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Home , Block book, Book illustration, Book of Kells, Thomas Malory, Willy Pogany

THE ILLUSTRATED COVER :

A of 18 pronouncements by Buddhist sages accompanied by their pictures. n.p., n.d.

Manuscript scroll folded into 42 pages, written on leaves of the bodhi tree. Chinese text, beginning with the date wu-shu of Tao kuang [·i.e. 1838 ] Wooden covers.

Picture of Buddhist sage Hsu tung on front cover, accompanied by text of his pronouncement on separate leaf on back cover: "A Buddhist priest asked Buddha, 'How did the Buddha attain the most superior way?' Buddha replied, 'Protect the heart from sins; as one shines a mirror by keeping off dust, one can attain enlightenment.'"

--i~ ti_ Hsu tung THE ILLUSTRATED BOOK •

An Exhibit: March-May 1991 •

Compiled by Alice N. Loranth

Cleveland Public Fine Arts and Special Collections Department PREFACE

The Illustrated Book exhibit was assembled to present an overview of the history of book for a general audience. The plan and scope of the exhibit were developed within the confines of available exhibit space on the third floor of Main Library. Materials were selected from the holdings of Special Collections, supplemented by a few titles chosen from the collections of Fine Arts. Selection of materials was further restrained by concern for the physical well-being of very brittle or valuable items. Many rare items were omitted from the exhibit in order to safeguard them from the detrimental effects of an extended exhibit period. is a cooperation of word and picture. At the beginning, writing itself was pictorial, as words were expressed through pictorial representation. Later, as text dominated the communication process, illustrations began to serve as visual commentaries on the text. illustrations evolved to highlight, interpret, embellish and visually present meaning, while they delight with aesthetic perceptions. In its best form, the artist/ illustrator is an equal contributing partner in the production of the book. Any exhibit about illustrated is subject to severe limitations because of the voluminous output through the ages. Only a fragmentary selection of materials can be presented on any given occasion. The Cleveland Public Library's current exhibit is subject-oriented, introducing the subject areas in which the illustrated book played an especially important part. Children's books, contemporary illustrations and high-tech technical illustrations were omitted because the scope of holdings and subject matter demand separate exhibits devoted specifically to these areas. The present exhibit spans the history of the illustrated book from pictographs to the mid-twentieth century and delineates the path as illustration grew in scope, stature, and complexity. If this exhibit succeeds as an introduction and as an impetus to further study, then the purpose of the exhibit will have been well served.

Marilyn Cell Mason Director CASEl RELIGION

1. Antichrist. Legend. French Cy commence la vie de Antechrist bien vtile et contemplatiue a veoir & a lyre, auec la prophecie & dietz des douzes Sibilles. : [1510?] A typical black-letter -specimen, printed in France, profusely illustrated with , including the legend of the Antichrist, and the prophecies of the twelve Sibyls.

2. [Bartolommeo Rinonico, of Pisa], d. ca. 1401 L'alcoran des cordeliers, tant en qu'en franc;ois; c'est a dire, Receuil des plus notables bourdes & blasphemes de ceux qui ont ose comparer Sainct Franc;ois a lesus Christ; tire du grand liure des Conformitez, jadis compose par frere Barthelemi de Pise. Nouv. ed. ornee de figures dessinees par B. Picart. 2v. Amsterdam: 1734. Falsely attributed to Bartolommeo Albizzi. ( cf. Catholic encyclopedia.) Originally published in Latin with title: Liber conformitatum vitae S. Francisci ad vitam J. -C. This selection made by Erasmus Alberus, with preface by Martin Luther. Tr. from German into French by Conrad Badius. Illustration by B. Picart.

3. Figures de la Sainte , avec une explication tres-utile sous chaque figure. Troyes: 1723. A French chapbook, with woodcuts depicting the persons mentioned in the Bible. "Chapbooks" were produced for the popular market, and they were sold by travelling vendors throughout the land. They were the forerunners of today's books.

1 4. Imitatio Christi L'irriitation Jesus-Christ. Paris: 1856-58. Reproduction of Paris: 1626 ed. Text within ornamental of gold and colors throughout, in the style of late Renaissance . Full­ illustrations in color depict the life of Christ. Colored chromolithographs by Lemercier; typography by J. Claye.

5. Kristeller, Paul, 1863-1931 Biblia Pauperum. Unicum der Heidelberger Universitats-Bibliothek. Berlin: 1906. A facsimile reproduction of a block-book. Biblia Pauperum, or The Poor Man's Bible, is so-called because printing made it affordable, and because it was intended to appeal to the eyes of the unlearned by its pictures and condensed text. Block-books were very popular in the fifteenth and early sixteenth century. They were made of pages printed from wooden blocks on which both letters and illustrations were carved in relief. The richly illustrated block-books issued for the popular market survived only in very limited numbers.

6. Veen, Otto van, 1556-1629 La doctrine des moevrs tiree de Ia philosophie des Stoiques. Paris: 1646. One hundred illustrate the one hundred discourses conceived as moral allegories for the teaching of correct moral principles, or rules of conduct for the young. Engraved by Pierre Daret de Cazeneuve after Veen's designs for his Horatii Flacii Emblemata, Antwerp, 1607; text by Marin Le Roy de Gomberville. Pub. in 1678 under the title of Theatre moral de la vie humaine.

2 CASE2 COSTUME People in various regions dress differently for many reasons. Explorations, travel, historic curiosity, interest in the differing manners of various cultures, and the growing demand for fashion information promoted the popularity of costume illustrations.

1. Jacquemin, Raphael, 1821-1881 Iconographie generale et methodique du costume civil et militaire du IVe au XIXe siecle (315-1815); collection gravee a l'eau forte d'apres des documents authentiques & inedits par R. Jacquemin. 2v. Paris: [1871 ?] In portfolios. On exhibit: v.2, pl.188: Masques Venitiens.

2. La Mesangere, Pierre de, 1761-1831 Le Bon genre. Trente-neuf aquarelles originales de Harriet, Pasquier, Garbizza, Dutailly, Garnerey et Lante pour Le Bon genre. Preface et presentation des aquarelles, par Charles Martyne et Jacques Megret. Paris: 1930. Issued in portfolio. No. 467 of 510 copies printed. Extracted from Observations sur les modes et les usages de Paris pour servir d'explication aux caricatures publiees sous titre des Bon genre, depuis le commencement de XIXe siecle, issued by La Mesangere in 1817; a collection of plates originally issued in connection with his Journal des dames et des modes, 1801-1817. Plates signed and dated by the qrtists in the print. On exhibit: Pl. no. 18: Les ennuyees de Longchamp, par Garbizza.

3. Panni, Arturo La moda di tulle le epoche. 4v. Milano: [1945-] Each consists of 28 hand -colored plates, by Arturo Pannini, issued in portfolio. limited to 190 copies.

3 On exhibit: v. 1-Il settecento: periodo Luigi XV-Luigi XVI, pl. 4: Costurni eleganti; v. 4-Periodo risorgimento e no irnpero: 1~-1878, pl. 10: Costurni eleganti.

4. Sallieth, Mathias de, 1749-1791 Verzameling van verschillende gekleede mans en vrouwen standen; ter oefening van jonge schilders en liefhebbers. Naar het Ieven geteekend dood de Perkois en Prins. Amsterdam: 1836. Drawn after life by Perkois and Prins. Engraved in copper by Mathias de Sallieth. Hand-colored . On exhibit: Untitled pictures of a street vendor and a fishwife.

CASE3 HISTORY

1. Allom, Thomas, 1804-1872 The Chinese empire: historical and descriptive. : 1858-1859. Beautifully executed fine steel-engravings, from original sketches illustrate the manners and customs of the Chinese, and the scenery, architecture, and social life of China.

2. Benzoni, Girolamo, 1519-1570 La historia del mondo nuovo. Venice: 1572. Second ed. of Benzoni's account of the New World under Spanish rule from 1541 to 1556. His accounts "give much light as to the conditions both of the Europeans and natives:'-(Winsor) The fine woodcuts illustrating the text show scenes from the life of the native Indians; some scenes depict the cruelty of the Spaniards toward the Indians.

3. Cavalieri, Giovanni Battista de, 1525?-1601 Romanorum imperatorum effigies. Rome: 1583. From the library of Prince Liechtenstein.

4 First edition of Cavalieri's portraits of the Roman Emperors from Julius Caesar to Rudolph II, with laudatory texts collected from contemporary sources by Fr. Thomas Treterus. The fine engravings are executed after contemporary busts and portraits and show interesting contrasts between the classical, medieval, and Renaissance styles.

4. Labrune, Jean de Lebens-Beschreibung des ... Carl des V. Hertzogen zu Lothringen und Bar auch Generalissimi uber die Kayserliche Armeen. Franckfurt am Mayn: 1691. Five books in one. With engraved frontispiece and portrait of Charles V. Duke of Lorraine (1643-1690). of the famous commander of the imperial army in the 17th century wars against the Turks. From the library of Prince of Liechtenstein.

5. Lotichius, Johann Peter, 1598-1669 Historia augusta imperatorum Romanorum a C. Julio Caesare usque ad Josephum, imperatorem augustissimum. Amstelaedami: 1710. Title-page in red and black. Added engraved title-page. Consists of 165 biographical sketches and engraved portraits of Roman emperors and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from Julius Caesar to Joseph, son of Leopold. Notes by H.C. Hennin. Bound with this is Henrici Hamelow Jc. Imperatores romani a Julio Caesare. Editio secunda. Amstelaedami: 1710.

6. Lyall, Robert, 1790-1831 The character of the Russians, and a detailed history of Moscow. London: 1823. Illustrated with numerous engravings in black-and-white, and in color.

5 CASE4 TRAVEL AND DISCOVERY

1. Carr, Denis, ed. Sydney Parkinson, artist of Cook's Endeavour voyage. Honolulu: 1983. Cook's Endeavour voyage in the 18th century was perhaps the most scientifically rewarding voyage of all time. During a period of two years and four months Sydney Parkinson, the young chief artist, made 952 drawings of plants, 295 drawings of animals, and about 100 drawings of people, scenery, and boats. Parkinson died at the age of 26 in Javanese waters.

2. Conspectus prouinciarum regni persiae [by] F. Assner. [S.l.: 18-?] 1 map; 39 x 48 em. Maps are important illustrations for books on travel. They may be inserted within the text, they may be bound-in as plates, or they may be folded and housed as loose-leaf supplementary material in a book pocket. This map of Persia is dated 1800, and is printed in Latin and Persian.

3. Stedman, John Gabriel, 1744-1797 Narrative of a five years' expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America; from the year 1772, to 1777: elucidating the history of that country and describing its productions ... with an account of the Indians of Guiana & Negroes of Guinea. 2v. London: 1796. Part of the plates engraved by William Blake.

4. Willis, Nathaniel Parker, 1806-1867 American scenery; or, land, lake and river illustrations of transatlantic nature. From drawings by W.H. Bartlett. The literary department by N .P. Willis. London: 1840. ". .. it has been the Writer's aim to assemble as much as possible of that part of American story which history has not yet found leisure to put into form, and which romance and poetry have not yet appropriated -the legendary traditions and

6 anecdotes, events of the trying times of the Revolution; Indian history, &c. &c. It is confidently hoped, that ... in the beauty and finish of the embellishments, the Work will be thought worthy of the patronage of the public~'- (Preface)

5. Wiltsee, Ernest Abram Gold rush steamers of the Pacific. San Francisco: 1938. 500 copies printed. This volume on the ships from 1848 to 1869 is based on the propaganda hand stamps used by the steamship companies on the letters carried by the vessels. On exhibit pl. 4: BROTHER JONATHAN (SHIP) Oil painting, representing the steamer as built, made in 1851. Painted by James Bard and apparently overpainted. Inscription lower left corner: "Hull built by Perine, Patterson & Stack. Engine built by Morgan Works, N.Y. Joiner work by McNab, N.Y~' Lower right corner: ''Painting by Lugar. J. Tomrnilson, Block Maker. Originally Painted by James Bard, N.Y. 1851, 686 Washington St. N.Y~' The painting now hangs in the Griswold Inn at Essex, Connecticut; and it is reproduced by the kind permission of the owner, A.W. Lovell.

6. Zuallart, Jean, b. 1541 11 devotissimo viaggio di Gerysalemme, fatto & descritto ... l'anno 1586. Roma: 1587. First edition of an important account of a voyage from the Adriatic Sea to Greece,-the Islands of the Aegean, Syria, and the Holy Land. In the preface the author states with what care he went about making his drawings. Upon his return they were transferred to copper plates by Natale Bonifazio, a talented Italian engraver. They may, indeed, be regarded as among the richest and most important series of illustrations which we have from XVIth century Palestine and the Aegean. The present first edition is of considerable rarity and contains the 50 full-page and smaller illustrations in brilliant impressions. The series of engravings begins with a portrait of the author, followed by maps and the great religious sights of the Near East. The engravings are very vivid and may lay claim to considerable accuracy. Zuallart's work was reprinted over half a dozen times within a dozen years and was plagiarized by other authors.

7 CASES NATURE

1. Edwards, George, 1694-1773 Gleanings of natural history, containing figures of quadrupeds, birds, insects, plants, etc., most of which have not, till now, been either figured or described. vol. 7. London: 1764. Text in English and French in parallel columns. "With descriptions of eighty-five different subjects, designed, engraved, and coloured after nature on fifty-two copper-plate prints~'

2. Gerard, John, 1545-1612 The herbal!, or generall historie of plantes. London: 1597. Gerard, a barber-surgeon, employed his energies chiefly upon horticulture. His reputation rests on his work Generall historie of plantes. Most of the 1800 woodcuts used were taken from earlier herbals, but the one illustrating the potato plant is perhaps the first figure of the plant ever issued. The scientific world does not accept Gerard's work as that of a scientist. However, many copies of Gerard's Herball were treasured in English homes for well over two hundred years-as a source of home remedies. The printer of this work, John Norton, "Printer to Queen Elizabeth in Latin and Greek;' was also the first to establish a press at the college of Eton. On exhibit: Page 1072 with illustrations of roses; page 1264 with a picture of the quince tree.

3. Kircher, Athanasius, 1602-1680 China monumentis. Amstelodami: 1667. This monumental work on China by the learned Jesuit is profusely illustrated with engravings and woodcuts, depicting country and people, customs and religious rites, animals and plants, language and literature. The book contains the first and for a long time the only information about Nepal, and the first comprehensive report on the creatures of nature in China.

8 4. Perry, George Conchology, or the natural history of shells. London: 1811. First edition. Perry was ridiculed when this book first appeared, as many of the shells were shown in quite improbable colors and with peculiar-sounding names. A scientist even accused Perry of dreaming up the shells during his sleep and transferring them to paper when he awoke. Time has vindicated Perry, however, and many of the "absurd" names he adopted are now in common use. The plates, aquatints finished by hand, are quite lovely and decorative; this is the only work on conchology to be illustrated in aquatint.

5. Walcott, Mary Vaux, 1860-1940 North American wild flowers. 5v. Washington, D.C.: 1925. "This is number 170:' All sketches are life-size. A finely illustrated work, planned to be by the artist, M.V. Walcott, "of service pictorially to all professional and amateur botanists and designers, and to the larger group of lovers of wild flowers and the great out-of-doors:'-(Foreword)

CASE6 LITERATURE

1. Maccio, Paolo, ca. 1570-1640 Emblemata. Bononiae: 1628. First Edition of this rare and beautiful . It is steeped in the classical tradition; all the emblems are based on quotations from the Greek and Latin classics. Sophocles, Plato, Horace, Seneca, Ovid, Lucan, Virgil, Juvenal, Pliny, and many others provide the subjects; they are elaborated with Italian and Latin poems and accompanied by delightful pictures. The charming plates by various artists: Oliviero Gatti, Giovanni Battista Coriolano, and Agostino Parisiano.

9 2. Malory, Thomas, Sir, 15th cent. The birth, life, and acts of , of his noble of the Round table, their marvellous enquests and adventures, the achieving of the San Greal, and in the end Le morte DArthur, with the dolourous death and departing out of this world of them all. The text as written by Sir Thomas Malory, and imprinted by at Westminster the year MCCCCLXXXV, and now spelled in modern style. With an introduction by Professor Rhys and embellished with many original designs by . 2v. [Edinburgh: 1894] Bookplate of G.R. Dennis. This edition of Le morte DArthur is limited to 300 copies on Dutch hand-made paper and 1500 ordinary copies, after printing which the type has been distributed. Beardsley (1872-1898), illustrator and writer, achieved an enormous output, almost all of it drawings for book illustrations. Their unbroken masses of black and white with halftones conveyed by "stippling'~ and their hard line made his drawings ideally suitable for process reproduction. His first important commission, the Marte d /1 rthur, owes a debt to Burne-Jones and the Pre­ Raphaelite tradition of the Kelmscott Press. However, he rapidly developed his own style, epitomizing the artificial preciosity of the "decadent" fin-de-siecle movement at its most extreme.

3. Mitelli, Giuseppe Maria, 1634-1718 Proverbi figvrati. [Bologna]: 1678. 48 full-page engravings illustrating the meaning of popular proverbs, most of them known throughout Europe.

4. Ovid, 43 B.C.-17 or 18 A.D. Metamorphoses. Venice: 1527. Under the patronage of the Emperor Augustus poetry reached a high level. The three great poets in the Augustan Age, 43 B.C. to 14 A.D., were Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. The greatest work of Ovid is this long poem of 11,000 hexameters, Meta­ morphoses. It is a highly imaginative collection of Greek and

10 Greco-Roman myths. The Metamorphoses has had an immense influence on modern literature. The woodcuts, rather primitive, follow the usual custom of having the character indicated by letter or name inside the frame. They also occasionally portray more than one incident in the same setting.

CASE7 GREAT ILLUSTRATORS

1. Arabian nights More tales from the Arabian nights, based on the translation from the Arabic by Edward William Lane, selected, edited, and arranged for young people by Frances Jenkins Olcott; illustrations and decorations by Willy Pogany. New York: 1915. "A companion volume to The Arabian nights' entertainments, selected and edited by Frances Jenkins Olcotf' Willy Pogany (1882-1955), Hungarian-born American painter, sculptor, etcher, and graphic artist, was a prominent representative of the style in book illustration.

2. Arwas, Victor Alastair: illustrator of decadence. London: 1979. Hans Henning Voight (1887-1969), known as the German illustrator Alastair, has availed himself freely of the precedent set by Rossetti, embroidering and elaborating on his own account on the text of the book or play he was illustrating.

3. Bible. Swedish. 1889. Den heliga skrift ... med illustrationer, a£ Gustave Don~. Worcester, : 1889. Dore (1832-1883) enjoyed both critical acclaim and popular recognition in the 19th century for his drawings, caricatures, and book illustrations. His Bible illustrations were adapted for a variety of editions published in several languages. Today his fantastic-realistic creations are far less appreciated.

11 4. Blake, William, 1757-1827 . [New York: 1947] "William Blake" (leaf 1) signed by Henry P. Rossiter. "Rendered by Albert Carman:' William Blake, English poet, artist, engraver,-and visionary, was the most independent of the romantics. He believed that "only imagination is real:' As an engraver he developed a unique technique called "illuminated printing:' He used this new medium to illustrate almost all his own literary works.

5. Chagall, Marc, 1887-1985 Illustrations for the Bible. Text by Jean Wahl, with an appreciation by Meyer Schapiro. New York: [c1956] Includes Chagall's 105 made for the illustration of the Bible and his 16 color and 12 black-and-white lithographs made for this edition. 'Mter the grandeur of early and , after Rembrandt, the illustration of the Bible seemed a finished artistic task. It is remarkable that in an age like ours an artist should risk his enterprise again.-Chagall is the chosen master for this task:' -(M. Schapiro)

6. Horodisch, Abraham Picasso as a book artist. Cleveland: [1962] First edition. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) , Spanish-born representative of the French school of art, painter, sculptor,· printmaker, and illustrator, is considered the greatest artist of the twentieth century.

7. Landsberger, Franz, 1883-1964 Rembrandt, the Jews and the Bible. Philadelphia: 1946. Rembrandt (1606-1669), one of the greatest painters of all time, was also a draftsman and graphic artist. Both the Old and the provided subjects for his artistic output. He regarded the Bible as a sacred book, but also as colorful, in some places even cheerful, comparable to a world in which all people live in harmonious association.

12 8. Lanes, Selma G. The art of Maurice Sendak. New York: 1980. Maurice Sendak (1928- ), the illustrator of dozens of memorable children's books, ranks among the best-known, best­ loved illustrators in America.

9. Oberammergau Passion-play Ao. Do. 1662, der alteste Text des Oberammergau Passionsspiels, nach der Handschrift im Archiv des Hauses Guido Lang. Oberammergau: 1910. Edited by Georg Queri. Facsimile reproductions of illustrations by Albrecht Di.irer and Albrecht Altdorfer enhance this edition of the oldest Oberammergau Passion-play text. Di.irer, painter, engraver, and designer of woodcuts (1471-1528), is the most famous German visual artist. Altdorfer (1480-1538), one of the other great Northern artists of the period, was uniquely German in his intense interest in nature and in the expressiveness of the human figure.

10. Quiller-Couch, Arthur Thomas, Sir, 1863-1944 The sleeping beauty and other fairy tales from the old French. London: 1910. "Here are three of the most famous tales from Perrault's wallet, and one ... Beauty and the beast, by ... Madame de Villeneuve rewritten ... in my own wat' Title and mounts within ornamental borders; title vignette; head and tail pieces; illustrated by . Dulac (1882-1953), English illustrator, was greatly influenced by Persian miniature painting, Japanese engravings, the pre­ Raphaelites, and artists of the Art Nouveau movement.

13 11. Sagan, Franc;oise, 1935- Toxique. Paris: 1964. lliustrations by Bernard Buffet (1928- ), French painter. Buffet's style expresses the pathos and violence associated with the anger and pathos of postwar youth in the 1940s. He illustrated the works of Jean Cocteau, Fran<;oise Sagan, Lautreamont, and others. His illustrations are treated in a typically Buffet manner; the forms are very flat, with predominating lines mostly in black, with color used only as an accessory.

12. Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 As you like it. Introduction by Peter Brook. Decor and costumes by Salvador Dali. London: 1953. Dali (1904-1989), Spanish painter, writer, book illustrator, and designer of jewelry, furniture, fabrics, theatrical sets, and costumes, was connected with several artistic movements of the twentieth century. He is regarded as the most famous and most influential of the surrealist painters.

13. Stein, Gertrude, 1874-1946 A book concluding with As a wife has a cow, a love story. With facsims. of the original lithographs by Juan Gris. Barton, VT.: 1973. Juan Gris (1887 -1927), Spanish painter, remained throughout his brief life a cubist artist. He insisted that his artistic method began with the abstract and ended with the concrete, progressing from the idea of a cylinder to the image of a bottle.

14. Wilson, Richard The Russian story book, containing tales from the song­ cycles of Kiev and Novgorod and other early sources ... with sixteen coloured plates and line illustrations from drawings by Frank C. Pape. London: 1916. Frank C. Pape (1878-1972), was a follower of A. Rackham (1867 -1939), the famous British illustrator of numerous deluxe editions of tales, romances, and children's literary classics.

14 CASES ARTISTS' BOOKS "Artists' books" represent an important aspect of 20th century art. Many of the great painters, sculptors, and graphics artists of the 20th century produced such illustrated books, where the choice of text, illustrations, typography, and the book as a finished product reflect the individualism, point-of-view, and personality of the illustrator.

1. Bible. O.T. Ecclesiastes. English. Authorized. 1971 Ecclesiastes; or, The preacher. Handwritten and illuminated by Ben Shahn ([1898-1969]). New York: [1971] "The illustrations and headings have been printed in six to nine color photo- by the Imprimerie Moderne du Lion, Paris. . . . The binding was by Engel, Malakoff:' "When I grew up and was drawing and painting, I became enchanted with the language of Ecclesiastes, re-examined it and felt an overwhelming urge to celebrate its particular way of celebrating the Lord:'-(Preface)

2. Boussidan, Ya'akov Zodiak. London: 1971. Includes twelve original etchings, accompanied by text. Thirty numbered copies and five artists' proofs have been printed on hand-made paper.-This is copy number 5. Text is based on the Christian astrology of William Lilly ( 1602-1681).

3. Cela, Camilo Jose, 1916- Gavilla de fabulas sin amor. Ilustraciones de Picasso. [Madrid: 1965]

4. Daugherty, James Henry, 1889-1974 Lincoln's Gettysburg address; a pictorial interpretation, painted by James Daugherty. Chicago: [1974]

15 First edition. James Daugherty, American painter, engraver, and graphic artist, illustrated many books on the history of the United States.

5. Eluard, Paul, 1895-1952 A toute epreuve. Illustrations by Joan Mir6. New York: 1984. First edition. Joan Mir6 (1893-1983), Spanish painter, graphic artist, ceramist, and scenic designer, is identified with the abstract surrealist movement, of which he is one of the most original and sensitive exponents.

6. Frasconi, Antonio, 1919·· Frasconi: against the grain. The woodcuts of Antonio Frasconi. New York, London: 1974. Frasconi is internationally known as the leading American woodcut artist.

7. Hundertwasser, 1928- Hundertwasser, 1973, New Zeeland. [Glarus, Switzer­ land: c1973] Third edition. "Hundertwasser is in the South Pacific as guest of honour of the City of Auckland and the City of Auckland Art Gallery. This catalogue was published on the event of the Hundertwasser Exhibition in New Zealand and Australia, 1973-1974:' Exhibition catalog, published and designed as an "artists' book;' illustrates the work and thought of the internationally known Austrian painter, Friedrich Hundertwasser.

8. Hundertwasser, 1928- Hundertwasser: 10 October, 1973, Aberbach Fine Art, 988 Madison Avenue, New York. [Glarus, Switzerland: c1973] Cover-title: Hundertwasser 1973, New York. First edition. Another Hundertwasser exhibition catalog designed as an "artists' book:'

16 9. Strachan, W.J. (Walter John), 1903- The artist and the book in France the 20th century livre d'artiste. New York: [1969] First edition.

10. Wilcox, Frank Nelson, 1887-1964 Weather wisdon. Cleveland: 1949. Designed by this well-known Cleveland artist, the book includes a series of twenty-four color prints by the serigraph process. The pictures are based upon familiar weather observations commonly made by people living in the country.

CASE9 PICTOGRAPHS Simplified pictorial representations of objects, people, or ideas in writing. Every pictographic writing may be said to be illustrated, for its text illustrates itself.

1. Beaugrand, Honore, 1849-1906 New studies of Canadian folk lore. Montreal: [1904] Foreword.-The goblin lore of French Canada.­ Macloune.-Indian picture and symbol writing.-Legend of the north Pacific. The picture-writing of the North American Indians was less developed than the writings of the Aztec and Maya Indians. The pictography or idea-writing of the North American Indians reproduces individual objects, stressing only the main characteristics in outline drawing. The non-visual, abstract concepts are conveyed by symbolic representation.

2. Catholic church. Catechisms. Otomi Mexican ms. of the catechism. ca. 1700. in Otomi picture-writing from Azcapuzalco, with interlinear transcript in Spanish.

17 3. Cospianus Libr6 del Messico, donato dal co. Valerio Zani al march. Cospi il di xxvi dicre. MDCLXV. [Roma: 1898] Cover-title. Facsimile of the Mexican picture manuscript in the library of the University of Bologna, reproduced at the expense of the Due de Loubat. This copy is hand-colored, probably designed as a specimen, and unique. The library does not have the accompanying volume of text, entitled: Descripci6n del Codice Cospiano.

4. Codex dresdensis Maya (R310) The Dresden codex; reproduced from tracings of the original, colorings finished by hand, by William Gates.. . Baltimore: 1932. Maya society publication, no. 2. Introductory text, 8 pages with title-page as above, in paper cover; table of Dresden sections and tzolkins, lleaf; facsimile, colored, 74 numbered leaves (1-24, 46-74, 25-45) in VIII chapters (chapter VIII in 2 sections) The original codex is in the Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden; the tracings were made by the editor from photographic enlargements of an uncolored copy of the Kingsborough facsimile, traced from the original by Agostino Aglio, cf p. [2], [8] "Edition of seventy-five copies. Copy no. 20:'

5. Codex Laud Codice Laud, m.s. pictorico Mexicano. Mexico City: 1937. Facsimile of Mexican picture manuscript in the , Oxford University, . No. 7 of an edition limited to 25 copies. The Aztecs of Mexico and the Maya of Yucatan possessed rich literatures recorded in indigenous picture-scripts, which were partly idea-scripts and partly word-scripts.

18 The fanaticism of the Spaniards of the sixteenth century has regrettably left us only four Maya picture-manuscripts written between the tenth and fifteenth century A.D. The burning of the Aztec book-treasures by the Spaniards during the conquest of Mexico by Cortez in A.D. 1520 reduced the number of surviving Aztec codices to a precious few, all now housed in the most famous of Europe.

6. Cruz, Martin de Ia. The de Ia Cruz-Badiano Aztec herbal of 1552; translation and commentary by William Gates. Baltimore: 1939. The Maya society publication, no. 23. Manuscript has title: Libellus de medicinalibus Indorum herbis.

7. Cuneiform writing specimens Probably the oldest known writing in the world, is known as CUNEIFORM (from the Latin word CUNEIUS, wedge) because of the wedge-shaped marks made in the soft clay before it dried. For four thousand years before Christ, clay tablets and cones were used by a long succession of languages, empires, and cultures throughout the ancient civilized world. The earliest Sumerian CUNEIFORMS consisted of pictographs. Tablets were used for contracts, accounts, letters, etc., while cones served ceremonial purposes, such as the commemoration of the building of a temple. The large cone bears the inscription of Entemene, (King of Lagash, ca. 3,000 B.C.), announcing that "Entemene is the man who built the temple of Ininna, the temple which they love:' The archaic inscription was found by Professor Edgar J. Banks in 1931 at Medayen, Central Babylonia. The smaller cone is dated ca. 2,400 B.C. The tablets from Drehem are records of the stockpens, which supplied the temple of Enlil at Nippur with cattle for sacrifices. They date from the period of the dynasty of Ur, ca. 2,400 B.C. ( cf, Hussey, M.I., The cuneiform tablets of the f. G. White Collection (1913?), typed manuscript; Hussey, M.I., "Tablets from Drehem in the Public library of Cleveland, Ohio;' Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 33, pt. 2, (1913), pp. 167-179.)

19 8. Moso manuscripts; ceremonial chants in pictographic manuscript form, partly colored. 18th century. These Moso pictographs were collected by Professor Joseph Rock, author of the Na-Khi-English encyclopedic dictionary. Pictographs are still used by the Moso (or Na-.Khi, or Nashi), a non-Chinese people living in south-west China. The writing was invented by the tombas (or tumbas ), the medicine men priests, who use these pictographic manuscripts as a memory aid during religious ceremonies.

9. Griffith, F. Ll. (Francis Llewellyn), 1862-1934 A collection of hieroglyphs, a contribution to the history of Egyptian writing. London: 1898. Archaeological survey of Egypt, Memoir, no. 6. The famous Egyptian script which the Greeks named HIERO­ GLYPHICS "sacred carved letters" because it was so much used for religious inscriptions began as pictographs. They developed into ideographs, each picture representing a word or an idea.

10. Illustrated leaf from the Ragab Papyrus Institute, Cairo, Egypt. 20th century reproduction.

CASE 10 BEFORE PRINTING­ THE WESTERN WORLD The history of the illustrated book began in Egypt, where many books, i.e., manuscripts written on papyrus, were beautifully illustrated. The most famous and most often reproduced of all Egyptian books is The Book of the dead, a copy of which was usually put in a tomb for the guidance of the dead person in the next world. The Book of the dead was copied in one form or another for more than three thousand years, until the second century A.D.

20 1. Antiphon: offertory chant for Communion on Easter Monday. Italy: 1440. Latin text; square music notations. leaf from a medieval music manuscript. From the Collection of Otto F. Ege.

2. Baikie, James, 1866-1931 Egyptian papry and papyrus-hunting. With 32 illus. by Constance N. Baikie. London: 1925.

3. Bianchi Bandinelli, Ranuccio, 1900-1975 Hellenistic-Byzantine miniatures of the Iliad (Ilias Ambrosiana). Olten: 1955. Reproduction of Codex Ambrosianus F 205 in£., a manuscript in Milan, Italy, Ambrosian library.

4. Bibliotheca Corviniana. English Bibliotheca Corviniana: the library of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. Introductory essays and commentaries by Csaba Csapodi and Klara Csapodi-Gardonyi. [Translated by Zsuzsanna Horn-Read, translation revised by Alick West. Budapest: 1969] "This volume, which is mainly devoted to the Corvinian manuscripts preserved in libraries outside Hungary, together with the book compiled by Tiona Barkovits, Illuminated manuscripts from the library of Matthias Corvinus, 1964, describing the Corvinian manuscripts preserved in Hungary, includes all the surviving codices and incunabula originating from the one-time Biblotheca Corviniana of Buda~'

5. Bibliotheque royale de Belgique. Section des manuscrits Medieval miniatures from the Department of Manuscripts (formerly the "Library of Burgundy") the Royal

21 Library of Belgium. Commentaries by L.M.J. Delaisse; foreword by H. Liebaers; introduction by F. Masai. New York: [1965] Translation of Miniatures medievales de la Librairie de Bourgogne au Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque rayale de Belgique.

6. Reproductions from the Book of Kells. [n. p.: 1919?] Cover-title. The Book of Kells, a superbly on vellum containing the (St. 's version) was produced in the 8th to 9th centuries in the of Irish and Scottish monks. The illustrations of the four illuminators who decorated the text embellish almost all pages with rich interlacing ornamental decor. Full-page pictures add further artistic value. The Book of Kells is exhibited at Trinity College, , . It is regarded as the unsurpassed artistic achievement of in the .

7. Book of the dead Ritual of the mystery of the judgement of the soul; from an ancient Egyptian papyrus, tr. and ed. by M.W. Blackden. London: [1914] Cover-title: Mystery of the soul.

8. Catholic church. Liturgy and ritual. Hours Book of hours. Paris, France: 14th century. Latin manuscript on vellum. Rubricated in red and blue; illuminated . Treated at Northeast Document Conservation Center, 1981.

22 9. Delaisse, L.M.J. A century of Dutch manuscript illumination, by L.M.J. Delaisse. Berkeley, Ca.: 1968. California stUdies in the , vol. 6.

10. Dodwell, C.R. (Charles Reginald) The great Lambeth Bible; with introduction and notes by C.R. Dodwell. New York: [1959] The library of illuminated manuscripts.

11. Illustrated, hand -colored papyrus leaf from the Ragab Papyrus Institute, Cairo, Egypt. 20th century reproduction.

12. Missal. Beauvais, France: 1285. Latin text; square music notations. Vellum leaf from a medieval music manuscript. From the collection of Otto F. Ege.

13. Rouge, Emmanuel, i.e. Olivier Charles Camille Emmanuel, vicomte de, 1811-1872. Etudes sur le rituel funeraire des anciens Egyptiens. Par m. le vicomte Emmanuel de Rouge. Paris: 1860. Reprint from the Revue archeologique, 1860.

14. Les Tres riches heures du due de Berry. English The Tres riches heures of Jean, Duke of Berry: Musee Conde, Chantilly. Introduction and legends by Jean Longnon and Raymond Cazelles; preface by Millard Meiss. New York: c1989, c1969. Miniatures from MS. 65 in the Bibliotheque of the Musee Conde, Chantilly, by the brothers Jean, Herman, and Pol de Limbourg, under the direction of Pol; the work was completed by Jean Colombe. Facsimile edition. 23 CASE 11 THE ORIENTAL WORLD

1. The Book of Esther. Writing attributed to Rabbi Elijah ben Aaron. Susa, Persia: 1824. Hebrew manuscript complete in 30 pages; ornamental illustrations in color; Sephardic script on vellum; scroll in wood case. Adornment and illumination of sacred books were not permitted by Jewish law for use in the synagogue. Embellished texts are for private use only.

2. Buddhavamsa Pra somut lam tap ang prachao. (Lineage of the Buddhas, including a biography of the 13th to 22nd Buddhas). 1857. Siamese manuscript folded to form 28 leaves; on paper. Text is written on both sides. Decorated with illustrations of Buddhist legends painted in water-colors.

3. Buddhist manuscript from Burma. 18th century. Palm-leaf manuscript painted in black on 14 oblong lacquered leaves on a gold ornamental background. Leaves are protected within two gilt lacquered wood covers.

4. [A collection of 18 pronouncements by Buddhist sages accompanied by their pictures. n.p.: n.d.] Manuscript scroll written on leaves of the bodhi tree. Chinese text, beginning with the date wu-hsu of Tao kuang [i.e. 1838] Wooden covers.

5. Gaster, Moses, 1856-1939 Hebrew illuminated of the IXth and Xth centuries (Codices or. Gaster, nos. 150 and 151); and a Samaritan scroll of the law of the Xlth century (Codex or. Gaster, no. 350). Together with eight plates of facsimiles of these manuscripts and of fragments from the Geniza in Egypt. Published for the first time. London: 1901.

24 "Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of biblical archaeology, June, 1900", with the addition of plates. The Gaster collection of Hebrew and Samaritan manuscripts was acquired by the British Museum in 1924. (cf. British Museum Annual report, 1924, p. 6.) Codex Or. Gaster 150 Pentetauch is an ancient Hebrew Biblical codex, dating probably from the middle of the 9th century. Carefully written with vowels and accents, this large manuscript is beautifully illuminated throughout with gold rosettes and colored ornamental designs. This codex is the oldest example of known ancient Hebrew Bibles with illuminations.

6. Haggadah The Sarajevo Haggadah. Text [introduction] by Cecil Roth. New York: 1963. Facsimile edition. Probably the most famous Hebrew Medieval illuminated codex, now in the collection of the Bosnian National Museum of Sarajevo, was discovered only in 1894, proving the existence of a rich medieval Jewish manuscript art. The superbly illuminated manuscript was made in Spain, ca. 1340.

7. Ko-chung rniao-rnan t'u-hsing. (Pictures of various tribes of the Miao). Early 19th century. Chinese manuscript on paper, with illustrations in water­ color. An ethnographic field report prepared for the use of Chinese government officials.

8. Kuwayarna, Hyoshiro Nikkso-san Toshogu kyu-saiten ryaku-zu. Tokyo: 1889. Volume consists of one 20 foot-long scroll folded into 96 leaves of hand-colored woodblock printed plates. Detailed illustrations of the ancient festival procession for the Shogun's memorial at Toshogu Shrine at Nikko.

25 9. Mahabharata. Bhagavadgita Manabharata, 4-18. Probably late 18th century. Sanskrit manuscript on paper, with illuminations in water­ color depicting scenes of the Bhagavadgita, the Song of Krsna, one of the basic religious literary texts of Hinduism. The Gita was the most often-used favorite source of Indian artists, painters, and illustrators.

10. Mahabharata. Bhagavadgita Palm-leaf manuscript (pothi) from Grissa, India. Richly illustrated with scenes from Krishna's childhood and life. Early 19th century. In Sinhalese. The traditional manuscript of India, and of those countries which were touched by her cultural influence, consisted of a group of separate trimmed to a narrow, horizontal shape. A binding cord was threaded through each folio and around a pair of wooden protective covers which held the folios firmly together. The folios were traditionally prepared from the leaves of the palm-tree, which were treated and then trimmed to the required proportions. The text and any decorative detailing of illustrations were then either applied by brush or incised into the surface with the aid of a metal style (or stylus). With the introduction of paper the use of palm-leaf was largely abandoned, but the proportions of the traditional palm-leaf page, and the pictorial conventions which had accompanied it, continued to influence the appearance of South and Southeast Asian manuscripts for many centuries. The precise antiquity of the palm-leaf manuscript (pothi) is unknown, though there is little reason to doubt that it extends back in time almost as far as the art of writing itself in India.

11. Muhammad Bagir Masahib al-anwar. (The lamps of lights; a work about astrology in general and about the horoscope of Prince Muhammad Taki Mirza, grandson of Fath Ali Shah-i Kayar). No date. Treated at Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts, Philadelphia, 1988.

26 Persian illuminated manuscript on paper; includes the splendid portrait of Prince Muhammad Taki Mirza. The gold unwans, or titles, in fine Near Eastern manuscripts are usually decorated by a frame of richly gilded floral patterns and arabesques, carried over the first two or four pages of the text, and often repeated at the titles of chapters. In printed books, printers sought to imitate this ornamental arrangement by the use of fleurons, tail-pieces, and other printers' ornaments.

12. Poda-poda Manual for magical practices, mainly charms, for the use of a Batak "datu" or priest-doctor. Sumatra, late 18th century (?) Manuscript. Birch-bark (bhurjapatra) strips folded to form 10 leaves, used on both sides, illustrated with drawings, colored with vegetable dies. Birch-bark as a medium for writing in India is mentioned by a 1st century A.D. Greek historian (cf. D.B. Diskallar, 1979, p. 67). Its use spread through South Asia.

13. Yoshiie ason yoroi chakuyo suru zu. (Illustrations of Minamoto Yoshiie demonstrating the wearing of samurai armor). Kyoto: late 18th century(?) Japanese text on paper, with hand -colored woodblock illus­ trations, probably by Takeda, a famous pre-Meiji kakemono painter. The golden age of Japanese illustrated books came about rather late. It owes its fame to the splendid illustrations executed by Japanese masters of the woodblock. Minamoto Yoshiie (1041-1108), the subject of this treatise, was master of all branches of "Martial Arts~' He remained one of the most admired heroes of the Middle Ages in Japan. With the rise of the samurai, legend has added some marvellous details to his already eventful life.

27 CASE 12 ORIGINAL LEAVES FROM MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS: 13TH-15TH CENTURY

1. Antiphonal. Italy: 1440. Latin text; rotunda Gothic script, square notations on vellum. A Gradual contains the appropriate antiphons of a mass sung by the choir of the Latin Church on Sundays and special holidays. The text was furnished largely by the 150 Psalms and the Canticles of the Old and New Testaments. The superb example of in this leaf illustrates the supremacy of the Italian scribes of the time over those of the rest of Europe. It is frequently assumed that this late revival of fine writing may have been caused by the concern of scribes over the impending competition with the newly-invented art of printing.

2. Bible. (Biblia Sacra Latina, Versio Vulgata) France: late 13th century. Latin text; angular Gothic script on vellum. During the "golden age" of the manuscript in France, Paris became the center in which the finest manuscripts were written and sold. From 1275 to 1300, marked advances were made in the art. The bar borders came to be executed in rich opaque gouache pigments, with ultramarine made of powdered predominating. The foliage scroll work inside the frame created a style that persisted with little or no change for nearly two hundred years. The script was well executed and was without rigidity or tension. All these elements, together with the sparkle which was created by the casual distribution of the burnished gold accents, give to this leaf a striking atmosphere of joyous freedom.

3. Book of Hours. (Horae Beatae Mariae Virginis). The Netherlands: late 15th century. Latin text; lettre de forme on vellum.

28 In the XVth century Books of Hours were as much in demand in the Netherlands as they were in France and England. In many of these books it is difficult to distinguish the Dutch Hours from those of Northern France or the Rhineland. In the middle of the century this whole area was interested in naturalism and made its illustrations so vivid that sometimes they approached those of our seed catalogs. It is not difficult to recognize carnations, pansies, columbines, and strawberries. The style later became even more realistic when the naturalistic flowers were painted with cast shadows. When such flowery decorations are found on a rather heavy piece of vellum, entangled with the swirling acanthus leaf and accompanied by a heavy lettre de forme script, one can be fairly safe in assigning the leaf to the province of Brabant. It was a difficult technical achievement at this time to apply the gouache colors to gold leaf so that they would adhere without flaking.

4. Missal. (Missale Bellovacense). Beauvais, France: late 13th century. Latin text; transitional Gothic script on vellum. This manuscript, a special gift to a church in the city of Beauvais, was written for Robert de Hangest, a canon, about 1285 A.D. At that time, Beauvais was one of the most important art centers in all Europe. The ornament in this leaf shows the first flowering of Gothic interest in nature. The formal hieratic treatment is here giving way to graceful naturalism. The ivy branch has put forth its first leaves in the history of ornament. The writing likewise is departing from its previous rigid character and displays an ornamental pliancy which harmonizes with the decorative initials.

CASE 13 INCUNABULA

1. Alexander the Great (Romances, etc.) Historia Alexandri Magni. : Anton Sorg, June 5 (Montag nach Fronleichnam), 1480. Hain, Repertorium, 788. Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, 886. Schreiber, 3135. 29 Treated by Karen Esper, Cleveland, 1984. German adaptation by Johann Hartlieb. Richly illustrated with hand -colored woodcuts to highlight the events of the fictionalized story of Alexander the Great, the popular hero of many legends and romances of the Middle Ages.

2. Bidpai. Arabic version. Kalilah wa-Dimnah. Latin. Directorium humanae vite. [Strassburg: Johann Pruss, ca. 1488-1493] Leaf [1a] (t.-p.): Directorium humane vite alias parabole antiquoru sapientU. Latin version of Giovanni da Capua; for its genealogy. ( cf. the "Pedigree" in Bidpai. Arabic version. Kalilah wa-Dimnah. English. The earliest English version of the fables of Bidpai. London, 1888.) Hain. Repertorium (with Add. and Copinger's Supplement) *4411. Stillwell. 2d census, J236a. C.F. Murray. Cat. early Germ. books, 70 (cf. for variant issues) Schramm. Bilderschmuck d. FJ'Uhdr., v. 20, p. 10, 26, and v. 9, illus. 280-406 (with omissions and transpositions) Treated by Karen Esper, Cleveland, 1983. A Latin version of the animal Fables of Bidpai, richly illustrated with woodcuts. Space was left for embellished initial letters, awaiting instructions of the person who purchased the specific volume. This copy was sold by the publisher without color embellishment or printed initials. The text of these Fables originated in India in the third century, and was introduced to medieval Europe through its Arabic versions. Translations were made into numerous European languages.

3. Cessolis, Jacobus de, fl. 1290 Libro di giucho di scacchi. Florence: Antonio Miscomini, March 1, 1493. Hain, Repertorium, (with Copinger's Supplement), 4900. Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, 6534. Treated by Karen Esper, Cleveland, 1982. Italian translation of Cessolis' Book on the game of chess, illustrated with hand-colored woodcuts throughout the text. Contains the book-plate of Count D. Boutourlin. From the famous library of J.W. Rimington-Wilson.

30 4. Cessolis, Jacobus de, fl. 1290 Schachzabelbuch. Strassburg: Heinrich Knoblochzer, St. Egidius' day [Sept. 1, 14] 83. Hain, Repertorium (with Copinger's Supplement), 4897. Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, 6530. Treated at Northeast Document Conservation Center, 1983. Cessolis' famed book on chess was widely translated and printed by several printers in the fifteenth century. This edition is illustrated throughout the text, and is embellished with decorative, illuminated initial letters at the beginning of chapters.

5. Dante, Alighieri, 1265-1321 La Divina commedia. Venetia: Petrus de Piasio, 1491. Dante Alighieri, the supreme exponent of the Middle Ages, is, according to Ruskin, "the central man of all the world as representing in perfect balance the imaginative, moral, and intellectual faculties, all at their highest:' Dante's great work, the Divine Comedy, is an original creation. The lasting popularity of the work is evident from the thousands of editions printed and the vast critical literature that has been written concerning this work. This edition of the Commedia, printed in Venice, 1491, by Petrus de Piasio of Cremona, is one of the best known of all the numerous fifteenth century editions. For several years, (1480-1483), de Piasio was in partnership with A. Torresanus, into whose hand the equipment of Jenson had fallen after the latter's death. On exhibit: Leaf Siii.

6. Schedel, Hartmann, 1440-1514 Liber cronicarum. Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, 12 July, 1493. Leaf [1a] (woodcut title): Registrum huius operis Libri cronicarum cuftguris et ymagibus ab inicio mudi. Hain. Repertorium (with Copinger's Supplement) *14508. Brit. Mus. Cat. (XV cent.) II, p. 437 (I C. 7451). Schramm, Bilderschmuck d. Frnhdr. , v. 17, p. 6, 9, and illus. Goff, S-307. On exhibit: Leaf CCLXXVII.

31 Dr. Hartmann Schedel, the compiler of the Nuremberg Chronicle, ot Weltchronik, spent more time reading history than practicing medicine. He persuaded two wealthy merchants of Nuremberg, Sebald Schreyder and Sebastian Karnermaister, to underwrite a new historical chronicle. The book holds great fascination for us, not for its text but for the lavish abundance of woodcuts. Two noted artists, Michael Wolgemut, the master of Albrecht Diller, and his stepson, William Pleydenwurff, were engaged to make the woodcut illustrations. A total of 1809 pictures, made from 645 blocks, appear in the book with complete disregard for validity. Ninety­ six blocks were used to portray 596 portraits, so that the portrait assigned to Nebuchadnezzar earlier appears later as several of the German emperors'; the block for the town of Mainz does service also for Naples. The characters with elongated fingers and unkempt hair have been attributed to Wolgemut. The famous printer Anton Koberger, formerly a baker, established his first press about the year 1470, and continued to print and publish for more than fifty years. He became the first wholesale printer and publisher. The Nuremberg Chronicle was Koberger's most successful venture.

32

Cleveland Public Library

Fine Arts and Special Collections Department