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Medication Safety in Transitions of Care Medication Safety in Transitions of Care Technical Report Medication Safety in Transitions of Care Technical Report WHO/UHC/SDS/2019.9 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. 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Designed by CommonSense, Greece Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 4 Preface .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Executive summary: medication safety in transitions of care........................................................ 9 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Transitions of care.................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Medication reconciliation and review...................................................................................... 13 1.3 Medication-related harm........................................................................................................ 13 2. Why consider medication safety in transitions of care? .......................................................... 15 2.1 Prevalence of medication discrepancies at transitions of care .............................................. 16 2.2 Medication-related harm during transitions of care................................................................ 17 2.3 Economic impact .................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Limitations of the evidence base ............................................................................................19 3. What has been done to improve medication safety in transitions of care? ............................ 20 3.1 Engagement with patients, families and caregivers................................................................ 20 3.2 Medication reconciliation........................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Improvement in information quality and availability across transitions .................................. 26 3.4 Discharge and post-discharge interventions.......................................................................... 27 3.5 The economic case ................................................................................................................ 28 3.6 Challenges .............................................................................................................................. 28 4. What needs to be done .............................................................................................................. 30 4.1 Leadership commitment and planning.................................................................................... 30 4.2 Improvement programmes .................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Partnering with patients, families and caregivers .................................................................. 30 4.4 Medication reconciliation........................................................................................................ 31 4.5 Information quality and availability at all care transitions ...................................................... 31 4.6 Building capacity of health care professionals ...................................................................... 32 4.7 Monitoring and measurement ................................................................................................ 33 5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 35 References ...................................................................................................................................... 36 Annexes Annex 1. Glossary ............................................................................................................................ 43 Glossary references .......................................................................................................... 46 Annex 2. List of contributors............................................................................................................ 48 MEDICATION SAFETY IN TRANSITIONS OF CARE 3 Abbreviations ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme BPMH best possible medication history CI confidence interval EHR electronic health record INN international nonproprietary name IT information technology LMIC low- and middle-income country NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug OR odds ratio WHO World Health Organization 4 MEDICATION SAFETY IN TRANSITIONS OF CARE Preface Health care interventions are intended to prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, benefit patients, but they can also cause with many of these leading to preventable harm harm. The complex combination of processes, (2). Given that medicines are the most common technologies and human interactions that therapeutic intervention, ensuring safe constitutes the modern health care delivery medication use and having the processes in system can bring significant benefits. place to improve medication safety (see Annex However, it also involves an inevitable risk of 1) should be considered of central importance patient harm that can – and too often does – to countries working towards achieving UHC. result in actual harm. A weak safety and quality culture, flawed processes of care The Global Patient Safety Challenges of the and disinterested leadership teams weaken World Health Organization (WHO) shine a light the ability of health care systems and on a particular patient safety issue that poses a organizations to ensure the provision of safe significant risk to health. Front-line interventions health care. Every year, a significant number are then developed and, through partnership of patients are harmed or die because of with Member States, are disseminated and unsafe health care, resulting in a high public implemented in countries. Each Challenge has health burden worldwide. so far focused on an area that represents a major and significant risk to patient
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