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Rugby Union Driven Migration As a Means for Sustainable Livelihoods 1 Creation: a Case Study of Itaukei, Indigenous Fijians Rochelle R

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Rugby Union Driven Migration As a Means for Sustainable Livelihoods 1 Creation: a Case Study of Itaukei, Indigenous Fijians Rochelle R Volume 5, Issue 9, December 2017 www.jsfd.org Table of Contents Rugby union driven migration as a means for sustainable livelihoods 1 creation: A case study of iTaukei, indigenous Fijians Rochelle R. Stewart-Withers, Koli Sewabu, Sam Richardson A programme evaluation of ‘Exploring Our Strengths and Our Future’: 21 Making sport relevant to the educational, social, and emotional needs of youth Meredith A. Whitley, William V. Massey, Kelly Farrell A systematic overview of sport for development and peace 36 organisations Per G. Svensson, Hilary Woods Sports-for-development gender equality impacts from basketball 49 programme: Shifts in attitudes and stereotyping in Senegalese youth and coaches Katherine L. Meyer, Kathleen M. Roche Decolonisation in practice: A case study of the Kicking AIDS Out 58 programme in Jamaica Oscar Mwaanga, Kola Adeosun www.jsfd.org Volume 5, Issue 9, July 2017 1 Journal of Sport for Development Rugby union driven migration as a means for sustainable livelihoods creation: A case study of iTaukei, indigenous Fijians Rochelle R. Stewart-Withers1, Koli Sewabu2, Sam Richardson3 1 Massey University, School of People, Environment and Planning 2 Vunilagi Pasifika 3 Massey University, School of Economics and Finance Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Due to their sporting potential, young Fijian rugby athletes Rugby union in Fiji is central to the vaka i taukei have become a highly sought-after sport migrant group. For (indigenous way of life).1,2 The passion and conviction many Fijian families, rugby-generated remittances are a afforded to rugby in Fiji provides a space for hegemonic critical step towards income security and can contribute masculine expression and aspirational social and economic towards achieving social and economic development goals achievement. Therefore many Fijian men see rugby as a at the household and community level. Despite the prospect possible means of livelihood, encouraging them to strive that migrant athletes should be able to dramatically towards the ‘rugby dream.’i With many indigenous Fijians improve their economic positioning and that of their family living below the poverty lineii and the fact that rugby in Fiji back home, the promise and opportunities do not seem to is not bound by classiii where even the poorest can be fully realised, especially in the longer term. By drawing participate, further incentive for viewing rugby as a on survey findings of 70 Fijian athletes, as well as livelihood option can be seen. Recent work undertaken by fieldwork undertaken in Fiji and New Zealand, where 33 Kanemasu and Molnar illustrates the various socio- in-depth interviews occurred, this paper asks: What is the economic and emotional challenges Pacific Island athletes potential development impact of rugby-generated can face post-career.2 Authors such as Besnier3 have also remittances for iTaukei, indigenous Fijian families and considered their experiences from post-colonial and what are some of the challenges athletes and/or their transnational perspectives and in terms of mobility debates. families face ensuring any gains make a difference in the To date no research has been undertaken investigating the longer term? Findings suggest that for many athletes and way rugby union is used as a livelihood strategy. This their families, rugby-generated remittances make a exploratory study aims to better understand rugby as a significant contribution, which enables them to meet livelihood choice by asking broadly: What is the potential consumption needs and wants and allows for capital development impact of rugby-generated remittances for accumulation (tangible and intangible). Thus the potential iTaukei, indigenous Fijians families? More specifically we development impact is seen to be substantial. However, ask: cultural expectations and often related high demands from family, poor financial literacy and limited business Research Question 1: How do remittances contribute to opportunities at home are some of the things impacting any growing capitals and what types of capitals are being sustained effect. The uneven playing field and politics of grown? the rugby landscape were also raised as areas of concern when thinking about rugby as a sustainable livelihoods Research Question 2: How do remittances contribute to option for iTaukei. creating choices and opportunities and what types of Keywords: Fiji, migration, remittances, rugby union, sustainable livelihoods www.jsfd.org Volume 5, Issue 9, July 2017 2 Stewart-Withers et al. Journal of Sport for Development choices and opportunities are being created - now and in the For the purpose of this paper a “livelihood comprises the longer term? capabilities, assets/capital (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of Research Question 3: What are some of the challenges living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with athletes and families face when using rugby as means of and recover from stress and shocks and provide sustainable livelihoods creation, which influences any sustained livelihood opportunities for the next generation, which impact? contributes net benefits to other livelihoods in the short and the long term.”11 In taking a livelihoods approach we place Conceptualising Livelihoods and Capitals people at the centre of analysis, emphasising what people have as oppose to what they lack. In using this approach we Livelihoods theory and practice emerged from the rural and are concerned with strengths as opposed to deficit thinking. agricultural sector and dates back to the work of Robert Great weight is placed on working with existing Chambers.9,10 Founded on the premise that people living in capabilities, making the most of what people can do and can poverty have abilities and assets that can be drawn upon to be.9-15 We are therefore interested in the way rugby is used manage and improve their lives,9-11 livelihoods thinking to build assets (from here on referred to as capitals), also advocates taking a participatory approach to enhance capabilities, and ultimately make the most of what understanding the lives of people experiencing poverty and athletes and families can be now and in the future. In disadvantagement. Many development agencies working in taking a livelihoods approach we also look beyond athlete the Global South have sought to adopt livelihood concepts migration as merely a perpetuation of colonial relationships so as to better understand the means by which poor people between core (First World) and periphery (Third World), make a living, specifically the ‘combination of resources because this diminishes the complexities of the context in used and the activities undertaken in order to live’.9-11 which people live their lives.3 Scoones observes ‘livelihoods’ to be a mobile and flexible Importance of This Study term, in that livelihoods can be attached to a plethora of words to construct whole fields of enquiry and practice. This research is important for three main reasons: Firstly, These relate to locales (e.g., rural or urban livelihoods), widespread access to international migration opportunities occupations (e.g., farming, pastoral or fishing livelihoods), and ensuing remittances are an important contributor to the 16-20 social difference (e.g., gendered, age-defined livelihoods), national income of Pacific Island nations such as Fiji. directions (e.g., livelihood pathways, trajectories), dynamic Rugby athletes, alongside health professionals such as patterns (e.g., sustainable or resilient livelihoods) and many doctors, nurses, peacekeepers and participants in the more.12 Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) schemes, constitute categories of labour migrants who remit. Sport labour It is recognized that poorer communities and households migrants as a specific type of highly skilled migrants are, face greater challenges, so building resiliency is considered however, unique compared to other skilled migrants. Even vital. Households are resilient when they can grow their though sport labor migrants are specialists in their fields, capital and have diverse options. The term ‘capitals’ refers they do not have the security of employment and rights that to the assets households and families have which enables other skilled migrants often enjoy. Careers can be short, them to build a livelihood strategy so as to sustain their unpredictable and precarious.1-3 Success is dependent on the lives.9,11 Capitals are thus the various resources that can be body’s ability to perform.1-3 Careers can end abruptly acquired, consumed, developed, improved and transferred because “athletes’ bodies are inherently fragile and the sport across generations. The literature demonstrates broad industry fickle”.3 (p.849) While athletes can potentially be agreement in terms of capital types, such as financial, well paid, more often they are not. One significant way human, social, personal, or physical. Some authors have sport migrants also differ from other economic migrants included natural capital,9,11 political capital,12 or cultural relates to size of earnings if successful, and therefore the capital.13 More nuanced asset categories have also been size of remittances that can be sent back to kin at home and identified, for example, aspirational, psychological and in diasporic nodes. Migrant athletes, especially those from productive with a relationship between capitals and rights poorer communities, often face a multitude of expectations, being argued.10,14,15
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