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Design of a Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for Use in Wireless/Cellular Devices Punit S Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 Design of a Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for Use in Wireless/Cellular Devices Punit S. Nakar Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN OF A COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR USE IN WIRELESS/CELLULAR DEVICES By: Punit S. Nakar A Thesis submitted to the Department of Electrical And Computer Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree awarded: Spring semester, 2004 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Punit S. Nakar defended on March 4, 2004. _____________________ Dr. Frank Gross, Professor Directing Thesis _____________________ Dr. Krishna Arora, Committee member ____________________ Dr. Rodney Roberts, Committee member Approved: ____________________________________________ Dr. Reginald Perry, Chair, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ____________________________________________ Dr. C.J. Chen, Dean, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my family iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Frank B. Gross for providing me an opportunity to work in the Sensor Systems Research Lab. His invaluable guidance and support have added a great deal to the substance of this thesis, and taught me an enormous amount in the process. Dr. Gross patiently went over the drafts suggesting numerous improvements and constantly motivated me in my work. I must also thank my committee members Dr. Krishna Arora and Dr. Rodney Roberts for encouraging my academic and research efforts. A special thanks to Dr. Roberts for allowing me access to his research laboratory for carrying out some simulations for this thesis. Besides professors, my friends here at FSU have also given me crucial assistance and fruitful suggestions in my research and academic coursework. I would like to thank them as well for the relaxing discussions I had with them. Last but not least, a very big thank you to my beloved family and my future wife-to-be for their support, love and constant encouragement they have bestowed upon me. Without their support, I would never have gotten so far. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..vi List of Figures………………………................…………………………………………………vii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………x 1. Background of Wireless Communications…………….….……………………………………1 1.1 Cellular Systems – The past…………………………………………………………...1 1.2 Cellular Systems – The present………………………………………………………..3 1.3 Cellular Systems – Vision of the future……………………………………………….3 1.4 Inside a Cellular Phone………………………………………………………………..5 2. Antenna Fundamentals…...…………………….……….…………………………………….. .9 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………....9 2.2 How an Antenna radiates...…………………………………………………………....9 2.3 Near and Far field regions…………………………………………………………....11 2.4 Far field radiation from wires………………………………………………………..12 2.5 Antenna performance parameters……………………………………………………14 2.6 Types of Antennas…………………………………………………………………...23 3. Microstrip Patch Antenna...………………………………….………………………………..31 3.1 Introduction……………...………………………….………………………………..31 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages……. ………………………………………………..32 3.3 Feed Techniques………... …………………………………………………………..34 3.4 Methods of Analysis…………………………. ………….………………………….38 4. Microstrip Patch Antenna Design and Results………………………………………………..48 4.1 Design Specifications……………………………………………………………......48 4.2 Design Procedure......………………………………………………………………...49 4.3 Simulation Setup and Results………………………………...……………………...52 5. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………..…………..59 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….……...…………..61 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH………………………………….………………………….......….63 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 3.1 Comparing the different feed techniques…..…………………..…………...38 2. Table 4.1 Effect of feed location on center frequency, return loss and bandwidth…...53 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Figure 1.1 Frequency Reuse pattern.....…………………………………………………....…...2 2. Figure 1.2 Cell structure for PCS…....……………………………………………...…………..3 3. Figure 1.3 The future vision…………………………………………………………………….4 4. Figure 1.4 User at home, in car, at office, at business trip..…………………………………….5 5. Figure 1.5 Internal components of a NOKIA cellular phone…..……………………………….6 6. Figure 1.6 Cellular handset used with the AMPS system…………………………....................7 7. Figure 1.7 Cellular handsets used in the past few years………………………………………..7 8. Figure 2.1 Radiation from an antenna…………………………………………….…………...10 9. Figure 2.2 Field regions around an antenna……...…………………………………................11 10. Figure 2.3 Spherical co-ordinate system for a Hertzian dipole……………………………...12 11. Figure 2.4 Radiation pattern of a generic directional antenna……………………………….15 12. Figure 2.5 Equivalent circuit of transmitting antenna………………………….....................17 13. Figure 2.6 A linearly (vertically) polarized wave……………………………………………20 14. Figure 2.7 Commonly used polarization schemes…………………………………………...21 15. Figure 2.8 Measuring bandwidth from the plot of the reflection coefficient………………...22 16. Figure 2.9 Half wave dipole………………………………………………………………….23 vii 17. Figure 2.10 Radiation pattern for Half wave dipole……………………………...………….24 18. Figure 2.11 Monopole Antenna……………………………………………………………...24 19. Figure 2.12 Radiation pattern for the Monopole Antenna…………………………………...25 20. Figure 2.13 Loop Antenna…………………….......................................................................26 21. Figure 2.14 Radiation Pattern of Small and Large Loop Antenna..…………………………26 22. Figure 2.15 Helix Antenna…………………………………………………………………...27 23. Figure 2.16 Radiation Pattern of Helix Antenna………………………………..…………...28 24. Figure 2.17 Types of Horn Antenna………………………………………………................29 25. Figure 3.1 Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna……………………...………………….31 26. Figure 3.2 Common shapes of microstrip patch elements…………………………………...32 27. Figure 3.3 Microstrip Line Feed…………………………………………………………..…34 28. Figure 3.4 Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna………………………………..35 29. Figure 3.5 Aperture-coupled feed……………………………………………………………36 30. Figure 3.6 Proximity-coupled Feed……………………………………………….................37 31. Figure 3.7 Microstrip Line ………………..............................................................................39 32. Figure 3.8 Electric Field Lines ………………………………………………………………39 33. Figure 3.9 Microstrip Patch Antenna………………………………………………………...40 34. Figure 3.10 Top View of Antenna …………………………………………………………..41 35. Figure 3.11 Side View of Antenna ……………………...…………………………………..41 36. Figure 3.12 Charge distribution and current density creation on the microstrip patch…...….43 37. Figure 4.1 Top view of Microstrip Patch Antenna………………………………..…………49 38. Figure 4.2 Microstrip patch antenna designed using IE3D …………….……………………52 39. Figure 4.3 Return loss for feed located at different locations……………………..…………54 viii 40. Figure 4.4 Return loss for feed located at (4, 0)……………………………………………..55 41. Figure 4.5 Elevation Pattern for φ = 0 and φ = 90 degrees………….…………………….56 42. Figure 4.6a 3D view of radiation pattern looking along the Y axis in the XZ plane...............57 43. Figure 4.6b 3D view of radiation pattern looking along the Z axis in the XY plane………..57 44. Figure 4.7a 3D view of radiation pattern for cellular phone orientation in the YZ plane..….57 45. Figure 4.7b 3D view of radiation pattern for cellular phone orientation in the XZ plane…...57 ix ABSTRACT The cellular industry came into existence 25 years ago and as of today, there are approximately 150 million subscribers worldwide. The cellular industry generates $30 billion in annual revenues and is one of the fastest growing industries. The cellular handsets being used in the 1980s were bulky and heavy. Advancements in VLSI technology have enabled size reduction for the various microprocessors and signal processing chips being used in cellular phones. Another method for reducing handset size is by using more compact antennas. The aim of this thesis is to design such a compact antenna for use in wireless/cellular devices. A Microstrip Patch Antenna consists of a dielectric substrate on one side of a patch, with a ground plane on the other side. Due to its advantages such as low weight and volume, low profile planar configuration, low fabrication costs and capability to integrate with microwave integrated circuits (MICs), the microstrip patch antenna is very well suited for applications such as cellular phones, pagers, missile systems, and satellite communications systems. A compact microstrip patch antenna is designed for use in a cellular phone at 1.9 GHz. The results obtained provide a workable antenna design for incorporation in a cellular phone. x CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS In 1897, Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated radio’s ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing across the English Channel. Since then, numerous advances have been made in the field of wireless communications. Numerous experiments were carried out by different researchers to make use of electromagnetic waves to carry information. 1.1 Cellular Systems – The Past The first public mobile telephone service was launched in the United States in the year 1946. Distances up to 50 km were covered using a single, high-powered transmitter on a large tower. These services offered
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