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Mammalia, Xenarthra)
AMEGHINIANA (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.) - 41 (4): 651-664. Buenos Aires, 30-12-2004 ISSN 0002-7014 Functional and phylogenetic assessment of the masticatory adaptations in Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) Sergio F. VIZCAÍNO1, Richard A. FARIÑA2, M. Susana BARGO1 and Gerardo DE IULIIS3 Abstract. Cingulata -armadillos, pampatheres and glyptodonts- are among the most representative of South American Cenozoic mammalian groups. Their dental anatomy is characterised by homodonty, hypselodonty, and the absence of enamel in almost all known species. It has been proposed that these peculiarities are related to a primitive adaptation to insectivory and that they represent a strong phylogenetic constraint that restricted, or at least conditioned, adaptations toward other ali- mentary habits. However, the great diversity of forms recorded suggests a number of adaptive possibilities that range from specialised myrmecophagous species to carrion-eaters or predators among the animalivorous, and from selective browsers to bulk grazers among herbivores, as well as omnivores. Whereas armadillos (Dasypodidae) developed varied habits, mostly an- imalivorous but also including omnivores and herbivores, pampatheres (Pampatheriidae) and glyptodonts (Glyptodontidae) were herbivores. Morphofunctional and biomechanical studies have permitted a review of previous hypotheses based solely on comparative morphology. While in some cases these were refuted (carnivory in peltephiline armadillos), they were corrob- orated (carnivory in armadillos of the genus Macroeuphractus; -
Late Cenozoic Large Mammal and Tortoise Extinction in South America
Cione et al: Late Cenozoic extinction Rev.in South Mus. America Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s.1 5(1): 000, 2003 Buenos Aires. ISSN 1514-5158 The Broken Zig-Zag: Late Cenozoic large mammal and tortoise extinction in South America Alberto L. CIONE1, Eduardo P. TONNI1, 2 & Leopoldo SOIBELZON1 1Departamento Científico Paleontología de Vertebrados, 'acultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. 2Laboratorio de Tritio y Radiocarbono, LATYR. 'acultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Corresponding author: Alberto L. CIONE Abstract: During the latest Pleistocene-earliest Holocene, South American terrestrial vertebrate faunas suffered one of the largest (and probably the youngest) extinction in the world for this lapse. Megamammals, most of the large mammals and a giant terrestrial tortoise became extinct in the continent, and several complete ecological guilds and their predators disappeared. This mammal extinction had been attributed mainly to overkill, climatic change or a combination of both. We agree with the idea that human overhunting was the main cause of the extinction in South America. However, according to our interpretation, the slaughtering of mammals was accom- plished in a particular climatic, ecological and biogeographical frame. During most of the middle and late Pleis- tocene, dry and cold climate and open areas predominated in South America. Nearly all of those megamammals and large mammals that became extinct were adapted to this kind of environments. The periodic, though rela- tively short, interglacial increases in temperature and humidity may have provoked the dramatic shrinking of open areas and extreme reduction of the biomass (albeit not in diversity) of mammals adapted to open habitats. -
Limb Reconstruction of Eutatus Seguini (Mammalia
AMEGHINIANA (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.) - 40 (1): 89-101. Buenos Aires, 30-03-2003 ISSN0002-7014 Limb reconstruction of Eutatus seguini(Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). Paleobiological implications Sergio F. VIZCAÍNO1, Nick MILNE2and M. Susana BARGO1 Abstract.Eutatus seguiniGervais is one of the largest members of the family Dasypodidae. It was very common during the Late Pliocene-Early Holocene in Uruguay and central-eastern Argentina. Some speci- mens that include well preserved and complete endoskeletal elements allowed to perform morpho-func- tional and biomechanical studies in order to infer locomotory adaptations. Comparative anatomical de- scriptions of Eutatus seguiniGervais with the recent armadillos Chaetophractus villosus(Desmarest), Dasypus hybridus(Desmarest), and the only living species of similar size Priodontes maximus(Kerr), were made. Its body mass was estimated through allometric equations. Different indices were calculated in or- der to analyse its limb proportions and their correlation with digging habits. The indices were compared with the values recorded for all living armadillo tribes, from mostly cursorial through subterranean. The general architecture and proportions of the limbs of E. seguini, and therefore its digging habits, are similar to those of the Euphractini and Dasypodini. Eutatus seguinishows unique features, for it reaches the size of the hiperspecialised digger and mirmecophagous Priodontes maximus, but with less fossorial specialisa- tion and markedly herbivorous feeding habits. Resumen.RECONSTRUCCIÓNDELOSMIEMBROSDEEUTATUSSEGUINI(MAMMALIA: XENARTHRA: DASYPODIDAE). IMPLICACIONESPALEOBIOLÓGICAS. Eutatus seguiniGervais es uno de los representantes de mayor tamaño de la familia Dasypodidae. Su registro es muy abundante durante el Plioceno tardío-Holoceno temprano del centro oeste de la Argentina y Uruguay y está representado principalmente por placas de la coraza. -
Finite Element Analysis of the Cingulata Jaw: an Ecomorphological Approach to Armadillo’S Diets
RESEARCH ARTICLE Finite Element Analysis of the Cingulata Jaw: An Ecomorphological Approach to Armadillo’s Diets Sílvia Serrano-Fochs1, Soledad De Esteban-Trivigno1,4*, Jordi Marcé-Nogué1,2, Josep Fortuny1,2, Richard A. Fariña3 1 Institut Català de Paleontologia M. Crusafont, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia, Spain, 2 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain, 3 Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, 4 Transmitting Science, Piera, Spain * [email protected] Abstract Finite element analyses (FEA) were applied to assess the lower jaw biomechanics of cingu- late xenarthrans: 14 species of armadillos as well as one Pleistocene pampathere (11 ex- tant taxa and the extinct forms Vassallia, Eutatus and Macroeuphractus). The principal goal of this work is to comparatively assess the biomechanical capabilities of the mandible OPEN ACCESS based on FEA and to relate the obtained stress patterns with diet preferences and variabili- Citation: Serrano-Fochs S, De Esteban-Trivigno S, ty, in extant and extinct species through an ecomorphology approach. The results of FEA Marcé-Nogué J, Fortuny J, Fariña RA (2015) Finite showed that omnivorous species have stronger mandibles than insectivorous species. Element Analysis of the Cingulata Jaw: An Ecomorphological Approach to Armadillo’s Diets. Moreover, this latter group of species showed high variability, including some similar bio- PLoS ONE 10(4): e0120653. doi:10.1371/journal. mechanical features of the insectivorous Tolypeutes matacus and Chlamyphorus truncatus pone.0120653 to those of omnivorous species, in agreement with reported diets that include items other Received: May 4, 2014 than insects. It remains unclear the reasons behind the stronger than expected lower jaw of Accepted: February 3, 2015 Dasypus kappleri. -
A New Species of Eutatus Gervais (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) from the Late Pleistocene of the Northern Pampean Region, Argentina
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org A new species of Eutatus Gervais (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) from the Late Pleistocene of the Northern Pampean Region, Argentina Luciano Brambilla and Damián Alberto Ibarra ABSTRACT The genus Eutatus has been recently revised and only two species were recog- nized over detailed study of the characteristics of fixed osteoderms from the pelvic shield and other elements of postcranium: E. seguini, limited to the Bonaerian Stage/ Age and Lujanian Stage/Age, and E. pascuali, older than the latter, recognized in the Marplatan and Ensenadan Stage/Age. Here, we report a new species of Eutatini, Euta- tus crispianii sp. nov., occurring in the Lujanian Stage/Age and described on the basis of the morphology of fixed osteoderms. Geometric morphometric analysis and statisti- cal analysis of quantitative variables of these elements reveal significant differences between the new species and those previously reported. Luciano Brambilla. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura. Universidad Nacional de Rosario (U.N.R.). Av. Pellegrini 250 - (S2000BTP) Rosario, Argentina. [email protected] Damián Alberto Ibarra. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura. Universidad Nacional de Rosario (U.N.R.). Av. Pellegrini 250 - (S2000BTP) Rosario, Argentina. [email protected] Keywords: South America; Lujanian; Armadillo; Eutatini; Osteoderm; Geometric Morphometrics Submission: 30 April 2016 Acceptance: 28 February 2017 INTRODUCTION (Scillato-Yané et al., 1995; Vizcaíno and Bargo, 2013). Two thirds of the anterior region of the body Armadillos (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) belong was covered with mobile osteoderms arranged in to a particular group present in the faunas of Pam- about 14 articulated bands. The scapular shield pas from the late Miocene to Holocene (Vizcaíno was practically missing as it was rudimentary and and Bargo 1993; Vizcaíno et al., 1995, Soibelzon limited to the flanks of the carapace. -
ABSTRACT GREEN, JEREMY LANE. Enamel
ABSTRACT GREEN, JEREMY LANE. Enamel-Reduction and Orthodentine in Dicynodontia (Therapsida) and Xenarthra (Mammalia): An Evaluation of the Potential Ecological Signal Revealed by Dental Microwear. (Under the direction of Mary H. Schweitzer and Julia Clarke.) Mastication produces dental scar patterns (microwear) linked to diet in extant mammals, providing a baseline for reconstructing paleodiet in extinct taxa. Although microwear on enamel is a well-accepted proxy for dietary inference, microwear on orthodentine has received less attention. Because some synapsids lack enamel on their teeth in maturity (e.g., xenarthran teeth, proboscidean tusks), our understanding of paleoecology from microwear in these animals is limited. This dissertation addresses the central question: are orthodentine microwear patterns reliable indicators of ecology in synapsids? Chapter 1 evaluates the distribution of enamel-reduction across Synapsida to select appropriate taxa to target for this research. Enamel-reduction exhibits homoplasy and has independent origins in 13 synapsid taxa. Members of Dicynodontia, Proboscidea, and Xenarthra were chosen for orthodentine microwear analysis because these groups are species-rich with total enamel loss on teeth in maturity. Chapter 2 establishes the correlation between orthodentine microwear and diet in extant xenarthrans using 255 tooth specimens from 21 species. Tooth sampling loci were standardized across taxa. Mean scratch number was significantly higher for extant xenarthran folivores and frugivore-folivores than carnivore-omnivores or insectivores. This supports utility of microwear in distinguishing herbivorous from non-herbivorous taxa. Orthodentine microwear was examined in the Pleistocene ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis to extend this correlation to extinct taxa. Statistically, microwear in N. shastensis was most similar to extant folivores, corroborating independent evidence for herbivory in this taxon. -
A Survey of Cenozoic Mammal Baramins
The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 8 Print Reference: Pages 217-221 Article 43 2018 A Survey of Cenozoic Mammal Baramins C Thompson Core Academy of Science Todd Charles Wood Core Academy of Science Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Thompson, C., and T.C. Wood. 2018. A survey of Cenozic mammal baramins. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H. Whitmore, pp. 217–221. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Thompson, C., and T.C. Wood. 2018. A survey of Cenozoic mammal baramins. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H. Whitmore, pp. 217–221, A1-A83 (appendix). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. A SURVEY OF CENOZOIC MAMMAL BARAMINS C. Thompson, Core Academy of Science, P.O. Box 1076, Dayton, TN 37321, [email protected] Todd Charles Wood, Core Academy of Science, P.O. Box 1076, Dayton, TN 37321, [email protected] ABSTRACT To expand the sample of statistical baraminology studies, we identified 80 datasets sampled from 29 mammalian orders, from which we performed 82 separate analyses. -
Elio Massoia Su Personalidad Y Su Obra
Julio Rafael Contreras Roqué ELIO MASSOIA SU PERSONALIDAD Y SU OBRA Ensayo bio-bibliográfico acerca del destacado naturalista argentino y su tiempo ELIO MASSOIA SU PERSONALIDAD Y SU OBRA Julio Rafael Contreras Roqué ELIO MASSOIA SU PERSONALIDAD Y SU OBRA Ensayo bio-bibliográfico acerca del destacado naturalista argentino y su tiempo Esta obra contó con el trabajo de edición final de Bárbara Gasparri Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Hidalgo 775 - 7° piso (1405BDB) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires - República Argentina Teléfonos: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228) E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Tapa: Ilustración de Aldo Chiappe (fragmento), publicada en la Revista Vida Silvestre Nº 83, año 2003. Diseño de Fernando Vázquez Mazzini Las opiniones vertidas en el presente libro son exclusiva responsabilidad de su autor y no reflejan opiniones insti- tucionales de los editores o auspiciantes. Re ser va dos los de re chos pa ra to dos los paí ses. Nin gu na par te de es ta pu bli ca ción, in clui do el di se ño de la cu bier- ta, pue de ser re pro du ci da, al ma ce na da o trans mi ti da de nin gu na for ma, ni por nin gún me dio, sea es te elec tró ni co, quí mi co, me cá ni co, elec tro-óp ti co, gra ba ción, fo to co pia, CD Rom, In ter net o cual quier otro, sin la pre via au to ri za ción es cri ta por par te de la edi to rial. -
Hypsodonty in Pleistocene Ground Sloths
Hypsodonty in Pleistocene ground sloths M. SUSANA BARGO, GERARDO DE IULIIS, and SERGIO F. VIZCAÍNO Bargo, M.S., De Iuliis, G., and Vizcaíno, S.F. 2006. Hypsodonty in Pleistocene ground sloths. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (1): 53–61. Although living sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) are represented by only two genera, their fossil relatives form a large and diverse group. The evolution of hypsodonty, the crown height of a tooth, has traditionally been viewed as a response to di− etary shifts toward abrasive vegetation. But recent work indicates that hypsodonty is also due to the higher prevalence of grit and dust in more open environments. The teeth of sloths are both high−crowned and open−rooted, or hypselodont, but distinctions between the selective factors acting to produce differing degrees of hypsodonty have not been rigorously con− sidered. A comparative analysis of hypsodonty was performed in eleven species of Pleistocene sloths. It suggests that dif− ferences in hypsodonty may be explained by dietary preferences, habitat and habits. Among mylodontids, morphologic and biomechanical analyses indicate that hypsodonty was unlikely to be due solely to feeding behavior, such as grazing. Some mylodontids (e.g., Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Lestodon armatus, Glossotherium robustum, Mylodon darwini) were capable diggers that likely dug for food, and ingestion of abrasive soil particles probably played a considerable role in shaping their dental characteristics. Increased hypsodonty over time in Paramylodon harlani, however, is apparently due to a change in habitat from closed to more open environments. Geographical distributions of the megatheriids Eremotherium and Megatherium indicate differing habitats as possible factors in hypsodonty differences. -
Revisiting the Curious Trophic Relationships of South American Pleistocene Mammals and Their Abundance
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2014) 86(1): 311-331 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420120010 www.scielo.br/aabc Splendid oddness: revisiting the curious trophic relationships of South American Pleistocene mammals and their abundance RICHARD A. FARIÑA, ADA CZERWONOGORA and MARIANA DI GIACOMO Universidad de la República, Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay Manuscript received on November 30, 2012; accepted for publication on June 12, 2013 ABSTRACT The South American Pleistocene mammal fauna includes great-sized animals that have intrigued scientists for over two centuries. Here we intend to update the knowledge on its palaeoecology and provide new evidence regarding two approaches: energetics and population density and relative abundance of fossils per taxa. To determine whether an imbalance exists, population density models were applied to several South American fossil faunas and the results compared to those that best describe the palaeoecology of African faunas. The results on the abundance study for Uruguay and the province of Buenos Aires during the Lujanian stage/age reveal that bulk-feeding ground sloths (Lestodon and Glossotherium) were more represented in the first territory, while the more selective Scelidotherium and Megatherium were more abundant in the second. Although the obtained values were corrected to avoid size-related taphonomic biases, linear regressions of abundance vs. body mass plots did not fit the expected either for first or second consumers. South American Pleistocene faunas behave differently from what models suggest they should. -
First Phylogenetic Analysis of the Miocene Armadillo Vetelia Reveals Novel Affinities with Tolypeutinae
First phylogenetic analysis of the Miocene armadillo Vetelia reveals novel affinities with Tolypeutinae DANIEL BARASOAIN, LAUREANO R. GONZÁLEZ RUIZ, RODRIGO L. TOMASSINI, AFREDO E. ZURITA, VÍCTOR H. CONTRERAS, and CLAUDIA I. MONTALVO Barasoain, D., González Ruiz, L.R., Tomassini, R.L., Zurita, A.E., Contreras, V.H., and Montalvo, C.I. 2021. First phylogenetic analysis of the Miocene armadillo Vetelia reveals novel affinities with Tolypeutinae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66 (Supplement to 3): S31–S46. Vetelia is a Miocene genus of armadillos from Argentina and Chile, traditionally included within the subfamily Euphrac tinae (Chlamyphoridae, Cingulata, Xenarthra). It includes the species Vetelia puncta (early–middle Miocene), Vetelia perforata (middle–late Miocene), and Vetelia gandhii (late Miocene), mostly known by isolated osteoderms. In this con tribution, we provide the first description of the skull for this genus, based on new materials (PVSJ289 and PVSJ154) here assigned to V. gandhii. A detailed characterization allows us to amend the diagnosis of the three known species, and to include, for the first time, the genus Vetelia into a morphological phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic results reveal a closer affinity to the Tolypeutinae, including the extant genera Priodontes (giant armadillos), Cabassous (nakedtailed armadillos), and Tolypeutes (three banded armadillos), and the fossil genera Pedrolypeutes and Kuntinaru, than to the Euphractinae. More specifically, Vetelia is included within the Priodontini, as sister group of the clade composed by Cabassous + Priodontes. Taking into account the scarce record of fossil Tolypeutinae, this new proposal fills an impor tant temporal gap in the evolutionary history of this linage. Finally, we also provide new information on the diagnostic morphological characters of the Priodontini and Tolypeutini. -
Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina)
quaternary Review Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications José Luis Prado 1 , María Teresa Alberdi 2,* and Jonathan Bellinzoni 1 1 Departamento de Arqueología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Avda. del Valle 5737, Olavarría, Buenos Aires B7400JWI, Argentina; [email protected] (J.L.P.); [email protected] (J.B.) 2 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Pampean Region contains sedimentary sequences with abundant mammal fossil records, which constitute the chronological outline of the Plio–Pleistocene of South America. These classic localities have been used for more than a century to correlate with other South American regions. Throughout this time, a series of misinterpretations have appeared. To understand the stratigraphic significance of these localities and the geochronological situation of each unit referring to the Pleistocene, a critical historical study of the antecedents was carried out, evaluating the state of each unit. The biostratigraphic studies of the Pampean Region’s mammalian faunas improved the understanding of biogeographic changes taking into account the environmental fluctuations of the Pleistocene. Citation: Prado, J.L.; Alberdi, M.T.; Bellinzoni, J. Pleistocene Mammals Keywords: Pleistocene; mammals; Pampean Region; biostratigraphy; paleoenvironments from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications. Quaternary 2021, 4, 15. https:// 1. Introduction doi.org/10.3390/quat4020015 In 1833, Charles Darwin explored the Pampas of southern Argentina. His annotations, as well as those of D’Orbigny [1], were developed within the framework of the ideas of Academic Editor: Juan Manuel López his time that proclaimed a scheme of the Earth’s past in which the rest of the regions of García the world were incorporated [2].