TWO NOTABLE CONTROVERSIES: OVER THE INVENTION OF THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH AND THE DISCOVERY OF SURGICAL ANESTHESIA* By ALBERT H. MILLER, M.D.

PROVIDENCE, R. I. “Before October 16, 1846, surgical William Thomas Greene Morton anaesthesia did not exist—within a few was born at Charlton, Mass., August months it became a world-wide pro- 9, 1819. He graduated from the Balti- cedure; and the full credit for its intro- more College of Dental Surgery and duction must be given to William Thomas practiced dentistry in Boston with Greene Morton, who, on the date men- marked success. In 1844, he entered tioned, demonstrated at the Massa- chusetts General Hospital, the simplicity Harvard Medical School and attended and safety of ether anaesthesia.”— lectures for the next two years. In Will iam Osl er . 1846, he demonstrated surgical anes- thesia and thereafter lost all interest f’ l| ^HE lives of three men form in dentistry. He devoted the re- | a curiously interwoven pat- mainder of his life to the development I tern in the web of scientific of his discovery. —progress woven in the early part of the nineteenth century. The packet ship, Sully, had Iain Samuel Finley Breese Morse was at her berth in the harbor for several born in Charlestown, Mass., April days, waiting for favorable weather, 29, 1791. After graduating from Yale but, on October 6, 1832, set sail from University, he followed a natural Havre for the voyage to New York. inclination toward art and became Among the passengers were Samuel one of the foremost portrait painters F. B. Morse, the eminent portrait of his time. In 1832, he invented the painter, and Charles T. Jackson, a electric telegraph and thereafter lost young physician, fresh from studies all interest in painting. He devoted in European clinics, now returning the rest of his life to the development home to take up the practice of medi- of his invention. cine and surgery in the City of Boston. Charles Thomas Jackson was born Jackson had graduated from Harvard at Plymouth, Mass., June 21, 1805. Medical School in 1829. In his college He graduated from Harvard Medical days, he was most interested in the School and started practice in Boston. study of geology and interrupted his Not meeting with success in his pro- medical course to take a long tramping fession, he turned his attention to trip, during which he made a geo- geology and chemistry. He claimed logical survey of Nova Scotia. In both the invention of the telegraph the fall of 1829, he crossed the Atlantic and the discovery of anesthesia. In in order to secure the benefit of study 1873, I16 was adjudged insane and in European centers. His time was was committed to an asylum. not entirely occupied with medical *Read at a meeting of the Boston Medical History Club. study. In Paris, he formed an intimate Gilbert Stuart, Washington Allston, acquaintance with M. Elie de Beau- and Benjamin West, he early suc- mont, eminent geologist and member ceeded in this profession. He painted

portraits of DeWitt Clinton, the Henry Clay which hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Presi- dent John Adams, President Munroe for the City Hall in Charlestown, S. C., and the portraits of Lafayette which hang in the New York City of the French Academy. He inter- Hall and in the Forty-second Street rupted his medical studies to take a Library. In the fall of 1829, saddened long walking trip, in the course of by the loss of his wife and both his which he encountered a severe epi- parents, Morse placed his three small demic of typhus in Vienna. children in the care of relatives and Morse, entering Yale at the age of sailed for Europe. During the next fourteen, had studied physics and three years, he studied in European chemistry with such zeal that he galleries. There he painted the portrait had been chosen as laboratory assist- of the sculptor, Thorwaldsen, which ant by the celebrated Professor Ben- was presented to the King of Den- jamin Silliman. In his spare hours, mark. A skilled portrait painter, finan- he had painted portraits and had cially prosperous and widely cele- earned a considerable part of his brated, he was returning home on college expenses by painting minia- the Sully to continue work in his tures on ivory at five dollars each. chosen profession. After graduation, he succeeded in For forty days, the Sully, tossed overcoming the objections of his par- about by October gales, made slow ents and persuaded them that “he headway across the Atlantic. During was made to be a painter.” Trained this time, Jackson demonstrated to at home and abroad by such men as his fellow passengers the electro-mag- net first described by Professor Henry Met by his brothers when he landed only a year before, one of which he at New York, Morse was full of the had bought from the house of Pixer subject of his telegraph. In enthusiasm

for his invention, he rapidly lost and Sons, shortly before leaving Paris. interest in portrait painting. He ex- Morse worked out and put on paper hausted his private funds, but, in the plan of the electro-telegraph. 1843, Congress granted him an ap- This, first of the great discoveries to propriation of $30,000, and in May make practical use of electricity, was of the following year, the first tele- an adaptation of the electro-magnet, graph line, connecting Washington but was much besides. It comprised and Baltimore, was completed. Morse the transmission of messages over a offered his invention to the United single, electrically charged wire; the States Government for $100,000, but system of carrying the wire either when Congress finally was ready to “through underground pipes filled buy, the price had risen to as many in with pitch or resin, or laid through millions. the air on stout spars, 30 feet high Dr. Jackson, on his arrival in and 350 feet apart”; the instrument Boston, opened an office for the prac- for sending and receiving messages; tice of medicine and surgery, but the relay, for indefinitely increasing having little success, transferred his the distances over which messages efforts to chemistry and geology. could be transmitted; and the code He fitted up a laboratory for chemical of dots and dashes. In constructing analysis in his house at 27 Somerset the first telegraph instrument, Morse Street and conducted classes for stu- used a canvas-stretcher, designed to dents in chemistry. In 1836, he ob- support some notable portrait. The tained an appointment as Geologist dot and dash code was perfected after to the State of Maine and in the two learning, from a study of the type following years, with headquarters in a printer’s office, what letters were in Bangor, made a geological survey most used. of the state. A letter from Dr. Jackson, dated Dr. Jackson made a geological and at Bangor, in May, 1837, claiming agricultural survey of the State of that the telegraph was Jackson’s Rhode Island and presented a report

own invention, came to Morse as a in May of the following year. In 1841, complete surprise. The Boston Post, he commenced an extensive geological in May, 1839, stated: survey of the State of New Hamp- shire. Completing this survey in 1844, We are informed that the invention he next explored the mining district of the electro-magnetic telegraph, which to the south of Lake Superior and has been claimed by Mr. S. F. B. Morse then returned to his laboratory in of New York, is entirely due to our fellow citizen, Dr. Charles T. Jackson, who first Boston, for the time dependent upon conceived the idea of such an instrument his classes in chemistry. during his return voyage from Europe in James, father of William T. G. the packet ship Sully in October, 1832. Morton, was a Free Quaker who in his early years successfully conducted This ' claim Jackson continued to a farm in Smithfield, R. I. At the press’until Morse found him a “thorn time of his marriage, he moved to in the flesh” and could find no excuse Charlton, Mass., where his wife’s for his conduct except to think him family occupied a farm of one hundred insane. Of an affidavit made by Jack- acres, a mile from the town. There son in 1849, Morse wrote: “There Morton was born and lived until his never was a more finished specimen eighth year, when the family moved of wholesale lying than is contained into Charlton town to secure educa- in it. He is certainly a monomaniac, tional advantages for the children. no other conclusion could save him In his seventeenth year, Morton se- from an indictment for perjury.” cured a position in Boston, in the office In 1839, located at Providence, of a religious journal, the Christian Witness, where he remained for several Whitman’s parents expressed serious years. In 1840, he began study of objections to the suit of the young dentistry at the Baltimore College dentist who was making frequent trips

of Dental Surgery and two years later, from Boston to visit their daughter? after graduation, opened a dental but Morton was a good looking young office in Boston in company with chap with a pleasing personality and Horace Wells. The partnership was his financial condition was satisfac- not immediately successful and Wells tory. On his promise to take the course soon withdrew and moved to Hart- at Harvard Medical School and to ford, Conn. Morton invented a non- become a regular practitioner, they corrosive solder for fastening artificial finally consented to the match. In teeth to gold plates, and confining March, 1844, Morton matriculated his work to mechanical dentistry, at Harvard and chose as Preceptor, soon acquired a large practice. At Dr. Charles T. Jackson. In May, his office at 19 Tremont Row, he he was married to Miss Whitman, had several assistants and technicians then in her eighteenth year. During working in his laboratory. the next two years, rising at four or At the same time, Morton was pay- five in the morning, he conducted his ing serious attention to Miss Elizabeth practice of dentistry, studied chem- Whitman, a young lady of Farming- istry in Dr. Jackson’s laboratory and ton, Conn. Miss Whitman’s family attended the course of lectures at included several Harvard graduates Harvard Medical School. His dental and was old and distinguished. Her practice was paying him over $10,000 uncle, Lemuel, was at this time at a year. In 1846, he bought a large Yale, a room-mate of John C. Cal- tract of land in West Needham, now houn, and later became a member Wellesley, Mass, and started the of Congress from Connecticut. Miss construction of a country house and a cottage for his parents, on the site on November 9. Realizing the impor- now occupied by the Wellesley Public tance of this announcement, he had Library. visited Dr. Holmes the previous eve- From the first, Morton had studied ning and the two had worked on the the problem of extracting teeth with- paper until late into the night. out pain. The presence of decaying Morton promptly informed those roots was a constant impediment most interested that the substance to his work of fitting improved arti- which he was using was sulphuric ficial teeth. In 1844, his partner, ether and announced this fact publicly Horace Wells, experimented with ni- on November 7. On November 12, trous oxide gas but failed in his public he was granted a patent on the process demonstration. Morton carried on a of etherization as “An Improvement series of experiments on animals, using in Surgical Operations” but the patent ether vapor. On September 30, 1846, was soon found to be void “as not he succeeded in producing insensibility within the statutory limits of patent- to pain for a dental extraction and ability” and served no purpose except on October 16, following, administered to widely advertise the process of ether to a patient in the old amphi- etherization. The discovery received theater of the Massachusetts General prominent notice in the Boston news- Hospital while Dr. John Collins War- papers and was widely reported in ren excised a tumor of the neck. This the medical journals. Morton worked demonstration, in the presence of his early and late, neglected his dental fellows and members of the staff of practice and gave up his medical ca- the hospital, was a trying experience reer. He wrote and published numer- for the young student but was success- ous circulars and pamphlets describing fully carried out. the use of ether and in September, The staff of the hospital were 1847, published a 44 page manual enthusiastic and the interest and on “The Proper Mode of Administer- support of its members were largely ing the Sulphuric Ether by Inhala- responsible for the success of the tion.” He employed assistants to demonstration and the rapid introduc- travel wherever requested and demon- tion of etherization. Dr. John Collins strate the method of etherization. Warren and Dr. George Hayward He opened a “Letheon Institute” at performed the early operations under his office at 19 Tremont Row where etherization. Dr. J. Mason Warren dental patients could receive the bene- and Dr. Henry J. Bigelow took an fit of anesthesia free of charge. He active interest in Morton’s experi- was even willing to pay people to ments and were frequent visitors at take ether. Altogether he spent more his laboratory. Dr. Oliver Wendell than $100,000 on the introduction Holmes coined the word “anaes- of anesthesia. He used his whole thesia” to describe the new condition. capital and mortgaged his West Need- Dr. Henry J. Bigelowr made the first ham home. scientific announcement of the dis- Morton reasoned: “All the world covery in a paper, “Insensibility will be interested and will rejoice during Surgical Operations produced with me, and the medical profession by Inhalation,” read before the Bos- will be eager to welcome this new ton Society for Medical Improvement means of helping and perfecting the healing art.” He was mistaken. The and informed him that he, Jackson, reaction to his discovery was in- was in fact the discoverer of etheriza- credulity followed by hostility. Boston tion and that Morton had acted only dentists, at a mass meeting led by as his agent in the matter. Although Dr. J. F. Flagg, pronounced etheriza- Warren now heard for the first time tion a dangerous humbug, not to be of Jackson’s claim and expressed used. A Baltimore dentist wrote: surprise at his statement, he invited I protest against the whole business Jackson to administer ether for an because I verily believe the great dis- operation which he had planned for covery to be utterly useless. If we are to the second day following. This invita- induce insensibility by this class of means, tion Jackson declined and did not I very much prefer whisky punch to ether visit the hospital to see ether ad- because it is more certain and more ministered until November 21. Before permanent in its effects, it is less danger- he had ever seen ether used for an ous and lastly, it will be easier to persuade operation, on November 13, Jackson patients to take it. addressed a letter to M. Elie de From the London Chemist: Beaumont at Paris. He said: Pain during surgical operations is, in I request permission to communicate the majority of cases, even desirable; its through you to the Academy of Sciences prevention or annihilation is, for the most a discovery which I have made and which part, hazardous to the patient. In the I believe important for the relief of suffer- lying-in chamber nothing is more true ing humanity as well as of great value to than that pain is the mother’s safety, its the surgical profession. Five or six years absence her destruction. Yet are those ago, I noticed the peculiar state of insen- bold enough to administer the vapor at sibility into which the nervous system is this critical juncture, forgetting it has thrown by the inhalation of the vapor of been ordered that “in sorrow shall she pure sulphuric ether, which I respired bring forth.” abundantly, first by way of experiment, and afterwards when I had a severe In Philadelphia, on November 2, catarrh, caused by the inhalation of 1847, was reported: “At the Penn- chlorine gas. I have lately made a useful sylvania Hospital in this city it has application of this fact by persuading a not been tried at all, being considered dentist of this city to administer the vapor by the judicious surgeons of that of ether to his patients when about to institution as a remedy of doubtful undergo the operation of extracting teeth. safety or at least, as not sufficiently It was observed that persons suffered no pain in this operation and that no incon- established to warrant them in its venience resulted from the administration employment.” of the vapor. I then requested this dentist In the spring of 1846, Dr. Jackson to go to the Massachusetts General began to renew his claim to the inven- Hospital and administer the vapor of tion of the telegraph. In March, Morse ether to a patient about to undergo a wrote to his attorney, Edward War- painful operation. ren: “The most charitable construc- tion of the Dr.’s conduct is to attribute During the succeeding years, Jack- it to a monomania, induced by exces- son continued to press this claim. sive vanity.” On October 29, Dr. In the little town of Jefferson, Jackson called on Dr. John C. Warren Georgia, 140 miles from the nearest railroad, Dr. Crawford W. Long first and a committee was appointed to made use of the anesthetic power of investigate his claim. This committee sulphuric ether. He graduated from reported: “The whole agency of Dr. the University of Pennsylvania in Jackson in the matter appears to the class of 1839 an<^ soon after took consist only in his having made certain up the practice of medicine in Jeffer- suggestions, which led or aided Dr. son. He early noted the effects pro- Morton to make the discovery—a duced by ether vapor and introduced discovery which had for some time the practice of inhaling ether as an been the object of his labors and exhilarant among the people of his researches.” Dr. John Collins Warren home town and in the neighboring testified: “ I hereby declare and certify counties. In March, 1842, he ad- that I never heard of the use of sul- ministered ether to allay the pain phuric ether by inhalation, as a means of a surgical operation and continued of preventing the pain of surgical this practice whenever occasion of- operations, until it was suggested fered itself. In 1852, he moved to to me by Dr. W. T. G. Morton in the Athens, Ga. where he purchased a latter part of October, 1846.” successful apothecary business. In Applications made to Congress in 1852, he read a paper before the 1849, *n 1, and in 1854 resulted Georgia Medical and Surgical Associa- in the introduction of a bill authoriz- tion and in 1853, before the Medical ing an appropriation of $100,000 for Society of Georgia with the object of the discoverer of anesthesia. This establishing “his claim to the priority bill, though favorably reported by of the discovery of the power of ether Congressional Committees, was never to produce anesthesia.” Dr. Jackson’s passed. While Morton’s applications attention was attracted by Dr. Long’s were before Congress, Jackson was claim and in March, 1854, he made constantly present or represented in the lengthy journey to Athens and Washington, meeting every move with tried to induce Long to unite with him, counter claims, attacking Morton’s Jackson to claim the discovery and ability, his veracity, and his personal Long to claim its first practical use character. in surgical operations, but Long in- Morton finally came to the end of dignantly refused this proposition. his physical and financial resources. Jackson, foiled in this attempt, wrote He attempted to resume his dental to Senator Dawson of Georgia a practice but found that he could work statement that Dr. Long had un- only a few hours a day. His physician, doubtedly used ether before any other Dr. Homans, advised him to discon- claimant. This statement was reported tinue work and retire to his country to the Senate but came too late to home at West Needham. His dental influence the events which followed. equipment was sold. It was doubtful The Trustees of the Massachusetts if he would be able to retain his home. General Hospital, in 1847, prepared Overwhelmed by persecution almost a memorial addressed to Congress, unparalleled in the annals of personal praying that adequate compensation enmity, broken in health, financially be paid to the discoverer of anesthesia. ruined, he despaired of keeping to- On receipt of a remonstrance from gether his devoted family. Dr. Jackson, this action was stopped The situation was intolerable and was not allowed to continue. In 1856 wherever a battle was in progress. and 1857, meetings of the medical He was with General Burnside at profession were held in Boston which the Battle of Fredericksburg in De- resulted in the formation of the cember, 1862, and with Grant at the Morton Testimonial Association. The Battles in the Wilderness and at movement was taken up in New York Spottsylvania Court House in May, in 1858 and in Philadelphia in i860. 1864. At the army headquarters in The Boston meetings were held at the Wilderness, by order of General the homes of Dr. J. Mason Warren Grant, he was given an ambulance, and Dr. Jacob Bigelow. New York tent, mess and servant. The Battle meetings were held at the home of of Spottsylvania Court House was Dr. Willard Parker. In Philadelphia one of the bloodiest struggles of the the meetings were held at the Hospital war. Soldiers too seriously wounded Building. The committees appointed to bear transportation to the base at these meetings included many of hospital at Fredericksburg were op- the foremost medical names of the erated upon at the field hospitals. time. A national subscription was Making the rounds of these hospitals, organized and carried through with Morton himself administered ether such success that Morton’s debts to over 2000 wounded soldiers. He were paid and a sufficient sum left described his experiences in a letter: in trust to keep him in comfort for the rest of his life. Upon the arrival of a train of ambu- lances at a field hospital, the wounds are On the beautiful West Needham hastily examined, and those who can bear estate, saved from a sheriff’s sale the journey are sent at once to Fredericks- by the efforts of his friends, Morton, burg. The nature of the operation to be surrounded by his wife and children, performed upon the others is then decided carried on the life of a successful upon, and noted on a bit of paper pinned farmer. At the Norfolk County Fairs to the pillow or roll of blankets under he took many prizes: “For the most each patient’s head. When this had been valuable and economical improve- done, I prepared the patients for the ments in the cultivation and manage- knife, producing perfect anaesthesia in ment of the farm entire, for the finest an average time of three minutes, and the cattle, for the best pair of farm horses, surgeons followed, performing their oper- for the best dairy, for dairy products, ations with dexterous skill, while the dressers in their turn bound up the for his geese, turkeys, fowl.” The tax stumps.-'j assessors records in the Needham Town Half show that in 1864 he was He concluded: taxed for “fifty three and a half acres of land, forty acres cultivated, with For myself, I am repaid for the anxiety a dwelling, a cottage and two barns.” and often wretchedness which I have experienced since I first discovered and Here Morton quietly continued his introduced the anaesthetic qualities of agricultural pursuits. He engaged in sulphuric ether, by the consciousness that no controversy, made no claim. I have been the instrument of averting The emergency of the Civil War pain from thousands and thousands of for a time brought Morton from maimed and lacerated heroes, who have retirement. Stationed at Washington, calmly rested in a state of anaesthesia he was ready to answer the call while undergoing surgical operations, which would otherwise have given them When this article was brought to intense torture. They are worthy of a Morton’s attention, he became much nation’s gratitude—happy am I to have agitated and decided that he must go alleviated their sufferings. to New York to arrange for a reply. At this time, a hot wave, which carried In 1847, Dr. Jackson was appointed off many of the old and infirm, was by Congress, United States Geologist sweeping over the Northern States. for the mineral lands in Michigan. On his arrival in New York, Morton He commenced the survey of these telegraphed for his wife to join him lands, but in June, 1849, resigned as he was not well. When Mrs. Morton the position after an investigation reached New York, she found the of his work on complaints of drunken- doctor so much improved that they ness, inefficiency, and neglect of duty. went for a drive in Central Park. He continued his private geological There he became seriously ill and died work and explored many mining prop- while being taken to St. Luke’s Hos- erties. The reports of these surveys, pital. At the hospital, the chief sur- with many papers on widely varied geon recognized Morton’s body and scientific subjects, make a list number- said, turning to the physicians who ing hundreds of scientific titles pub- were present, “Young gentlemen, you lished by Jackson between 1828 and see before you a man who has done 1873- more for humanity and for the relief In June, 1868, one of the monthly of suffering than any man who has magazines printed an anonymous ar- ever lived.” ticle entitled “The Discovery of On the monument erected in Mount Etherization.” It began: Auburn Cemetery by the Morton Testimonial Association, is the inscrip- The discovery was made by Charles tion written by Dr. Jacob Bigelow: T. Jackson, m.d . of Boston, chemist, geologist, and State Assayer, who, after taking a medical degree in 1829, and William T. G. Morton, Inventor and spending three years in Europe in the Revealer of Anaesthetic Inhalation. Born, pursuit of professional knowledge, com- August 9, 1819. Died, July 15, 1868. By menced the practice of medicine and whom pain in surgery was averted and surgery in Boston in 1833. . . . Subse- annulled. Before whom in all time surgery quently he repeated Davy’s experiments was agony. Since whom Science has with nitrous oxide, but with results no Control of Pain. more satisfactory with respect to the safety and utility of its inhalation than Horatio Hollis Hunnewell, for many those obtained by Davy himself. . . . years a resident of Wellesley, pre- When the first capital operation was sented Morton’s estate to the town. performed, in which Dr. Jackson was The extensive park, shaded by many requested both orally and by letter to fine old trees, with the sleepy brook, administer the ether vapor, he was obliged, in fulfillment of a previous sheltered by shrubs and trees, still professional engagement, to be absent flowing under the old stone bridge, from New England. He, however, stated is an attractive place to visit. On the to Dr. Warren that he had fully in- site of Morton’s house is the building structed Dr. Morton how to administer occupied by the Wellesley Public it. Library. A simple bronze tablet states: “Here lived Dr. William T. G. Mor- 2. Anonymous. The discovery of etheriza- ton. He gave to the world the use of tion. Atlantic Monthly, June, 1868. ether in surgery.” 3. Bark er , S. W. An interview with William T. G. Morton. Harper s Mag., 31: 453, Morse lived to the age of eighty-one, 1865. wealthy and honored. Beside his at- 4. Barker , W. Dr. Jackson’s discovery of tainment as a portrait painter and ether. National Mag., y. 46, 1896. his invention of the telegraph, he was 5. Bigelo w , H. J. One of the surgeons of the the first to use the Daguerreotype Massachusetts General Hospital: In- sensibility during surgical operations in America and was the first in the produced by inhalation. Read before world to take portraits by this means. the Boston Society for Medical Im- The Morse Code alone is a greater provement, Nov. 9, 1846, an abstract monument to his memory than any having been read before the American statue of stone. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Nov. 3, Jackson was admitted to McLean 1846. Boston M. & S. J., 35: No. 16, 309, 1846. Asylum, then situated in Somerville, 6. Bige low , H. J. Etherization: a compen- Mass., in June, 1873 aRd remained dium of its history, surgical use, dan- there until his death, in 1880. Al- gers, and discovery. Boston M. & S. J., though he had a well-trained mind of 33: No. 12, 229; 254, 1848. exceptional brilliancy, he lacked the 7. Bowd itch , N. I. Vindication of the Hospital Report of 1848. 8vo. Boston, stability of character requisite for 1848. (Boston Med. Lib. N. Y. Acad, of success in practice of medicine or in Med.) practical development of the dis- 8. Dana , R. H., Jr . The ether discovery. coveries which he was, in some degree, Littell’s Living Age, 16: No. 201, XVI, instrumental in making. When others 529, 1848. brought these discoveries to a condi- 9. Emer son , E. W. A history of the gift of painless surgery. Atlantic Monthly, 78: tion of practical usefulness, Jackson 679, 1896. was afflicted with inordinate jealousy 10. Hale , S. J. Etherton Cottage and the and fought unscrupulously to deprive discoverer of etherization. Godey’s them of the honor and financial reward Lady’s Book, Phila., 66: No. 8, 206, which their long and effective labors March, 1853. 11. Hodge s , R. M. Narrative of Events con- merited. Morse’s indomitable courage nected with the Introduction of Sul- was sufficient to overcome these at- phuric Ether. Boston, 1891. (Mass. tacks and to ultimately win fame and Historical Soc.) fortune from the invention of the 12. Gay , M. Statement of the Claims of Dr. telegraph. In the case of surgical Charles T. Jackson. The Discovery by anesthesia, Jackson succeeded in pre- Dr. Charles T. Jackson, m.d . of the venting Morton, of a gentler disposi- Applicability of Sulphuric Ether in tion, from gaining recognition or re- Surgical Operations. 1847. (Boston ward, and brought him to an early Med. Lib.; Osler Lib. No. 1443.) 13. Jack son , C. T. First Report on the and pathetic death. Geology of the State of Maine. 1836, pp. 127. Second Report, 1837, pp. 168. Refe ren ces Third Report, 1839, pp. 276. (Mass. Historical Soc.) 1. Abb ott , J. H. Principles recognized by 14. Jacks on , C. T. Geological Surveyer: scientific men applied to the ether con- Second Annual Report of the Geology troversy. Littell’s Living Age, 17: No. of the Public Lands belonging to the 214, 565, 1848. two States of Maine and Massachu- setts. Augusta, Severance, 1838, pp. n, 25. Massachusetts General Hospital, The 100, 37. Undersigned, Physicians and Surgeons 15. Jacks on , C. T. Member of the Geological of: Memorial to the Senate and House of Society of France, of the Imperial Representatives of the United States, in Mineralogical Society of St. Petersburg, Congress assembled. Boston, Nov. 20, the British Society of Natural History, 1847. Repr. in Littell’s Living Age, 16: the Natural History Society of Mon- No. 201, 563, 1848. treal, the Providence Franklin Society, 26. Massachusetts General Hospital. Report the Providence Natural History So- of the Trustees, 1848. Repr. in Littell’s ciety, Geologist to the State of Maine: Living Age, 16: No. 201, 556, 1848. Report on the Geological and Agricul- t ~j . Mc Crill is , H. O. The conquest of pain. tural Survey of the State of Rhode New England Mag., n.s., 38: 244, 1908. Island. Providence, Cranston, 1840. 28. Mors e , E. L. Samuel F. B. Morse, His 16. Jack son , C. T. Final Report on the Letters and Journals. Boston, 1914. Geology and Mineralogy of the State of 29. Mors e , S. F. B. A Memorial of: From the New Hampshire. Concord, 1844. (Mass. City of Boston. Printed by order of the Historical Soc.) City Council. Boston, 1872. 17. Jacks on , C. T. Letter printed in the 30. Mort on , E. W. The discoverer of anaes- Boston Daily Advertiser, March 1, 1847, thesia. McClure’s Mag., 7:311, 1896. purporting to have been read before the 31. Mort on , F. G. Historical Memoranda, American Academy of Arts and relating to the Discovery of Etheriza- Sciences. tion. Boston, 1871, 8vo, pp. 16. (Mass. 18. Jacks on , C. T. A Manual of Etherization, Historical Soc.) containing directions for the Employ- 32. Mort on , W. J. Anaesthesia, at the Battle ment of Ether, Chloroform and other of the Wilderness in the Civil War. Anaesthetic Agents by Inhalation in J. A. M. A., 42: No. 17, 1068, 1904. Surgical Operations. Comprising also a 33. Mort on , W. T. G. Morton’s Letheon. Brief History of the Discovery of General Circular, Boston, 1846. (Osler Anesthesia. Boston, Mansfield, 1861. Lib. No. 1353.) 19. Jack son , C. T. Full Exposure of the Con- 34. Mort on , W. T. G. Morton’s Letheon, duct of Charles T. Jackson, leading to Cautioning persons against infringing his discharge from the Government on his patent, Boston, Bridgham, 1847, Service, and Justice to Messers Foster 8vo, pp. 88, 4. (Mass. Historical Soc.; and Whiting, United States Geologists. Osler Lib. No. 1352.) 8vo. (Boston Med. Lib.) 35. Mort on , W. T. G. Memorial to the 20. Jack son , J. B. S. Review of Dr. M. Gay’s Academy of Sciences at Paris, pre- statement of Dr. Charles T. Jackson’s sented by M. Arago, in the Autumn of claim to the Discovery of the Inhala- 1847. Dated July 31, 1847. Repr. in tion of Sulphuric Ether as a Prevent- Littell’s Living Age, 16: No. 201, 566, ative of Pain. 1847. (Boston Med. Lib.) (Osler Lib. No. 1390.) 21. Jacob s , J. Dr. Crawford W. Long. The 36. Mort on , W. T. G. Remarks on the Distinguished Physician—Pharmacist. Proper Mode of Administering the Atlanta, 1919. Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation, Dedi- 22. Kend all , Hon . A. Full Exposure of Dr. cated to the Surgeons of the Massa- Charles T. Jackson’s Pretensions to the chusetts General Hospital, by W. T. G. Invention of the American Electro- Morton, m.d . from Washington Univer- magnetic Telegraph. Washington, 1852, sity at Baltimore, Boston, 1847, I2mo. 8vo. (Boston Med. Lib.; Osler Lib. No. (Osler Lib. No. 1354.) 1444.) 37. Mort on , W. T. G. On the physiological 23. Lord , J. L. and H. C. Memorial addressed effects of sulphuric ether and its to the Trustees of the Massachusetts superiority to chloroform. Boston M. & General Hospital. 1847. (N. Y. Acad, S. J., Sept. 11, 1850. of Med.) 38. Morton Testimonial Association: An 24. Lord , J. L. and H. C. The ether contro- Appeal to Patrons of Science and versy. Littell’s Living Age, 17: No. 213, Friends of Humanity for W. T. G. 491, 1848. Morton. Boston, 1857, 8vo, pp. 18. (Mass. Historical Soc.; N. Y. Acad, of 50. Smith , C. H. N. The discovery of anes- Med.) thesia. Scientific Monthly, 24: 64, 1927. 39. Morton Testimonial Association: An 51. Snel l , E. L. Dr. Morton’s discovery of Appeal to the Public by Members of anesthesia. Century Mag., 48: 584, 1894. the Medical Profession in New York. 52. Ste arns , F. P. Dr. W. T. G. Morton, in N. Y., 1858, 8vo. (Osler Lib. No. 1424.) Cambridge Sketches, Phila., 1915. 40. Morton Testimonial Association: Testi- 53. Tay lo r , F. L. Crawford W. Long and the monial of Members of the Medical Discovery of Ether Anesthesia. With a Profession of Philadelphia, New York Foreword by Francis R. Packard. and Boston, in behalf of William T. G. N. Y., Hoeber, 1928. Morton. Feb. 15, i860. Phila., i860, 54. United States Congress: Applications to, 8vo. (Osler Lib. No. 1425.) on behalf of William T. G. Morton. 41. Morton Testimonial Association: Pro- I. First Application to Congress. A ceedings in Behalf of the Morton Memorial presented by Edward War- Testimonial. Boston, Rand and Avery, ren, Dec. 28, 1846. Referred to a Com- 1861, 8vo, pp. 56. (N. Y. Acad, of Med.; mittee from each House but not Osler Lib. No. 1426; Mass. Historical reported. Soc.) Boston, Eastburn, 1861, (N. Y. 55. II. Second Application to Congress. A Acad, of Med.; Osler Lib. No. 1427.) Memorial written by Dr. Morton and Boston, Rand and Avery, 1866, pp. 99. presented to the House of Representa- (Mass. Historical Soc.; N. Y. Acad, of tives, January 19, 1849. Referred to a Med.) Boston, Rand and Avery, 1867- Committee. 1868, pp. 140. (N. Y. Acad, of Med.; 56. House of Representatives, Report No. Osler Lib. No. 1428.) 114, 30th. Congress, February 23, 1849. 42. Miller , A. H. The origin of the word Report of the Select Committee to anaesthesia. Boston M. & S. J., 197: which was referred the Memorial of No. 26, 1218, 1927. William T. G. Morton. Washington, 43. Mill er , A. H. A visit to the birthplace 1849, 8vo. (Boston Med. Lib.; Osler of William T. G. Morton. Anesth. & Lib. No. 1407.) Anal., 11: No. 3, 45, 1932. 57. HI. Third Application to Congress. 44. Osler , Sir W. The first printed docu- Memorial of Dr. William T. G. Morton ments relating to modern surgical to the House of Representatives, re- anaesthesia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. ferred to a Committee on December 10, Med., 11: 65, 1918. Ann . Med . Hist ., 1851. 1: No. 4, 329, 1917-1918. 58. Report of the Select Committee to whom 45. Parish , I. The Annual Report on Surgery was referred the Memorandum of Dr. read before the College of Surgeons, Morton asking for Remuneration from Nov. 2, 1847. Repr. in Littell’s Living Congress for the Discovery of Ether, Age, 16: No. 201, 557, 1848. (N. Y. Washington, 1852, 8vo, pp. 128. (Osler Acad, of Med.) Lib. No. 1410.) 46. Pickf ord , J. H. Injurious effects of the 59. Report Vindicating the Rights of Charles inhalation of ether. London Chemist, 8: T. Jackson to the Discovery of Anes- 290, 1847. thetic Effects of Ether Vapor and 47. Poo re , B. P. Historical Material for the Disproving the Claims of W. T. G. Biography of W. T. G. Morton, m.d ., Morton. Minority Report by E. Stanly Discoverer of Etherization with an and A. Evans, presented to the House, account of Anaesthesia. Wash., 1856, August 28, 1852. Boston, 1871, 8vo, pp. 8vo. (Boston Med. Lib.) 57. (Mass. Historical Soc.; Osler Lib. 48. Rice , N. P. Trials of a Public Benefactor, No. 1441.) as Illustrated in the Discovery of 60. Amendment to the Army Approprication Etherization. N. Y., Pudney and Bill, in the Senate, August 28, 1852. Russell, 1859. (Boston Med. Lib.; Osler “To enable the President of the United Lib. No. 1432.) States to procure the surrender of the 49. Rot h , G. B. The original Morton inhaler patent issued to William T. G. Morton, for ether. Ann . Med . Hist ., n.s. 4: on the 12th. day of November, 1846, 390, July 1932. for his discovery of the anaesthetic properties of sulphuric ether, one T. G. Morton, asking Compensation hundred thousand dollars.” for the Discovery and Gift to his coun- 61. Sulphuric Ether. Debate in the Senate, try and Mankind. February 14, 1863. Saturday, August 28, 1852. Appendix U. S. Senate, 3rd. Session, 37th. Con- to the Congressional Globe, 25: 1091, gress, Report No. 89. (Osler Lib. No. 1852. Repr. as Suppl. to Boston M. & 1414.) Reported by the Committee on S. J., October 6, 1852. Ways and Means, June 6, 1864, in Bill 62. Statement of W. T. G. Morton to the No. 506, Section 8. Recommending an Select Committee appointed by the Appropriation of $200,000 to W. T. G. Senate, 32nd. Congress, 2nd. Session, Morton. Read twice and ordered January 21, 1853. (Osler Lib. No. 1411.) printed. 63. Report of Mr. Walker, Chairman of the 68. Warre n , E. Some Account of the Le- Select Committee, in the Senate, Feb- theon or Who was the Discoverer. ruary 19, 1853, 32nd. Congress, 2nd. 1847. (Boston Med. Lib.; Osler Lib. No. Session. Report No. 421. (Osler Lib. 1436, Ed. 3.) Nos. 1412, 1413.) 69. Warre n , J. C. Papers on Anaesthesia. 64. IV. A Bill to Recompense the Discoverer (Mass. Historical Soc.) of Practical Anaesthesia. Introduced by 70. Warre n , J. C. Inhalation of Ethereal Edward Everett. February 15, 1854. Vapor for the Prevention of Pain in Passed by the Senate, April 19, 1854. Surgical Operations. Boston, 1841, 8vo. Laid on the table of the House, April 21, (Osler Lib. No. 1356.) 1854. 33rd. Congress, Senate bill No. 71. War ren , J. C. Etherization, with Surgi- 210. Congressional Globe, 28: Pt. 2, 943: cal Remarks. Boston, Ticknor, 1848, 963, 1854. pp. 100. 65. Protest of Dr. Charles T. Jackson against 72. Watson’s Physicians and Surgeons of the Bill providing for the Recompense America. No. 2, W. T. G. Morton. of the Discoverer of Practical (Boston Med. Lib.; Osler Lib. No. Anaesthesia. 1437.) 66. V. A Representation to Congress by the 73. Well s , H. Letter from, London Chemist, Morton Testimonial Association, cover- 8: 123, 1847 ing a portion of the —Petitions, Memo- 74. Well s , H. The discovery of etherization. rials, Resolutions, Letters from the Horace Wells’ claims. Boston M. & S. J., American Medical Association, Scien- 38: No. 16, 322, 1848. tific Societies, &c., urging compensation 75. Wehle , H. B. Samuel F. B. Morse, for the use of Anaesthetics in the Army American Painter. N. Y., 1932. and Navy. Submitted to the 38th. Con- 76. Woodwo rt h , J. B. Charles Thomas Jack- gress. 1864, 8vo. (Osler Lib. No. 1429.) son, with a complete Bibliography of 67. Report of the Committee on Military Jackson’s Scientific Papers from 1828 Affairs and the Militia, to which was to 1873. American Geologist, 20: August, referred the petition of Dr. William i897-