscans such library reveals nearly 1500 volumes, in addition to the separate library of the as John Wallensis, whose very popular writings are specially illustrative of the nuns. practical side of Franciscan teaching. And there would doubtless have been An illustration of the London Greyfriars' library, as it appcared in 1700, is many examples of that bibliographical innovation for which the mendicant givcn by R. A. Rye, Studcnts'guide to the libraries $London, (3rd ed. 1927, p. 12); orders were particularly responsible. Continually travelling from one university one wall of the library, badly mutilated, survived as late as 1834. to another, or between village and village, they needed pocket-size books that Kaymond Smith suggests2 that Winchelsey himself influenced Whittington were light and portable: tiuy , collections of sermons, breviaries, missals, to make this endownlent. The London Greyfriars had a famous school of perhaps six inches by five, with fifty or more lines to the page and five hundred theology in the fourteenth century. It was a studiunt particularc, as opposed to or more leaves. These 'little Bibles' grew popular in the thirteenth century, and the strrdium generak of Oxford; student friars were expected to spend two or examples of many can be seen in the . Some of tlie finest were thrcc years at tlie Londo11 School, prior to their studies at Oxford. The London made in Paris in the period 1270-1320. They were written on a new sort of Greyfriarshad a library before I429 of course; they are known to have borrowed vellum almost as fine as India paper, possibly made from rabbit or squirrel skin. at least one of Grossetestc's works for copying. Books of this type were a necessity to the peripatetic friars, in a way that they Of the other libraries of the E~lglishfriars, the most interesting was that of had never been to the older orders. Thus in Kobert Grcenc's play, Friar Bungay the Austin Friars of York, collccted mainly by John Ergome, who was Prior in draws out his 'portace' to marry Lord Lacy and Margaret, but is struck dumb 138s. This convent obtained a generous royal endowment from Edward I11 in by Friar Bacon before lie can begm. This was his pocket breviary. The medieval 1370-1, and the friars spc~itlnuch of their money on their library. Its catalogue, wasportij&iurn, and the Middle Enghsh porthors (which occurs in Chaucer), on vcllun~and dated 1372, which is now at Trinity College, Dublin, has been developing into 'portas', 'portess', or 'portcou~',i.c. a book that can be con- printed by M. K. James. In its original form it contained sonic 250 titles, many veniently carried about out of doors. of course being composite works. On Ergome's death, his private collection of Textbooks as well as service books were of course necdcd in this handy port- some zzo works was added. The original library was ofnormal monastic pattern, able form; the Dominican Richard Fishacrc, the bosom friend of Robert Bacon but Ergome's collcction was of a 1nuc11more advanccd nature, containing recent (possibly tlie uncle of the more fanious Koger) was accustomed to carry about works of the Oxford schooln~en,some general literature and classical texts (in- with him a copy of Aristotle which must obviously have been a kind of pocket cluding the vcry rarc Contmcntaries of Caesar),works on mathematics, medicine, edition. These small books were not made by thc friars thc~nselvesbut by pro- music and astronomy, a few Latin translations from the Arabic, sonic Goliardic fessional scribes; the friars wrote some of their own servicc books and lecture verse and, surprisingly, some works on black magic and kindred arts. notes, but they maintained no large scriptoria. To return to Grosseteste. Though he deliberately encouraged the Francisca~is Of the other Greyfriars' libraries in England, the best known is perl~apsthat in the collcction of great libraries, and often went out of his way to get rules of the London Greyfriars, which was on the site later occupied by Christ's rclaxcd to enable individual friars to obtain special books, yet hc ncver lost Hospital in Newgate Street. John Stow in his Survey of London describes how interest in the pastoral and missionary work of the friars, urging them con- Richard Whittington founded it in 1429. This was the period when so many of stantly to cling to the poverty prescribcd by their Order, and to the security our cathedrals and religious houses, as well as the colleges at Oxford and Cam- and freedom from carc that poverty confers. He quoted for them a line from bridge, were for the first time establishing separate library buildings or rooms Juvenal: Cantabit vacuus corarn latroue viator; lie who travels light will sing in the to house their collections. The London Greyfriars' library lay on the north side face of the brigand. But he did admit that, noble as the idea of poverty and of the great cloister, 129 feet long and 3 I feet broad, "all sealed with wainscot, mendicancy was, there was a rung of the heavenly ladder that stood even having 28 desks and 8 double scttlcs of wainscot, which in thc next year follow- higher, namely, that a man should livc by his own labour and not burden the ing was altogether finished in building, and within 3 years after furnished with world with his exactions. And his assertion on another occasion that the three books, to the charges of E556. 10s; whereof Richard Whittington bore &00; essentials of well-being were food, slcep and laughter, reveals the vcry human the rest was borne by Doctor Thomas Winchelsey, a friar there; and for the side of his character. He wholly approved the vernacular preaching of both writing out of D. Nicholas de Liva, his works, in two volumes, to be chained friars and parish priests. He himself was accustomed to preach in Latin to the there, one hundred marks, etc." This must surely have been one of the hand- clergy, but to laymen in English, thus following the good example of Abbot somest of English fifteenth century libraries, and quite possibly one of the best Samson of St. Edmund's, who did not hestitate to preach in the Norfolk dialect equipped. Like the Greyfriars' libraries at Oxford and Cambridge it would have when occasion demanded. Dr. Owst, in his Literature and the ~u2yitin medieval been particularly rich in scholastic works and in contemporary literature in England, has reminded us how much Chaucerian and Tudor ~n~lishowes to general. The only rival to these amongst the monastic libraries would have been the form in which our native language had been crystallised in the pulpit, and that other recent foundation of the Bridgettines at Syon, which before its a GuildhallMiscellany No. I, 1952; No. 6,1958. 114 October 1961 October 1961 115 to the matter of the sermons, homilies, stories and allegories which were the fessors and preachers? Or is it no small honour to count kings and queens, dukes standard fare of the medieval preacher. and duchesses, earls and countesses and other noble men and women among In a sense, Grosseteste's of the Franciscans was their undoing. Their your spiritual clnldrcnz" (For a century the example of the Plantagenets in founder, pledged to his Lady Poverty, had little use even for service books. choosing their confessors from among the friars had been followed by many of "After that thou shalt have the Psalm-book, thou wilt be covetous and want the aristocracy.) Fitzralph was the author of De Pauperie Salvatoris, a long dis- to have a Breviary, and when thou hast a Breviary, thou wilt sit in a chair like cussion in seven books of the doctrine of lordship and grace which developed a prelate and wilt say to they brother 'Fetch me my Breviary'. No brother into an attack on the mendicant orders. It was this work which presented ought to have anything but his habit and girdle and hose." Fortunately or un- 1 Wyclif with the arguments he used in his condemnation of every kind of fortunately, the good Bishop's encouragement and the example of their friends 1 organised authority in the church, papal and monastic as well as mcndicant. the Dominicans, whose aim was to establish a school at all their houses and a The case against the friars received much publicity. Chaucer's friar was doubt- graduate school at every university, made it impossible for the Greyfriars to less drawn from life, but he may or may not have been typical in his own period, keep within the bounds that S. Francis had set. Indeed they developed an in- 1 though it was doubltess natural enough for the Somnour to hold that 'freres and satiable thirst for books. Richard de Bury, sadly confusing his metaphors, likened fiendes been but lyte a-sonder'. Chapter and verse for the prosecution are given them to ants and bees, "ever preparing their meat in summer or continually in Piers Plowman, especially in the version known as the B-text which was building their cells of honey . . . although they were late in entering the Lord's written about 1377-8, and is in effect an impassioned denunciation of all the vineyard, they have added more in this brief hour to the stock of sacred books mendicant orders; in the closing sccncs of the book they appear in the van of than all others." the army of Anti-Christ. Much thc same chargcs are implied, though more And so, having tasted the joys of possession, they fell. Their initial success, soberly, in the three letters to the Euglish friars sent at this time from Italy by both in the academic and the religious field, was brilliant; their subsequent William Fletc, thc English hermit and mystic, at Sicna; these arc printed by failure was correspondingly tragic and inglorious. Their good name lasted little Aubrey Smith in his work on the Austin Friars. Far more extravagant and un- more than a hundred years, and soon in the eyes of many people they had fallen bridled was thc abuse that Wyclif was pouring out in his Luttcrworth pamphlets almost into the same category as rogues and vagabonds. S. Francis, seeing the towards the end of his life; all the organiscd orders roused his wrath, net exclud- weakness of the monastic system, had determined to break away from it; but ing his onc-timc fricnds the friars, who are now described in scurrilous terms in a few years the good brothers were gathering property and building a new as the tools of the devil himsclf. A good friar is as rare a bird as the phoenix: monastic system of their own. It was almost inevitable; primitive simplicity rarus est cunrferrice; and with strange prophctic instinct he outlines a scheme for and the educated life do not fit easily together. During the thirteenth century the absolute suppression of mendicants and possessionists ahke, and for the the flow of gifts to the monasteries was largely diverted to the friars; but by return of thcir wealth to the original donors or to thc Statc. Langland, however Chaucer's time their glory had faded and gifts were tending instead towards bitterly he condemned the present reahty, had a devout and h~nnblercspect the foundation of chantries and schools. for the ideal of S. Francis. Wyclif's attack on the other hand was indiscriminate

Though often popular with the ordinary layman, the friars were, for quite and all-embracing..0 understandable reasons, out of favour with the church authorities. In the latter The case for the prosecution was no doubt wcll grounded, but it must not half of the fourteenth century the controversy over the mendicant orders was be over-stated. Veneration for the founder of the Greyfriars has widencd and raging bitterl~,~and the leader of the conservative opposition, Archbishop deepened through the years and the centuries, so that everywhere his life is Richard Fitzralph of Armagh, preached a series of sermons at S. Paul's Cross accepted as the type and pattcrn of humble sanctity; and it would be incredible against the friars. The theological arguments do not concern us, but more than if at any period the picture was as black as Wycllf drew it. Thc figure of John theology was involved. The Archbishop claimed that neither poverty nor Brackley who figurcs so picturesquely in thc lctters of the Paston family has mendicancy had valid authority in scripture or tradition, and he supported this perhaps some aifinities with Chaucer's friar. But throughout the three centuries claim by turning his fire on the hypocrisy of the mendicant orders. "How can between Adam Marsh and the suppression, there were good and sincere friars the friars speak of poverty," he cried, "when they live in such splendourz They as well as others who were neithcr. Margery Kcmpe for example, who died have churches finer than cathedrals, thcir cellars are full of good wine, they have c. 1438, was faithfully befriended during her troubled and vivid carccr by three ornaments more splendid than those of any prelate in the world, save only our of them. This point is filly discussed by Dom David Knowles in the second Lord Pope. They have more books, and finer books, than any prelate or doctor; volume of The religious orders in England, pp. 198-203, and in his third volume their belfries are more costly; they have double cloisters in which armed knights he describes the uncompromising dlgnity with which the great majority of the could do battle with lances erect; they wear finer raiment than any prelates in Observant Friars met their end; some at least achieved martyrdom. By the time the world . . . Is there no ambition in their anxiety to receive privileges as con- of the suppression of the mendicant orders in 1538, there was in fact little left to suppress. The most faithful had already been driven away; a few had be- a For an account of the controversy see Knowles, Religious orders in England, vol. 11, 1955, ch. V. trayed their cause and taken to the 'new learning'; only the remnant survived, 116 October 1961 October 1961 117 to be turned adrift by the renegade visitors Richard Ingworth and John H&ey University of Oxford, regarding it as second only to Paris among the schools who had sold themsclvcs to Cromwell. Their poverty at the cnd was extreme; of the Church. Matthew himself was not an Oxford man; he was probably neither wealth nor luxury remained, for they had depended on popular support, educated at S. Albans, which was then at the height of its reputation as a centre and this had been withdrawn. One thing is certain: neither those such as of art and scholarly learning. The Benedictine nursery at Oxford, Gloucester Lawrence Stone or John Forest or Anthony Browne, who are known to have College, with which S. Albans was closely associated in later years, did not suffered the final penalty under Cromwell, nor the great schoolmen of an earlier begin to take shape till well after Matthew's death. On the other hand, Grosse- day such as Adam Marsh, Roger Bacon or Duns Scotus, have anything in teste took his episcopal duties with due seriousness, and these brought him into common with the 'frere' in thc Somnour's Tale, or with the 'friar of orders frequent coilflict with the religious houses. In his first year as Bishop of Lincoln, grey' in the song, except the colour of their habit. he carried out a visitation of the houses in his diocese which resulted in the The coming of the friars was dramatic, and their going was sudden and com- removal of seven abbots and four priors, and the monastic habit of appropriat- plete. In the words of Don1 David Knowles, "Three hundred years ago they ing benefices for their own use and often leaving the parishes unserved or ill- liad come, the brethren of Agnellus of Pisa, ofJordan of Saxony, of Haymo of served, was a percnnial source of friction. This being so, we may the more Faversham and of Simon Stock, the vanguard of a great movcment that had readily accept Matthew's honest tribute to the saintly character of the Bishop, covcred the land with its fame. From the English friaries had issued forth a who was so wise and forceful a patron of the earlier friars and of their scholar- wave of learning that had captured the universities and given a decisive wrench ship and their libraries. not only to the teaching of the schools but to the whole course of European Bibliographical Note thought. They had seemed to their adversaries, little more than a century before t their cnd, as numerous and as ubiquitous as flies in summer or as motes in the 1 For further study, see especially F. S. Stcvcnson's Robert Grosseteste, 1899; A. G. sunbeam. And now they vanished overnight, like flowers of a day." Like Little, The Grey Friars in Oxfird, 18gz; C. L. Kingsford, The Grey Friars of flowers too their great libraries faded away; indeed they liad been fading for Londou, 1915; Aubrey Gwynn, Y'hc Elglish Austin Friars in the time of Wycl$ many years before the end came. Neil Ker (Medieval libraries qf Great Britain, 1940; Richard Vaughan, Mattlww Paris, 1955;J. 11. H. Moorman, Church I+ in 1941) records but thirteen survivals from the Oxford Greyfriars' library, seven Eyland in the 13th century, 1945; C. H. Talbot's chapter in Wormald and from London and nineteen from Cambridge. Wright, The English library before 1700, 1958; and Doin David Knowles, The Robert Grosseteste, the sponsor and friend of thc Oxford Greyfriars and of religious orders in England, vol. 11, 1955 and vol. 111, 1959. Reference can also be their scholarship and their library, died in October, 1253, and was buried in his made to S. Harrison Thoimon, The tvrititgs ojRobert Grosseteste, 1940, and to own cathedral of Lincoln. Four years later his closc friend Adam Marsh was Dr. Hunt's article on Manuscripts contairrirg the iudexing synrbols of Robert Grosse- buried beside him. The tombs were destroyed during the civil war in the seven- teste (Bodleian Library Record, 4, 1952-3, pp. 241-55). teenth century. Thcrc were repeated appeals from the English Church and from Edward I for the canonisation of S. Robert of Lincoln, but nothing transpired; pcrhaps the Bishop's vigorous independence in the face of papal claims was the obstacle. Miracles followed his passing however, and church bells werc heard CLA.SSIFICATION FOR PRIVATE in the sky on the night of his death. His memory and his work remained; no D. Foskett one, it has been said, had a greater influence on English life and literature in the LIBRARIES V by 1. later middle ages; few books were written in that period that do not refcr to T IS widely agreed that a major defect in the general schemes of classification his authority or quote from his writings. Roger Bacon's testimony is unanl- is their lack of flexibility in dividing a subject with several diffcrcnt aspectb. biguous: solus dominus Robertus prae aliis ho~~inibrtsscivit scientias. Even morc I IFor cxample, a book cntitlcd Activities curriculurti in the primary grades has telling pcrhaps is the ungrudging tribute from Matthew Paris, quotcd above. three aspects: "activities" method, curricul~~mmaking, primary grade. In the Matthew was his contemporary -he died six years later; the superintendent of Dewey Decimal Classification, the book can be classified in three separate places : the S. Albans scriptorium and the greatest of the monastic chroniclers, a wise I 371.43 'Activity school', 372.3 Methods of education in the lower grades, or and critical historian of his own times, an influential observer of events at home 375.0 Curriculum. We are evidently meant to classify the book at 371.43, but and abroad and the close friend of Henry 111. The Benedictine tradition made there is no means of linking this up with the other two aspects; in other words, him a natural opponent of the new mendicant orders, though the conhct be- there is no means of synthesis. It is the great contribution of the Colon Classi- tween the mendicants and the possessionists did not rise to boiling point till the fication that it showed how such hnkages could be built into a classification time of Archbishop Fitzralph a hundred years later. Nevertheless there was some system, making it flexible enough to display all the relationships between common ground between Matthew Paris and the Bishop of Lincoln. Matthew subjects that may be needed by a user. The purpose of this article is to outline shared Grosseteste's impatience of external authority of any kind, whether its briefly the technique so that book collectors may be able to devise systems to source was or Westminster. And Matthew had a proper respect for the suit their own particular needs. I hope it will be clear that the labour required 118 October 1961 October 1961 119 for this task is very much less than that needed for a scheme of the old type Having listed these facets to begin with, it is clear that we can now proceed to which attempts to enumerate all known subjects. enumerate other terms that might appear in each: The idea of "facet analysis" is a very simple one, which has been introduced boys, girls, adults, blind, deaf, etc. in the Educand facet; unconsciously into most systems. The most obvious example is the geographical "direct", "activity", lessons, dictation, etc. in the Technique facet; treatment of a subject. Almost any subject can be treated in relation to a par- grammar, technical, modern, Volksschule, etc. in the School facet; ticular country, but no system would go to tlie lengths of listing every possible French, mathematics, readmg, botany, etc. in the Subjects facet; country under every single subject. What is usually done is to have one list of i and so on. countries with a set of distinctive notational symbols, so that a country number 9 The questions of notation and facet-indicating symbols might well be taken may be added to the number for any subject without running the risk of con- together. The use of arabic numbers is very common and easy to apply, giving fusion with the subject's own sub-divisions. Thus, in Dewey's scheme, 370 is a result Lke this: Education, 942 is England, and 370.942 is Education in England. Similar pro- Educand Facet Technique School Subjects vision is often made for special forms of treatment, such as encyclopedias, dic- I Infant I Lesson I State I English tionaries, and so on. Thus in Brown's Subject Classification, 1220 is Gardening, 11 Activity I I Primary 2 History TO is History, and Izzo~10is a History of Gardening. 3 Girl 12 Dictation 17 Comprehensive 3 Classics The basic feature of this type of analysis is that each facet must be self-con- I 4 4 Adult 2 Examination 2 Independent 3I Greek tained and separated from the others in a rccognisablc way; this allows each to etc. 8 ("Public") etc. be sub-divided independently in as much detd as required. Some notational etc. etc. device is therefore required to show where one facet ends and the next begins; Suppose we call the facets A, B, C, D; then the subject "English dictation in in the above examples, the 09 performs this function in Dewey, and the full- girls' public schools" would receive the number A3 BIZ C2 DI. stop in Brown. The Colon Classification derives its name from tlie colon It might be better, however, to use the letters of the alphabet for the terms punctuation mark, wlnch Ranganathan originally used to separate facets. The in each facet; this enables us to code many more subjects for the same length colon can also be used in a similar way in the Universal Decimal Classification. of symbol. If vowels and consonants Are used judiciously, the notation also In making a faceted classification for a special subject what we have to do is, becomes pronounceable, so that the subject above might be Bek Cod Dip Fag. firstly, to decide what facets occur in the subject; second, to list the terms we This form of notation (not completely pronounceable, unfortunately) has been might expect to find in each facet - without, howevcr, attempting to list any used with great success in an international system for Occupational Safety and combinations of such terms; third, to apply a system of notation to identify Health, used by the I.L.O. in Geneva. each term, and fourth, to devisc means of "labelling" each facet, in order to The next important decision to be taken concerns the sequence of the facetb. keep them separate from each other. The most important should come first, and the others stated in a fixed sequence. To begin, we need to examine a reasonably representative samplc of the No formula for universal succcss can be given here, because private Lbraries literature of the subject, to discover what sort of facet it contains. Let us suppose reflect the personal interests of their owners and not some abstract pattern of that we have taken the subject Education: tlie subjects written about are these knowledge, howevcr close to reality it may be. and similar ones: A final word needs to be said on indexing. Every classification system needs Class size and student learning an alphabetical index and cannot work without it. It is particularly vital to Rcsearcli on the gifted cldd faceted classifications, bccaubc, as the facets are considered to have a priority Teaching the mother tongue to backward pupils sequence, materd on the less important will be scattered. Thus information Teaching in a compreheiisive school on the use of "dictation" will not be found all together, but allled to many secondaiy lllodern-exa~~~i~~atio~isand social mobility other more important facets. The index must be used to bring them together: Teacher training for public secondary schools in France Dictation: Boys' schools Az BIZ, etc. Airborne television: an educational experiment. Dictation: Girls' schools A3 BIZ From these, the following facets can be deduced: The superiority of faceted classification systems over the conventional schemes "Educands": students, gifted, backward does not prevent their scattering the minor facets - every system does this. The Techniques: teaching, research, examinations, television advantage of faceted classifications is that thls scattering is recognised; provision Types of school: comprehensive, public secondary is made for assembling class numbers to specify subjects exactly, and an Organisation: class size organised technique provided to ensure that the sequence of priorities is estab- Subjects: mother tongue lished, and minor facets assembled in the alphabetical index. Experience shows Countries: France beyond doubt that such schemes are relatively easy to construct, and offer a Influences: social mobhty very much more efficient means both of organising information and of finding October 1961 it when it is needed. October 1961 121 especially reinforced by William Morris to print the Kelmscott Chaucer, having THE HERITY PRESS thus participated from the start in the great private press movement of recent times. It then went to the Essex House Press and to the Old Bourne Press, and by Ben Lieberman eventually to James Guthrie's Pear Tree Press in Sussex, whence it was brought FULFILLED a lifelong ambition when my wife Elizabeth and I launched the by Frederic W. Goudy to America in 1924. At Gaudy's Village Press this Herity Press in 1952. I was Assistant to the General Mamagcr on the San Albion symbolised the new American private press movement, and continued IFrancisco Chronicle at the time, and thc papcr bequeathed to mc a page-size the tradition at Melbert Cary, Jr.'s, Woolly Whale Press. After twenty years of antiquated proof-press. On the press' first item appeared: "With this specimen dlsuse the old press has again been restored, and we hope its revival will augur Elizabeth and Ben Lieberman inaugurate the Herity Press, November 10, 1952. well for the movement. It has been renamed the Kelmscott-Goudy Press, and May it serve the common good". was the subject of a special meeting of the William Morris Society in May 1961. "~erity"is a word invented to convey the idea that we are not merely in- The Press started with an assortment of type faces, but has since settled on heritors, nor creators of a heritage for our progeny, but that we are all part Garamond as its basic face, altl~oughthere are runs of a n~~mberof others - of the past and the future and responsible for passing on our legacy improved. I more tlnn a hundred founts in all. A full series of Deepdene is being added to Hence the press mark's Garamond "H" has a long ascender, synlbolising the mark our interest in Frederic W. Goudy. upward reach, and a long descender on the "p", to go deeply into the roots. The major items produced so far have been two keepsake booklets done for Approximately two hundred items of varying importance have appeared; the Moxon Chappel in August 1957: one a facsimile reproduction of the they have not, in my opinion, excelled typographically. Over and above the appendix on "Ancient customs" in Moxon, and the other an account of the incapacity of the proprietors, this lack of perfection is due partly to the fact Chappel movement, a signature for the first New York Chappel book, An that the press has been used primarily to found a major private press move- 1 14ncon1moi1placebook, in 1959, reprinted separately as The typographic taxonomy, a ment; it is thus promotional in its activities rather than aesthttically satisfying i keepsake booklet'for George McKay on his retirement as curator of the Grolier per se. As time has been scarce, it has been used to help the movement rather Club, in March 1959, The third desideratum, and Thejrst chcck-log ojprivate press than to design carefully. names. When the Herity Press was founded I had just comnpleted my Ph.D. at Stan- The Herity Press intends shortly to produce a fine press book, to be called ford University with a dissertation on changing concepts of the frccdom of the Thp.f;rst M, describing the first thousand private presses in history, and further press, and I had learned to my dismay how dangerously close the United States volumes of the Chcck-Log are planned. is at all times,' and increasingly, to losing freedo~nof thc press because the Correspoizdcncefor Mr Licbiwiarr should be addressed to: right is so misunderstood and disparaged. So I gradually became aware of a The Herity Press, 202 Bcv~rlyRoad, White Plains, New York. contribution that could be made individually: if there were only enough private presses active, the public would know at first hand the meaning of the freedom of the press, and would consequently be alert to protect it. My first efforts were dirccted towards convincing commercial printing interests to help to develop hobby printing, and although these efforts had no perceptible effect for several years, they are now, in 1961, beginning to take effect. RECENT PRIVATE PRESS BOOKS In 1956 I began thinking of other means of promotion, and what has become the Chappel movement was a first result. Since 1957, when the first Chappel Reviewing Panel: Roderick Cave (NEW World Editor, "Private Press Books"), was founded 011 the San Francisco peninsula (and I bccanic the first "Father of Thomas Rae (European Editor, "Private Press Books"), John Ryder (Author of the Chappel") the Herity Press has devoted a great part of its energy to expand- "Printingfor- Pleasure"). ing the movement, and has produced dozens of specific epheniera and booklets There appear to have been fewer books issued from British private presses over in the cause. the past half-year, but those now under review maintain an extremely high In 1959 we began the International Register of Private Press Names, Elizabeth standard of production. acting as Registrar. The purpose of the Register is to strengthc~lthe tradition Among the more prolific of private press owners is Sebastian Carter, who of unique names for private presses. Its first Check-Log was published by the has issued three books within the last few months. Poems and Songs ofSir Robert Herity Press in 1960, and the second is in the press at the time of writing. Its Aytoiz is the second of the series, "The Ninth of Mayu, which exists to print price will be $I, but until it is available orders for the first edition will be in- songs and poems of mediaeval and rcnaissancc Scotland, freshly discovered or voiced at 50c. each or three for $I post-paid. hitherto little-known. Likc its predecessor, Poems fvom Paninure House, this In January 1961 we acquired and inaugurated the Albion Press no. 6551 on volume is edited by Helena Mennie Shire. An original - and effective -touch the 70th anniversary of the foundmg of the Kelmscott Press. This press was is the printing of the text and the commentary on different coloured papers for

122 October 1961 October 1961 123 easy reference. The edition, limited to 150 copies, is thread sewn in suede covcr it is decorated with large linocut initials and a prof~~sionof Glint orna- paper, and beautifully printed in various sizes of Walbauni.1 ments. The text is the first chapter of Genesis "wit11 the order of the verses A short selection by Jonathan Bethnall of the Poems of Sir William Jones rearranged to fit the succession of events as later revealed by God to his receives more subdued typographical treatment, Garamond being used for the Scientists in the Record of the Rocks, &c., thus correcting the inevitable (and text. In a brief foreword the editor explains that although Jones is honoured as excuseable) errors of the account of the Patriarch Moses in his transcript of God's the greatest of British orientalists, he is little known for his poetry, which has explanation of his evolutionary methods to that neolitllic genius. With the not been reprinted in full since 1818. Printed on Basingwerk Suede Parchment, astronomical & geological time-scale and original order of verses shewn typesetting and presswork are exemplary throughout, and the appearance of the marginally." Original in conception and design, the booklet is a welcome booklet is enhanced by the introduction of brown as a second colour on title addition to any library of private press books.5 page and frontispiece. Jones was a contemporary of Robert Burns, and although Members of the Society of Private Printers were also fortunate in receiving one naturally assumes that it is the orientalist's face which gazes from this full- a copy of Establishin'q a Library from the press of F. E. Pardoe. It is a translation page frontispiece, lie bears a striking and uncanny resemblance to the Naismith of an extract from Le Mamd du Bibliophile compiled and written by Gabriel portrait of Scotland's national poet!2 Peignot and published in 1823. The booklet is set in Bembo types and printed In direct contrast, Lobsters, poems by Alexis Lykiard, is a riot of colour and in red and black on Basingwerk Parchment, and thread sewn in Basingwerk (at first glance) chaotic treatment. The recipe includes such ingredients of the suede paper covers. The design is 'traditional', but obvious attention to the finer punchcutter's art as Egyptian Expanded, Klang, Gill Extra Bold, Thorne points of typesetting and careful presswork result in a near-perfect piece of Shaded, Black Letter (which announces 'Page Sixteen' in splendid isolation), printing, which is considerably enhanced by tlie chaste effect produced by the Bodoni Light, and Narrow Bembo Italic - and all printed on various coloured Fournier fleurons which are printed in the second colo~r.~ papers! But such is Carter's masterly control of this veritable typefounder's The pages of private press books are generally octavo, but seldom exceed catalogue that the sole effect on the reader is one of admiration. The title of the quarto size. A noteable exception has been received from the Rosemary Press booklet - which bears no obvious relation to the contents - comes from Gerard of Dr A. Outram. The Litnitatioi~sofScience measures 14"~9" and the type used de Nerval's lobster which he walked in the Palais-Royal gardens on a pale blue is I 8-point Bodoni. The large page size makes this slim book rather unwieldy ribbon. The poetry, like the typography, is decidedly "off-beat" and the reader and difficult to shelve, but this defect is outweighed by the well-set, beautifully may well be excused for puzzling over such lines as printed pates with generous margins. Binding is in Linson Vellum boards and no moon for me - the lampposts sprout the edition is limited to 64 copies. An account of the book's progress through unhealthy the press is printed in tlie colophotl and fellow-printers will be interested to orange know that '. . . it was printed by hand, page by page, between August 1958 blossonls and August 1960. The first six pages and the title-page were printed on a fools- stalks cap folio Albion press, at least 90 years old, which had reached the stage when with it had to be repaired every time a page was to be printed. This was replaced broken by a demy folio Wharfedale cylinder machine, not quite so old as the Albion, But, despite the obscurity of the verse, this is a delightful publication and an but almost as decrepit, the reconditioning of which went on during the print- example for other, less exuberant, private printers to f01low.~ ing.' Considering the difficulties with which Dr Outram had to contend, Verse of a very different kind is contained in a brief pamphlet from the Pump one can have nothing but praise for the skill and determination which have Press of South Australia. The Song of'the Shearer is an early Australian ballad resulted in this unusual and interesting volume.' which first appeared in The Adelaide Observer in 1886, and is illustrated by an SO little private press material is received from the Continent that Orphens early engraving showing shearers at Bungaree sheep station. The edition is rml Ecrrydice is particularly welcome. This book, which is extremely well printed limited to 60 copies and is sewn in paper wrapper^.^ on moddmade paper, comes from the private press of Melchior W. Mittl. The Two publications have recently been issued by members of the PLA Society type chosen is Caslon Old Face, which is rather light in weight to give sufficient of Private Printers; one in the nature of a valediction. Roy Lewis, who 'with balance to the five vigorous full-page wood engravings by Hans Orlowski. daughters' operates the Keepsake Press, has gone to America and will be out The edition, which is limited to 133 copies is bound in light blue paper boards of England for two or three years. His final publication is a quarto booklet and is signcd by the printer and the arti~t.~Perhaps this opportunity could be entitled, Seven Days and Twelve Thousand Million Years. Set throughout in Black taken to seek the help of ~nembersof PLA in tracing European private presses.

Sebastian Carter, 12 Chesterton Road, Cambridge (9s 6d) '. 5 Keepsake Press (published from 6 Ravenscourt Square, London, W.6) Sebastian Carter (5s) 6 F. E. Pardoe, 24a Harborne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham I Sebastian Carter (2s 6d) 7 Rosemary Press, 75 Uelvoir Drive, Aylestone Road, Leicester (12s 6d) The Pump Press, Aldgate, South Australia. 8 Melchior W. Mittl, Mindelheim, Bayern, 3 Frundsbergstrasse, Germany October 1961 October 1961 As the editors of Privatr Press Books are contiliually anxious to make the annual bibliography as comprehensive as possible, they would welcome even the BOOK TRADE CHANGES briefest details of European presses from any member. The publishers of the Directory ofDealers in Secondhand and Antiquarian Books in Two recent books from the St Albert's Press of the English Carmelite the British Isles have been informed of the following changes since the 1960-62 Fathers (and the last books to be printed at Llandeilo, South Wales) are Nymph, edition was published. They will, of course, be glad to learn of any others so that in thy Orisons, poems by Wrenne jar ma^^,^ and In the Woods by Henry they can be included in subsequent lists. (The number preceding each entry Williamson.lo Miss Jarman belonged to the generation which grew up after indicates the section in the directory.) the First World War and played an active part in the Second. Thus, as a poet, she is deeply conscious of the dangers and fascinations of death. Although she Deletions died eight years ago, poems Lke The Holocaust seem vividly up to date to those 32. Henry Hynian, Harpenden, Herts. who live today in the constant shadow of nuclear destruction. 48. Pelican Bookshops Ltd., South Croydon, Surrey. And saw, nor street nor wall nor plinth nor proud fqade, 48. Arthur Slade, Kingston, Surrey. Nor living grass nor plant nor hedge nor trees, 49. Corner Bookshop, Redhill, Surrey. But a charred desert where a pure wind played, 49. V. H. Williams, Redhill, Surrey. Innocently as the primordial breeze. 50. C. W. Nettleton, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. These lines have a sinister (and perhaps prophetic) ring. Additions In the Woods, which Henry Williamson wrote in 1943, describes a journey in 1941 from his farm in Norfolk to North Devon. He had the lease of some 39. Susil Gupta, 12 Blakehall Crescent, London, E.II. (also at 22-3~G&ff scrub-oak woodland in the West Country but had never cut any timber; and Street, Calcutta 4, India). TN: WANstead 8526. Private premises; appoint- the lease was shortly due to expire. With the help of a lorry-driver friend and ment necessary. Large stock. Spec. : Oriental. Frequent lists. his girl - and despite the fact that it was at that time illegal to travel more than 41. Victor E. Neuburg, 13 Linden Road, London, N.Io. TN.: TUDor 5046. 30 miles without a special permit -Williamson acquired sufficient petrol for Private premises. Very small antiq. stock. Spec.: Social history, freethought, the trip and off they went. After sundry adventures (all described in exhaustive chapbooks, street ballads. Lists occasionally, free. detail) the wood was eventually cut and sold, realising a net profit of E25. The 48. Bookworm Bookshop, 22 North Street, Leatherhead, Surrey. Est. 1951. edition, which is limited to 1000 copies, is set in Baskerville types, very well TN.: Leatherhead 4082. New and sec. stock. Spec.: motor manuals. BA. printed, and bound in paper covers. 51. R. M. Silvester, 2 Station Road, Birchington-on-Sea, Kent. TN.: Thanet 41524. Office premises. Small sec. stock; also antiques and estate agent, etc. 91 91 Fr Brocard Sewell, Aylesford Priory, Maidstone, Kent (16s) lo Fr Brocard Sewell (10s 6d) Amendments

2. Harcourt Books, Dublin, name and address changed, now Museum Bookshop, 35 Kildare Street, Dublin 2, TN.: Dubh 65550. 23. Frank Hammond, Birmingham, now at 63 Birmingham Road, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. 34, Castle Bookshop (Mr. A. B. Doncaster), from Museurn Street, Colchester, now at 37 North Hill, Colchester, Essex, TN.: 77520. 36. Raymond Tranfield,from 31 Hart Street, Henley, now at 3a Wharfe Lane, Hedey-on-Thames, Oxon. (postal business only). 3 8. A. D. ~illeyfrom The Green, Twickmharn, now at "Dimora", Castle Road, SEBAST'IAN D'ORSAI LTD Saltwood, Near Hythe, Kent. TN.: Hythe 67858. RARE & SECONDHAND BOOKS 38. The Cromweu Bookshop (Mr. S. A. Maher),from Montague Road, Houns- 19th CENTURY low, now at 19 Station Road, Egham, Surrey. TN.: Egham 2150. 42. H. Baron,from Christchurch Avenue, N.W.6, now at 136 Chatsworth Road, Books and Pamphlets on all subjects London, N.W.2. TN. : WILlesden 203s. PRINTS AND MAPS OIL PAINTINGS ANTIQUES 43. C. E. ~alkeld,change ofproprietor and name, now The Old Bookshop, 70 Dulwich Village, London, s.E.21. Prop.: Mrs. Freda A. Macaulay. 81 KING STREET, LEICESTER Tel.: 218 19 44. John Harkness, from 15 Elystan Street, S. W.3, now at 16za Sloane Street, Chelsea, London, S.W.I.

126 October 1961 October 1961 127 46. Lloyds Books, from Surrey Street, W.C.2, now at 9 Moreland Buildings, Mdlbank, London, S.W.I. TN. : TATe 0400. The name of John Roberts Press is well 46. Malcolm Gardner, from Earnshaw Street, W.C.2, now at Old Oasthouse, Otford, Sevenoaks, Kent. known to collectors of fine editions 54. Edward H. Carlson, change of street number, now at 3 Burrows Way, Northam, Bideford, Devon. Private premises: appointment necessary. and privately printed books. Their pro- 55. E. W. Hooper, frowi Stonehouse, Plymouth, now at 2 Thurlestone Court, Dartmouth, Devon. 61. G. Burman Lowe, frowi Fairlight, Hustings, Sussex, now at St. Margaret's ductions range from the twenty-guinea Cross, The Moor, Hawkhurst, Kent. TN.: Hawkhurst 3355. magnificence of a folio 'Song of Songs' to the more modest charm of 'Twelve by Eight', recently published by the Private Libraries Association. Many bibliophiles cause small books to be privately printed, so to clothe some favoured item in worthy typo- graphical dress. They may cost little more than a good Christmas card - though there is, of course, no limit at the opposite end of the scale. Those contemplating the production of a book or booklet 'printed for their friends' may expect interested co- t operation from John Roberts Press Ltd, 14 Clerkenwell Green, London ECI. October 1961