(Meru North) 2020 Short Rains Food and Nutrition Security Assessment Report

MERU COUNTY (MERU NORTH) 2020 SHORT RAINS FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY ASSESSMENT REPORT

A Joint Report by the Kenya Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG)1, and Meru (Meru North) County Steering Group

February 2021

1Hellen Omondi and Raphael Khaemba (MOALF& C), Clinton Ogolla (NDMA) and Line Department and Partners

Executive Summary Food security assessments are carried out bi-annually after the long and short rains season. The assessments are conducted in the 23 arid and semi-arid counties in Kenya. The 2020 short rains assessment was carried out in Meru North between 25th and 29th January, targeting six semi-arid sub-counties; Igembe North, Igembe Central, Igembe South, Tigania East, Tigania West, and Buuri. A multi-sectoral approach was adopted during the assessment covering livestock, agriculture health and nutrition, water and sanitation and education sectors. The assessment aimed at establishing an objective, evidence based and transparent food security situation.

Rainfall performance was below normal during the season under review which impacted negatively on pasture and crop production in the Agropastoral zones. Maize production was projected to be 91 percent of long term average (LTA) while beans and sorghum was projected to be 61 and 72 percent of the LTA respectively due to decreased acreage and wildlife damage for sorghum. The area of irrigated crops, including tomatoes, bananas and onions decreased due to low irrigation water. Maize stocks held by households and traders was about 79 and 67 percent of LTA while millers held 29 percent above the LTA. Maize stocks were expected to increase as harvesting progressed. Pasture and browse condition was good across all the marginal zones which was comparable to normal. Milk production increased slightly across the livelihood zones but consumption of milk per household per day was generally within normal.

Market operations were normal across the livelihood zones however; the supply of livestock was low in the markets. The average price of maize in January was Ksh 32 and was below the long term average. The average price of a medium sized goat was Ksh. 4,364 in January which was attributed to good body condition and high market demand. Consequently, with the low maize prices being experienced and good goat prices, the terms of trade (ToT) were above average at Ksh 136 in January 2021 and was favourable to the livestock keepers. Surface water sources recharge was 20 - 60 percent of normal (dams/pans and rivers respectively) as a result of below normal short rains performance.

The proportion of households with acceptable food consumption score was 75 percent in January 2021, implying that most households were consuming an average of 2- 3 meals per day across the livelihood zones with good dietary diversity. Borderline and poor food consumption scores was 24 and one percent respectively. The reduced consumption based coping strategy index (rCSI) for the month of January was 15.6 and above normal. The high rCSI is an indicated that households were employing more severe food based consumption strategies. Household income from the casual labour had tremendously decreased due to impacts of COVID 19 pandemic. The proportion of children with MUAC less than 135 mm was significantly below average compared to the LTA which is attributed to improved child care practices. Based on the food security outcomes, Meru North is classified in the Minimal Phase (IPC Phase 1) food insecurity phase classification.

Executive Summary ...... 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 4 1.1. County Background ...... 4 1.2 Methodology and approach ...... 4 2. DRIVERS OF FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY IN THE COUNTY...... 5 2.1. Rainfall Performance ...... 5 2.2. Insecurity/Conflict ...... 5 2.3 Other shocks and hazards ...... 5 3. IMPACTS OF DRIVERS ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY ...... 6 3.1. Availability ...... 6 3.1.1. Crop Production ...... 6 3.1.2 Cereals stock ...... 7 3.1.2 Livestock Production ...... 8 3.2. Access ...... 12 3.2.1. Market Operations ...... 12 3.2.2. Terms of Trade (TOT) ...... 13 3.2.3. Income Sources ...... 13 3.2.4 Water access and availability ...... 14 3.2.4. Food Consumption ...... 15 3.2.5 Coping strategies Index ...... 16 3.3. Utilization ...... 16 3.3.1. Morbidity and mortality patterns ...... 16 3.3.2 Immunization and Vitamin A coverage (Supplementation) ...... 17 3.3.5 Public interventions and community level actions ...... 18 3.3.6 Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 19 3.4 Trends of key food security indicators ...... 19 3.5 Education ...... 20 3.5.1. Enrolment ...... 20 4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS ...... 21 4.1 Prognosis Assumptions ...... 21 4.2 Food Security Outlook March to May ...... 22 5.0 CONCLUSION AND INTERVENTIONS ...... 23 5.1 Conclusion ...... 23 5.1.1 Phase classification ...... 23 5.1.2 Summary of Findings ...... 23 5.1.1. Sub-county ranking ...... 23 5.1. Ongoing Interventions ...... 24

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1.County Background Meru County is located in Eastern Kenya where the peaks of Mt. Kenya cuts through the county in the southern border. The county borders 27% Isiolo County to the North, Tharaka Agropastoral Nithi to the East, and Laikipia to the 50% West. The County comprises of Rainfed Eleven administrative sub-counties Mixed Farming namely; Igembe North, Igembe 23% Central, Igembe South, Tigania East, Tigania West, Tigania central, Buuri East, Buuri west, Imenti Central, Figure 1: Proportion of population by livelihood zones Imenti South, and Imenti North Sub- counties. The County covers an estimated area of 6,936.2 Km² of which 1,776.1 km² is Meru National Park. The assessment covered Meru North with a population of 1,026,975 (KNBS 2019 Census). There are three main livelihood zones: Mixed Farming (Food crops, Tea, Coffee and dairy) comprising of 50 percent of the population, Agro-pastoral livelihood zone with 27 percent of the population and Rain-fed cropping zones with 23 percent of population as shown in figure 1.

1.2 Methodology and approach Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this assessment. The secondary data was obtained from National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) early warning bulletin, District Health Information System (DHIS) data, information provided in the assessment briefing Kit which included; market prices, MUAC trends and rainfall performance estimate graphs and maps, Livelihood zone data and previous assessment reports. Primary data was obtained from checklist administration, key informant interviews, focus group discussions as well as observation through transect drives. The CSG meeting was conducted where the preliminary county report was shared by the technical sector working group. Discussions were held and thereafter teams for field visit were constituted with representatives from the various sectors and relevant development partners. Sample sites, transect drive routes and interview sites were also selected based on livelihood zones and criteria such as areas of crop failure, areas infested by locusts, markets, hospitals, schools, areas of water stress among others. During the transect drives interviews were conducted in Kianjai Laare, Mulika and Mikinduri. The CSG technical members analysed both quantitative and qualitative data collected from all sectors and produced a county report that was disseminated to the CSG during the debriefing meeting. Further analysis was conducted using the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC).

2. DRIVERS OF FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY IN THE COUNTY 2.1. Rainfall Performance The county receives bi-modal rainfall with the short rains of October- November-December (OND) being the significant season. The season contributes more to crop and livestock production. The onset of the short rains was late in the first dekad of October compared to the normal onset of the third dekad of October. The rainfall was below average and the distribution poor and uneven in terms of time and space respectively across the region. The amount of rainfall was 50-75 percent of normal range in most parts of the region except Buuri and North Imenti sub-counties and localized areas in the Figure 2: Performance of Rainfall in Meru North other sub-counties that received 78-90 percent of the Normal rains (Figure 2). Cessation was in the third dekad of December which was normal.

2.2. Insecurity/Conflict Human-wildlife conflict was reported in Mea in Igembe North where herds of elephants destroyed crops at the farms. Migration was experienced from Kina (Isiolo County) to Kinanduba to Kisimani Tharaka County, Ndumuru (Igembe North county) and Mariara area of Igembe Central Sub County. Internal and external migrations of livestock limited access to pasture and insecurity in the region.

2.2COVID 19 Pandemic Low supply of livestock and volumes traded due to low demand. Low income among household was a driver in low food diversity and increased livelihood coping strategies. Low health seeking behaviour as well as increased school dropout was reported.

2.3 Other shocks and hazards Crop failure due poor rainfall performance resulted in low production of crops in Agropastoral zone. Desert locust infestation was experienced in pasture and browse in Agro-pastoral areas of Mariara in Igembe Central and Kachuru in Igembe North however, the damage was minimal since the situation was controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture in the affected areas. Outbreak of livestock diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Anthrax, Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Rabies resulted in decreased productivity and increased expenditure for treatment of infections. Ring vaccination was ongoing to contain infections.

3. IMPACTS OF DRIVERS ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY 3.1. Availability 3.1.1. Crop Production The county is largely dependent on the short rains season which contributes to about 70 percent of crop production. Food crop production contributes 29 percent to cash income in the Rain-fed cropping livelihood zone and 13 percent in the Agro-pastoral livelihood zones. The main food crops grown across all livelihood zones in order of importance include maize, beans and sorghum. The main cash crops are tea, coffee and “miraa” which are mostly produced in the rain-fed and mixed farming-tea, coffee livelihood zones. Maize contributes to 40 and 56 percent to cash income and food in the Agro-pastoral livelihood zone; while it contributes to 10 percent cash income and 45 percent of food in the mixed farming- tea, coffee and dairy livelihood zone and in the Rain-fed it contributes to 43 percent to cash income and 40 percent of food in the Rain-fed cropping livelihood zone.

Rain-fed Crop Production The acreage of maize increased slightly by about 9 percent due to relief seed issued by Syngenta and Meru County Government. However, beans and sorghum acreage decreased by was 75 and 93 percent respectively of the long term average (LTA). The production for maize, beans and sorghum was projected to be 91, 61 and 72 percent of the LTA respectively. The drop in production in sorghum was also attributed to wildlife conflicts in Mea, Ndumuru and kinanduba areas resulting in damage of approximately 250 ha of sorghum while beans production reduced to low acreage planted. As a result of COVID-19 pandemic, availability and access to farm inputs was limited due to low income which was also attributed to loss of market for the Miraa.

Table 1: :Rain fed Crop Production in Meru North Crop Area planted Long Term 2019 short rains Long Term Average during 2019 short Average area season Projected production during the rains season planted during production (90 kg short rains season (90 (Ha) the short rains bags) kg bags) season (Ha) 1.Maize 53,827 49,493 47,1889 51,8170 2.Beans 25,990 34,593 166650 248,288 3.Sorghum 4,497 4,857 39,801 54,702

Irrigated crop production Irrigation is done in both small and large scale. The irrigation schemes include: -Kiorimba in Tigania West, Kaumbura in Igembe South and Kanjoo in Igembe Central. The main crops put under irrigation are tomatoes, kales and onions. The acreage under tomatoes, bananas and onions was 85, 88 and 92 percent of LTA for respectively. The decrease in acreage was largely attributed to reduced water for irrigation due to poor rainfall performance. The production of tomatoes, bananas and onions was projected to be 88, 79 and 77 percent of the LTA respectively (Table2). Fungal diseases due to heavy downpour in the month of November also contributed to reduced tomato production. In terms of gender, men, women and some youths are all involved in horticultural production.

Table 2: Irrigated Crop Production in Meru North Crop Area planted Long Term 2019 Short rains Long Term during 2019 Average season projected Average Short rains area planted production production during season during the (90 kg bag) the short rains (Ha) short rains season season (Ha) (90 kg bag) 1. Tomatoes 142 167 1945 2200 2. Bananas 112 126 1931 2448 3. Onions 46 50 200 260

3.1.2 Cereals stock The main staple foods consumed across all the livelihoods zones are maize and beans. Sorghum and millet is mainly sold with limited use at household level. The total maize stock held by all actors was 79 percent of the LTA. Maize with households and traders was about 78 and 67 percent of the LTA while millers held 29 percent above the LTA. Reduction in household maize stock was attributed to depletion of carryover stocks from the 2020. Low stock with traders was as a result of low demand for maize and reduced supply from external sources (Uasin Gishu and Kitale). Sorghum stock with household, trader and millers was 71, 67 and 81 percent of the LTA. The decrease in sorghum is attributed to low production as a result of destruction by wildlife. stocks were about 70 percent of the LTA. Pearl millets stock with household, trader and millers was 59, 79and 87 percent of the LTA which was attributed to poor performance of the short rains and depleted household stocks (Table 3). Household food stocks are expected to increase from February as harvesting continues.

Table 3: Cereals stock in Meru County Commodity Maize Rice Sorghum Millet

Current LTA Current LTA Current LTA Current LTA Farmers 72171 92641 148 180 3564 5040 1153 1950 Traders 31968 47520 9504 9355 2216 3319 1580 2004 Millers 15557 12000 0 0 405 500 515 590 Total 119696 152161 9652 9535 6185 8859 3248 4544

3.1.2 Livestock Production The main reared livestock species in the county are; cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. Other livestock kept are donkeys. Contribution of livestock to cash income and food is illustrated in (Table 4).

Table 4: Livestock Average Percentage Contribution of Cash Income Livelihood Cattle Goats Sheep zone Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent contribution contribution contribution contribution contribution contribution to Cash to Food to Cash to Food to Cash to Food Income Income Income Agro- 60 4 10 20 6 10 pastoral Rain-fed 8 40 61 10 5 7 Mixed 15 8 25 10 40 70

Most farmers with small land sizes have turned to rearing of dairy goats and improved indigenous chicken that provide food at home and income. The county government of Meru is putting up livestock marketing grounds in potential livestock market centres such as Kangeta, Muthara, Ngundune, Kianjai, Mulika and Kandebene.

Pasture and Browse Condition Pasture and browse condition was good across all the marginal zones which was comparable to normal. However, the condition of pasture is progressively deteriorating in Agro-pastoral zone (Ndubai and Rikiau of Igembe Central and Ntululi in Tigania West) where rainfall was very low. In the Mixed farming and Rainfed Cropping zone pasture and browse is expected to last for two months and one month in the Agropastoral zone. Access to pasture in Agro-pastoral zone areas of Amwathi, Antuambui, A/kiongo wards in Igembe North, Karama Muthara wards in Tigania East, Ruiri, Rwarera, Kisima wards in Buuri Sub county is constrained by insecurity and conflicts due to migration of livestock from Isiolo County as well as wildlife conflict. Crop residues that includes bean husks, banana leaves and stems, dried up maize and maize stover are currently being conserved in rainfed and mixed farming zone in anticipation of feed shortage (Table 5).

Table 5: Pasture and browse Condition Livelihood Pasture condition How long to last Browse condition How long to last zone (Months) (Months) Current Normally Current Normally Current Normally Current Normally Mixed Good Good 2 2 Good Good 2 2 farming Rain-fed Good Good 2 2 Good Good 2 2 Cropping

Agro- Good Good 1 2 Good Good 2 2 pastoral

Fodder production and storage There are about 16 main fodder/hay stores and small stockists who store and sell fodder in small quantities. Hay is mostly sold commercially by traders to stockists and farmers. About 12,040 bales were stored in hay stores. Large scale farmers in Buuri Sub county do commercial pasture production. A balance of 3450 bales are held in the stores (Table 6)

Table 6: Fodder production and storage Sub County No. of Storage No. of Bales Average Average Comments percentage Hay Capacity currently Weight per price held by farmers and Stores (bales) being held bale (in per bale other Institutions Kgs) (Kshs.) Igembe South 2 1500 500 15-20 220 20% by farmers 80 by Arimi dairy. Igembe 8 240 100 10 250 60% farmers North 40 % in stores Igembe Small 1100 600 15 250 20% farmers Central stockists 80 by stores Tigania/East 2 1200 250 15-20 200-250 Buuri 4 8000 2000 15 200 20% farmers 80% by stores Total 16 12040 3450 15-20 200-250 20% farmers 80% by stores

Livestock Body Condition The livestock body condition was good for all species across all the livelihood zones and was comparable to normal. The good livestock body condition is expected to remain stable for the next two months in mixed farming and rainfed zones and one month in Agropastoral zone (Table 7).

Table 7: Livestock Body Condition Livelihood zone Cattle Sheep Goat Current Normally Current Normally Current Normally

Agro-Pastoral Good Good Good Good Good Good Mixed Farming Good Good Good Good Good Good Rain-fed Good Good Good Good Good Good

Tropical Livestock Unit (TOTS) The current tropical livestock units per household across the livelihoods for the both poor and medium income households was comparable to normal across all the livelihoods zones (Table 8). The herd numbers per species has remained the same over the last years since the stocking rate is determined holding capacity that has remained same in respect to land sizes.

Table 8: Tropical Livestock Units for the Poor and Medium Households Livelihood zone Poor income households Medium income households Current Normal Current Normal Agro-pastoral 1-2 1-2 2-3 2-3 Rain fed 1-2 1-2 3-5 3-5 Mixed farming 3-4 3-4 >10 >10

Birth rate There were normal birth rates due to good pasture conditions, however, fertility rates and breeding rate are expected to decline in all livelihood zones as pasture and browse conditions diminish in the Agropastoral zone.

Milk Production and Consumption Milk production and availability at household level increased slightly compared to long term average (Table 9) which was attributed improved livestock management. However, production of milk is projected to drop gradually especially in Agro-pastoral due to deteriorating pasture and browse. Consumption of milk per household was within the LTA however very low consumption was reported in Agropastoral zone (Ndubai and Rikiau of Igembe Central and Ntululi in Tigania West) where forage regeneration was poor. Over 60 percent of the milk produced was consumed at the household while the rest was sold. Milk prices were within normal but prices are likely to increase as production reduces in the Agropastoral zone.

Table 9: Milk Production Consumption and Prices Livelihood zone Milk Production Milk Consumption Prices (Ksh.) per (Litres) per (Litres)per Litre Household Household Current LTA Current LTA Current LTA Mixed Farming 4-5 4 1-2 1-2 50 50 Rain-fed 3-4 3 1-2 1-2 50 50 Agro-pastoral 2-3 2 <1 <1 50 50

Migration Migrations of livestock within the county was experienced during the short rains due to poor short rains distribution leading to uneven performance of pasture and browse. The migrations are earlier than normal and have been triggered by below average performance of 2020 short rain rains in neighbouring counties of Isiolo Garissa and Isiolo. The current migration routes and pattern are involving cattle, goats and camel are: Kina (Isiolo county) to Kinanduba to Kisimani Tharaka county, Ndumuru (Igembe North county) and Mariara area of Igembe Central Sub County. Other migration routes anticipated to start with time include: Isiolo county to Ruiri, Rwarera- Gitoro - Kibirichia into Mt Kenya forest, Laikipia County to Sirimon area (Timau ward-Buuri Sub county Meru county) into Mt Kenya forest and Laikipia County to Kangaita (Timau ward -Meru County) into Mount Kenya. Migrations has resulted in tension over resources with the host communities, insecurity environmental degradation, crop damage, livestock pests and diseases transmission. The respective county administration and elder were arbitrating on the same. The situation is expected to persist until the onset rains of the long rains.

Livestock Diseases and Mortalities The common diseases experienced were Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Anthrax, Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and rabies across all the livelihood zones. There was outbreak of LSD in Kilili-Athiru Gaiti ward and Kisimani village of Kanuni ward in Rainfed livelihood zone in Igembe South sub county, Muthara ward in Tigania East sub county and Kibirichia ward Buuri sub county. About 13,500 cattle were vaccinated against LSD, 11,000 cattle against foot and Mouth disease and Anthrax. A total of 700 goats were vaccinated against Contagious caprine Pleuro pneunia in Rainfed Cropping and Agropastoral Zones. Ring vaccination campaigns were done and still going on to some areas. Outbreaks of diseases caused markets closure and restricted livestock movement restrictions which negatively impacted on livestock sales and income.

Water for Livestock The current water sources for livestock are; rivers, boreholes, water pans, and springs which is normal at this time of the year. Following below average performance rainfall, most water sources especially in Agro-pastoral zones are depressed thus increasing the trekking distance and decreasing watering frequency. Watering frequency was on a daily basis for livestock in both Mixed and Rainfed Cropping zones while in Agropastoral Zones was it was on alternate days for cattle and goats. Camels watering was done after 5 days and was expected to increase to seven days as more livestock migrate into the county from Isiolo County. The current, trekking distance in Mixed farming LZ is less than one kilometre and was comparable to normal. Water trekking distance in the Rainfed Cropping zones was less than one kilometre compared to normal of 1-2 km. In the Agropastoral zone the trekking distance was currently about 5 km compared to the normal 7 km or more. The water availability is expected to last for about 2 months across all livelihood zones.

Table 10: Water for Livestock Livelihood zone Return distances Expected duration to Watering frequency (km) last (months) Current Normal Current Normal Current Normal Mixed farming <1 <1 2 2 Daily Daily Rain- fed farming <1 1-2 2 2 Daily Daily Agro-pastoral 7 >7 1 1 Alternate Daily days

3.2. Access 3.2.1. Market Operations The main livestock market in the county is Ngundune while Maua market is solely for food commodities. Other markets serving both livestock and food commodities are: Kianjai Laare, Mulika, Mikinduri and Timau markets. Market operations were normal across the livelihood zones. The main sources for livestock traded were the neighboring County of Isiolo and some minimal from the local supply. The main livestock traded were goats, sheep and cattle. The supply of staple food commodities was normal across the markets in the livelihoods while livestock supply to markets and volumes traded was low. Food commodities traded in the market were largely from both local and external supply. The demand for commodities was generally low across markets which was attributed to low income as a result of loss of livelihood associated with COVID 19 pandemic.

Maize prices Maize prices were below the long term average during the period under review. The decline in maize prices was attributed to available stock with household which was attributed to onset of short rains harvest in January 2021. The average price of a kilo of maize was Ksh 32 across the livelihood zones and was slightly below the 2015-2019 average prices (Figure 3). The average market price is within the long term average price of Ksh. 35 at this time of the year. Figure 3: Prices of maize in Meru North Goat Prices The average price of a medium sized goat was Ksh. 4,364 in January which was attributed to good body condition and high market demand. The trend in goat prices shows above average and stable prices from October 2020 to January 2021. The five-year

Figure 4: Goat Prices in Meru North average prices (2015-2019) were lower compared to the 2020 prices at the same time (Figure 4). Most household were not selling livestock to cater for obligations such as school fees and there no distress sales. Goats prices are likely to remain above average in the next 2 months in the Mixed farming and Rainfed Cropping zone due to good forage.

Terms of Trade (TOT) The Terms of trade show an upward trend from November to December 2020 which is attributed to above average goat price against a decrease in maize price. The TOT in January was at 136 kilograms of maize from the sale of a goat. TOT for the period was higher than the five-year average value (Figure 5). The terms of trade are expected to increase with the improved body condition and the decreasing trend for the maize prices for the next 2 months. Figure 5: Terms of Trade in Meru North 3.2.2. Income Sources The main sources of income in Meru North included casual waged labour, livestock and poultry production and crop production (cash and food crop). Casual labour was readily available at the onset of short rain harvesting and improving income from sale of ‘Miraa’’ which is considered as a major cash crop (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Household Income sources in Meru North

3.2.4 Water access and availability The three main water sources are piped water, rivers/springs and bore holes. The proportion of households accessing the various water sources is as shown in figure 7. Igembe North has no permanent rivers hence springs and bore holes are the main sources. In the Agro-pastoral livelihood zones pans/dams had low volumes of water. In the mixed farming livelihood zone and rain fed livelihood zones, piped water and springs have good flows and operation of bore holes Figure 7: Water Sources in Meru North are normal. Surface water sources recharge was 20 -60 percent of normal (dams/pans and rivers respectively) due to below than normal rains. River/springs, are expected to last for 1-2 months across all livelihood zones as they still hold 15- 35 percent of their capacities.

The demand for irrigation water has decreased due to market disruption that led to low demand for Miraa. In the Agro-pastoral zone, there was more concentration at water sources in Mariara and Buloi borehole due to breakdown of Ndumuuru borehole as well as migration of livestock from the neighbouring Isiolo County. The non-operational water sources are Igembe South (Kilili, Ntherone), Igembe Central (Gatwe, Ruraya) and Igembe North (Buloi, Kirera,) due to siltation of pans/dams and broken embankments. Some boreholes have broken down hand pumps, submersible pumps and solar panels stolen and broken down power control units. There are also boreholes that were drilled but have not been equipped.

Distance to Water Sources The return distances to water for domestic use remained normal at 4 Km in the rain fed Livelihood Zone. The Agro-pastoral livelihood zone recorded reduced distances at 7 Km compared the normal 9 Km due to the new drilled and equipped boreholes. Whilst in the mixed farming the return distances remained normal at 1-2 Km.

Waiting time at the Source Waiting time at water sources across two the livelihood zones remained within normal except in the Mixed farming livelihood zone where there was no waiting time as water is sourced from recharged rivers and springs. In the Agro-pastoral livelihood zone areas, the waiting time remained normal at 20-30 minutes. Whilst in the rain fed livelihood zones the waiting time at boreholes was normal at 5-10 minutes.

Cost of Water The cost of water remained normal for piped water from schemes and community projects where there is a set fixed monthly fee averaging to Ksh 150. However, water from boreholes was charged at Ksh. 2- 5 for a 20-litre jerry can, depending on the facility. In other parts of the livelihood zone, water sourced from vendors retailed at 20-30 shillings per 20-litre jerry can. In Kachiuru the cost of water was high at 50 shillings per 20 litre jerry can which is normal during this period of time.

Water Consumption The average water consumption per person per day in Agro-pastoral and Mixed farming livelihood zones was within the normal range while the Rainfed cropping zone water consumption increased slightly from 15-17 to 18-20 litres per person per day. The method of domestic waste disposal was largely at crude dumping and compost pit which in some cases leads to water contamination.

Table 10: Distances to water sources, waiting time, cost of water and consumption Ward / Return Distance Cost of Water at Waiting Time at Average Water livelihood to Water for Source (Ksh. Per Water Source Consumption zone Domestic Use 20litres) (Minutes) (Litres/person/day) (Km) Normal Current Normal Current Normal Current Normal Current Agro- 8-9 6-7 2-10 2-10 30 20-30 10-15 10-15 pastoral Mixed 1 1 2-3 2-3 3-5 0 15-20 15-20 farming Rain fed 1-2 1-2 2-3 2-3 5-10 5-10 15-17 18-20

3.2.3. Food Consumption

Based on data from NDMA, the 100 93 proportion of household with 90 80 acceptable food consumption 69 score was 75 percent implying 70 60 that the households were 50 consuming an acceptable diet in 40 30 terms of meal frequency, dietary 30 diversity, nutritional value and 20 Proportion of Households (%) 10 7 quantity. Most the households 1 consumed; grains and pulses for 0 Agropastoral Rainfed Cropping six to seven days, vegetables for an average of four days and fruits Figure 8: Household Consumption Scores for five days. The mangoes season was on across the region therefore increasing availability at household level. The Proportion of households with borderline food and poor food consumption score was 24 percent and one percent respectively. Consumption of milk and meat was minimal across the livelihood zones

(Figure 8). The average milk consumption per household per day was 1.2 litres and was comparable to long term average compared. Most of the milk is sold to cater for cater for other basic needs.

3.2.5 Coping strategies Index The reduced consumption based coping strategy index (rCSI) for the month of January was 15.6 and above normal. The high rCSI is an indication that households were employing more severe food based consumption strategies. The Agro-pastoral livelihood zone recorded a higher coping strategy index of 16.5 while the Rainfed cropping zone recorded a coping strategy index 13.1 (Figure 9) The reduced consumption based coping strategies employed by the households were; reduced portion size of meals and reliance on less Figure 9: rCSI by livelihood zones preferred food across the livelihood zones.

3.3.Utilization 3.3.1. Morbidity and mortality patterns The three most prevalent diseases in the region were upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), Diarrhoea and Malaria. Morbidity cases were on the decline for all the three diseases. Cases of URTI decreased by 15 percent in children under five and 59 percent in the general population. M Diarrhoea cases decreased by 51 percent for under-fives and 44 percent among general population. Malaria cases decreased by 22 percent for children less than five years and 26 percent for the general population (Figure10) Source: DHIS Data Report No. MOH 705A Outpatient Summary <5 years

Figure 10: Morbidity Trend in Meru North

Source: DHIS Data Report No. MOH 705A Outpatient Summary <5 years

Epidemic prone diseases such as measles, dysentery and outbreak reported were low. Dysentery cases reduced by42 percent (277 cases in July to December, 2020 compared to 479 cases in similar period 2019 and 4 cases reported for measles (Figure 11). Low cases recorded was attributed to health care workers strike and low attendance of clients to health facilities due to fear of Figure 11: Trend in Epidemic Prone Diseases COVID 19 pandemic (Figure 8). Source: DHIS Data Report No. MOH 705A Outpatient

3.3.2 Immunization and Vitamin A coverage (Supplementation) Generally, attendance for MCH services has improved yielding and has impacted positively on immunization coverage. The proportion of fully immunized children between July to December 2020 was 70 percent compared to 66 percent in the previous year at the same time. Vitamin A supplementation improved from 49 percent in 2019 to 90 percent in 2020 for 6-11 months and 32 percent to 44 percent same period. However, immunization and Vitamin A coverage are still below the expected target of the National target of 80 percent (Table 12). The health facilities are stabilizing with the normalizing COVID prevalence in the country. Vitamin A supplementation exercise is carried out in the County through community strategy at the community level.

Table 11: Immunization and Vitamin A coverage Sub county Percentage of fully immunized Year children in the county July -December 2020 Buuri 71 Igembe Central 80 Igembe North 47 Igembe south 100 Tigania East 71 Tigania west 58 Meru North 70 July -December 2019 Buuri 72 Igembe Central 58 Igembe North 63 Igembe south 84 Tigania East 65

Tigania west 57 Meru North 66 Source DHISMOH 710 Vaccines and Immunizations

3.3.3 Nutritional status and dietary diversity. Based on surveillance data from NDMA, the proportion of children under five-years with MUAC <135mm in January 2021 was 25.0 1.4 percent. The proportion of children with MUAC 20.0 <135mm was below average compared to the long term 15.0 average which was attributed to improved (Figure 12) child 10.0 care practices. Children accessed 4-5 food groups per 'at risk' (MUAC<135mm 5.0 day and exclusive breastfeeding rates were 0.0 estimated at about 65 percent Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec as per household interviews. 2021 Average (2015-2019) 2019 2020 Out of the sampled children at risk of malnutrition in Figure 12: Proportion of children at risk of Malnutrition December, only two children in Igembe Central in areas of Kalimbeni were identified as malnourished and were referred for supplementary feeding and monitoring.

3.3.3 Health and Nutrition Sector in COVID -19 Context Health services are ongoing across the sub-counties and the number of patients seeking health was still low during the period under review. The outreach services were suspended due to COVID-19 regulations and restrictions. The CHVs were trained on COVID – 19 preventions and continue with preventive health services. Stock out of commodities used for management of acute malnutrition was reported in most facilities. Enrollment and follow-up of IMAM program were affected by COVID 19 effects.

3.3.4 Public interventions and community level actions The health care workers are provided with masks and sanitizers for use while on duty. The social safety nets currently in place include provision of monthly stipend to the elderly by the national government. A County health stakeholder’s forum exist and consists of all partners who support various services and program in the department of health. Nutrition sector is represented by nutrition partners, at the moment UNICEF is the only partner in the County supporting commodities used in IMAM program.

3.3.6 Coordination and leadership in COVID-19 pandemic preparedness and response The County has identified a coordinator to spear head continuation of health care amidst COVID- 19 and plans are underway to sensitize other health services. The county has put up various isolation facilities in all wards. A 9 bed capacity ICU has been operationalized in the level 5 hospital. Triage guidelines have been implemented in all health facilities. Various staff have been

18 trained in handling COVID-19 patients. Continuing medical education (CME) are ongoing at all sub-counties to ensure that all staff are up to date with COVID 19 pandemic issues. Personal Protective Equipments (PPES) are available across all health facilities for use by all health workers. All national guidelines are being implemented in all health facilities. The sub-county/ county preparedness committee meets weekly to evaluate and lay down measures for prevention and management of cases

3.3.5 Sanitation and Hygiene Latrine coverage for the period under review remained stable at 95 percent in July to December 2020 and was comparable to January to June 2020 (Table 13). Data from the public health office indicated that water treatment was being done by 47 percent of the households. Despite high latrine coverage, human waste disposal is poor in some parts of Igembe South where water contamination was reported at River Mboone.

Table 12: Latrine Coverage Sub County January to June 2020 July to December 2020 % Coverage % Coverage Igembe south 98 98 Igembe north 93 93 Igembe central 96 97 Tigania east 93 94 Tigania West 97 97 Buuri 98 98 Meru North 95 95

3.4 Trends of key food security indicators Table 13 Food Security Trends Indicator Long rains assessment, July Short rains assessment, Jan 2019 2021 Maize stocks held all actors 62 percent 79 Livestock body condition Agro-pastoral Good to fair Good Mixed Farming Good Good Rain fed Good Good farming Water consumption (litres Agro-pastoral 10 lpppd 10-15 per person per day) Mixed Farming 20 lpppd 15-20 Rain fed 18-20 17 lpppd farming Price of maize (per kg) 45-50 32 Distance to grazing Agro-pastoral 10-15 6-7 Mixed Farming 1 1

Indicator Long rains assessment, July Short rains assessment, Jan 2019 2021 Rain fed 4.5 1-2 farming Terms of trade ( Pastoral 98kgs 136 kgs zone) Coping strategy index 14.6 6.5 Food consumption score Poor 12.9 1 Borderline 40.5 24 Acceptable 46.6 75

3.5 Education 3.5.1.Enrolment The enrolment for both boys and girls in term two 2021 decreased by 917 children and 8427 pupils and 1766 students for ECDE, primary and secondary schools respectively compared to term one 2020. There was a high drop for boys at 4304 pupils which was contributed to child labour in miraa farms and boda business done by boys to sustain household food requirement. Enrolment dropped for girls was 4123 and was attributed to pregnancy cases and engagement as house helps (Table 15). Other reasons for drop in enrolment included fear of COVID19 infection, migration out of the region and relocation or transfer to school out of the county. Attendance rate for both boys and girls decreased after reopening in all levels ECD, primary and secondary school.

Table 14:Enrolment rates Term II 2021(current) Term I 2020 (previous) Enrollment № Boys № Girls Total № Boys № Girls Total ECD 17,001 16,158 33,159 17,173 16,902 34,076 Primary 74,994 76,744 151,738 79,298 80,867 160,165

Secondary 25,354 28,212 53,566 26,659 28,673 55,332

Effects of COVID 19 Pandemic in schools The long closure of schools due COVID 19 Pandemic resulted in increased dropouts at all levels of education, cases of child labour, Circumcision for girls in Tigania west and increased pregnancy case among girls. Preventive measures for COVID 19 that were instituted before opening of schools included provision of face mask, hand washing basin, hand washing detergents and sanitizers. The Ministry of Education provided lockers and desks to schools to ensure sufficient social distance in classes. E-learning was low across all the sub-counties at 0-20 percent for ECD and 20-40 percent for primary and secondary schools as shown in Table 16

Table 15: Estimated percent of learning continuity Livelihood Zone Estimated % of Learning Food Cases of child abuse during continuity (e-learning by KICD) storage pro-longed closure during pro-longed closure during prolonged closure

Sub County ECD Primary Secondary Boys Girls Tigania/East 0-20% 20-40% 20-40% fair Child labour 87 pregnancy

Tigania /West 0-20% 0-20% 0-20% Poor Boda pregnancy Circumcision for girls IgembE/South 0-20% 20-40% 20-40% Fair Child labour Pregnancy

Igemb/Central 0-20% 0-20% 0-20% Good Child labour Migration, pregnancy Igemb/North 0 0-20% 0-20% fair Pregnancy high BUURI 0-20% 20-40% 20-40% fair Child labour 11pregnancy

3.5.3 Effects of Long rains on schools There short rains caused damage to some schools such as sinking of pit latrines for 62 ECD, 65 primary school and 37 secondary schools in the region. Poor condition of latrines was likely to increase cases of open defecation if new latrines are not constructed.

3.5.4 School Feeding There are no ongoing feeding programme for primary and secondary schools however, the County government had previously initiated milk programme in all public ECDE schools but provision of milk had not been effected in term two. The Day Secondary Schools occasionally received food from by the government through the Ministry of Interior but food had not been distributed for term two. Students in secondary school pay fees to cater for their meals while in primary school, they carry their food for the lunches and some learners also skip meals.

Inter Sectoral links where available The county short rain contributed increased availability of harvested through roof catchment at home and in schools however some schools do not have sufficient water due to lack of or inadequate storage facilities. Sanitation and hygiene conditions is a major challenge in school with inadequate functional latrine, lack of hand washing facilities and no access to safe water (18). Menstrual support/dignity kits (sanitary pads) are not provided in school. Inability to afford the sanitary pads is a contributing factor to absenteeism, school dropout and poor performance for girls.

4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS 4.1 Prognosis Assumptions The county’s food security prognosis for the next six months is based on the following assumptions:  According to the Kenya Meteorological forecast, there is increased likelihood of below average March-May long rains 2021.

 Based on long term price trends from NDMA sentinel data, the prices of staple foods are likely increase above the long term average from March due below average 2020 short rains harvests and diminishing household stocks.  Based on the trends of long term price from NDMA bulletin, the goat prices are likely to remain above the long term average and the terms of trade are likely to increase slightly above the LTA for the next three months.  The current livestock good body condition is likely to be sustained until the March –May rains recharges forage and water resources.  The desert locust infestation is still present and will likely continue up to February-March which may affect pasture condition.

4.2 Food Security Outlook March to May Food Stocks at households’ level will improve slightly across the livelihood Zones up to end of March from the short rain 2020 harvest. Food prices are likely to start increasing towards the month of March as household stocks progressively diminish. Most low income household especially in the Marginal Mixed Farming zone are likely experience reduced access to food. Livestock prices are likely to increase up to end of May due to improved livestock body condition as a result of forage regeneration and water availability. Terms of Trade will be favorable to Livestock farmers compared to crop farmers and the trend is expected to continue until the beginning of the long rainy season. The March to May long rains are expected promote forage and recharge water resources by mid-April and by mid-March hence lambing and kidding is anticipated to continue therefore improving milk production. Crop production activities such as land preparation and weeding will enhance labour income and thus increasing household purchasing power. Based on this scenario, the proportion of households with acceptable food consumption score will slightly reduce by end of May due to reduced dietary diversity as a result of limited access to legumes, vegetables and fruits. The proportion of children aged below five years at risk of malnutrition is likely to remain below average and stable due to with improved child care practices and increased availability of milk.

4.3 Food Security Outlook for June to July 2021 The household maize stock is expected to be depleted by end of June 2020, hence farmers will rely on more on markets to replenish their stocks. The prices of staple commodities are expected to increase by June therefore limiting access for low income households. Harvests of early maturing crops and vegetables in July 2020 is likely to improve household food consumptions and reduce coping strategies across the livelihood zones. The March to May long rains is expected to partially recharge forage and water resources therefore driving the recovery of livestock body conditions and improving household income and food security. Improved livestock productivity such as increased births and milk production will increased milk availability and consumption at household level and therefore improving nutritional status for children under five. Harvesting of early planted 2021 long crops is expected in toward end of July and this will improve household stocks and consumption.

5.0 CONCLUSION AND INTERVENTIONS 5.1 Conclusion 5.1.1 Phase classification The three livelihood zones in Meru North county are classified in the Minimal Phase (IPC Phase 1) food insecurity phase classification

5.1.2 Summary of Findings The 2020 Short rains performance was below average which impacted negatively on maize and beans performance in the Agro-pastoral livelihood zone. Regeneration of forage was good and water resources recharged at 20-60 percent thus sustaining the good livestock body condition except for some parts of the Agro-pastoral zones. Milk production increased slightly across the livelihood due to improved management. Supplies for the staple food commodities was normal across the markets while livestock supply and volume traded was low. Low demand for food commodities was reported across the markets which was attributed to low income as a result of loss of livelihood associated with COVID 19 pandemic. TOT for the period was higher than the five-year average value due to increase in goat prices and low maize prices. Income from the casual labour tremendously reduced due to impacts of COVID 19 pandemic and was on slow recovery. The proportion of households with acceptable FCS in January was high across the livelihood zones which was attributed to availability of food at the onset of short rains harvesting. Consumption of milk per household per day was within normal but reduced in some parts of the Agro-pastoral zones. The mean coping strategy index for the three livelihood zones was high compared to last season which was an indication that households were having more stress in obtaining food. The morbidity cases for all the diseases reduced significantly compared to the previous year. The proportion of children under five years at risk of malnutrition reduced in was below average in January due to improvement care practices.

5.1.1. Sub-county ranking Sub county Rank Sub County Ranking (Worst to Best)

Igembe north 1 Conflict and insecurity, low water concentration of water sources, poor road networks, high malnutrition cases and Locust invasion. Igembe Central 2 Conflict and insecurity, low water concentration of water sources, livestock diseases, and Locust invasion. Tigania East 3 Poor road networks and increased food prices, conflict , insecurity and Locust invasion. Tigania West 4 Poor road networks, increased food prices and Locust invasion.

Buuri 5 Increased food prices, increased distances to water sources and Locust invasion. Igembe south 6 Poor road network

5.2 Ongoing Interventions 5.2.1. Food interventions Currently there are no ongoing food interventions in the county

5.2.2. Non-food Interventions Ongoing Non-food Interventions Agriculture Sector Sub Ward Intervention No. of Implementers Impacts in Cost Time County beneficiaries terms of (Kshs) Frame food security Igembe Amwathi, Support for 1500 CIG NARIGP Increased 21.8M 2020-2021 North Antuambui CIGs in Irish members productivity and potatoes and Ntunene ,kitchen profitability garden, soil and water conservation and small livestock Igembe Amwathi, Support for 1500 CIG NARIGP Increased 20M 2019-2021 North Antuambui CIGs in Irish members productivity and potatoes and Ntunene ,kitchen profitability garden, soil and water conservation and small livestock Tigania All wards Provision of 10,000 Meru county Seeds, Extension February west relief farm farmers government fertilizers staff 2021 inputs for and next season chemicals All wards Aflatoxin 500 groups Meru county facilitation Transport February surveillance government Staff 2021 training and /stakeholders onwards control All wards Fall army 5 wards Meru county Facilitation/ Transport March -June worm government Fall army Staff 2021 surveillance /stakeholders warm traps and control and chemicals

Medium term / Long Term interventions Sub Ward Intervention No. of Implementers Impacts in Cost (Kshs) Time County beneficiaries terms of Frame food security

Igembe Amwathi, Support for 1500 CIG NARIGP Increased 20M 2019-2021 North Antuambui CIGs in Irish members productivity and potatoes and Ntunene ,kitchen profitability garden, soil and water conservation and small livestock Igembe Antuambui Rehabilitation 3925 Farm Narigp Soil and 35M 2020 -2021 north and of Kaelo and families water Ntunene Ntunene conservation Catchments Tigania All wards Water 1000 farmers Meru county Enhanced -Staff Continuous West harvesting for government food security facilitation irrigation /stakeholders and incomes allowance at household - level Community? All wards Promotion of 3000 farmers Meru county Enhanced -Staff Continuous Soil & water government food security facilitation conservation /stakeholders and incomes allowance structures at household level All wards Promotion of 500 farmers Meru county Enhanced -Staff Continuous conservation government food security facilitation agriculture /stakeholders and incomes allowance at household level All wards Promotion of 1,000 Meru county Enhanced -Staff Continuous THVC & farmers government food security facilitation input supply /stakeholders and incomes allowance at household level All wards Training on 2,000 Meru county Enhanced -Staff Continuous post-harvest farmers government food security facilitation handling and /stakeholders and incomes allowance aflatoxin at household control level

Specific interventions on COVID-19 Sub Ward Intervention No. of Implementers Impacts Cost Time County beneficiaries in terms (Kshs) Frame of food security Igembe All Cash transfer to 3000 GOK through For 6,000,000 During North ppplwd and aged Interior purchase Covid time coordination of food department items

All Market survey 500 GOK and To 500,000 During Meru County establish Covid the status Period of the markets

Livestock Sector Immediate Interventions Sub County Intervention No. of Implemente Impacts on Cost ( Time Frame beneficiarie rs food Kshs) s security Igembe North, Disease All Department Heathy 5 M All year Central, surveillance livestock of livestock around South, Tigania and Disease farmers in Livestock fetches east, West control the County Dev & better Buuri fisheries. prices to Meru purchase county more food Igembe North, Livestock All County Healthy 5M All year Central,South, Disease livestock Govt of livestock round. Tigania East surveillance farmers in Meru – fetch better West,Buuri and their the 6 sub- Directorate prices for control counties of Vet more food services Igembe North, Fodder All CGM - Farmers 3 M Shortly central, South, establishme livestock Directorate will grow before the Tigania East nt/ farmers in of livestock enough rains starts West, Buuri reseeding of the 6 Sub- production fodder and pastures counties livestock training and body planting condition will be maintained

for better prices to purchase more food. Igembe North, Farmers All CGM – Good 3M All year Central South, trainings on livestock Directorate livestock round Tigania East, good farmers in of husbandry- West, Buuri livestock the 6 sub- Livestock healthy husbandry counties. production livestock- and Better managemen prices- t more food

Water Sector Interventio Objective Specific Activity Cost No. of Implementat Implementati n Location target benefici ion Time on aries Frame stakeholders Drilling and Provision of All sub- Provision 250M 10,000 6months CGoM equipping clean counties of water HH of bore adequate and holes water for shorten domestic and distances livestock use

Health Sector Intervention No. of beneficiaries Implementers Estimated Cost (Ksh) Time Frame Location Male Female Igembe Vitamin A All children below MOH 5.M 6 Months North, Supplementatio 5 years Central n 122,056 South, 10,000 Tigania - East, West, Buuri Igembe Zinc All children with MOH 500,000 6 Months North, Supplementatio diarrhoea Central n - South, Tigania East, West,

Buuri

Igembe Management of 35 health facilities MOH 6,M 6 Months North, Acute 2500 Central Malnutrition - South, (IMAM) Tigania East, West, Buuri Igembe IYCN All children below MOH 3M 6 Months North, Interventions 5 years Central (EBF and 122.056 South, Timely Intro of Tigania complementary Foods) East, West, Buuri Igembe Iron Folate All pregnant MOH 1.M 6 Months North, Supplementatio mothers Central n among 66,701 South, Pregnant Tigania Women East, West, Buuri Igembe Deworming All children 2-5 MOH 1M 6 Months North, years Central 107,771 South, Tigania East, West, Buuri Igembe Food General population MOH 6M continuous North, Fortification 1,126,752 Central South, Tigania East, West, Buuri Igembe Household All households 3M continuous North, water treatment 1,126,752

Central blanket South, supplementary Tigania feeding East, West, Buuri

Education Sector County/Sub- Intervention/ No. of No. of Impleme State the likely Intervent county activity schools benefici nters impact ion benefitting aries (positive or timefram targeted negative) e Food Meru -Provision 388 GOK Positive 6 Security County of meal Months Related programme Improve storage facilities Short -Water 388 3 Rains supply to months Related schools COVID- Hand wash Positiv GOK Food 19 facilities e Related MERU - 388 Disinfectant, Masks

5.3 Recommended Interventions Agriculture Immediate interventions Sub Ward Intervention No. of Proposed Required Available Time County beneficiaries Implementers Resources Resources Frame Igembe All Up scaling 31000 Farm County and Increased Trained 3 North Aflatoxin families national GOK awareness Personnel months surveillance on and control Aflatoxin campaigns prevention Tigania All Provision of 5,000 Meru county Seeds Extension east wards relief seed farmers government staff February for next 2021 season

All Aflatoxin 120 groups Meru county facilitation Transport February wards surveillance government Staff 2021

training and /stakeholders onwards control All Fall army 2 wards Meru county Facilitation/ Transport March wards worm government Fall army Staff to June surveillance /stakeholders warm traps 2021 and control All sub- 24 Relief seed 7500 HH Meru county 7.5M Technical February counties Wards government personnel 2021 /stakeholders Vehicles

Agriculture-Sector Recommended Medium term/Long Term interventions

Sub Ward Intervention No. of Proposed Required Available Time County beneficiaries Implementers Resources Resources Frame Igembe All Water 21,396 County and Increased Personnel 12 months North harvesting national GOK acreage and for irrigation under vehicles irrigated food crops and fruit trees Tigania All Water 800 farmers Meru county Funds Staff Continuous east wards harvesting government Personnel Community for irrigation /stakeholders All Promotion 2300 farmers Meru county Funds Staff Continuous wards of Soil & government Personnel Community water /stakeholders conservation structures All Promotion of 5,000 Meru county Facilitation Transport Continuous wards conservation farmers government Staff agriculture /stakeholders All Promotion of 5,000 Meru county Inputs Transport Continuous wards THVC & farmers government facilitation Staff input supply /stakeholders All Training on 2,000 Meru county Facilitation Transport Continuous wards post-harvest farmers government Staff handling and /stakeholders aflatoxin control

Livestock Sector- Recommended Interventions County Sub County ntervention No. of Proposed Required Available Time beneficiaries Implemen Resources Resources Frame ters Meru Igembe Disease All livestock NDMA Technical Technical All year North,Central surveillanc farmers in CGM- officers, officers, round. South, e and the 6 Asal vet Vehicles, Vehicles Tigania East Disease Sub- services Fuel Stationery ,West, Buuri control Counties DSA Sample bottles. Stationery Meru Igembe Farmers All livestock CGM – Technical Technical North, training on farmers in Directora officers. officers Quarterl Central husbandry the 6 Asal te of Vehicles Vehicles y basis South, and Sub- Livestock Fuel Stationery Tigania manageme Counties productio DSA East,West, nt n stationery Buuri NDMA

Water Sector- Recommended Interventions Sub-county Intervention No. of Implementation Implementation Available Cost beneficiaries Time Frame stakeholders Resources Igembe Drilling and Over 50,000 1 year Gok , CGoM Technical 300 M North, equipping of NGO officers Central new bore South, holes Tigania East,West, Buuri Igembe Construction Over 70,000 1 year Gok , CGoM Technical 200M North, of big dams NGO officers Central and pans South, Tigania East,West, Buuri Igembe Rehabilitation Over 50,000 6 Months Gok ,CGoM Technical 100M North, , repair and NGO officers Central Desilting of South, existing Tigania nonfunctional East,West, pans

Buuri Igembe Equipping of Over 50,000 6 months Gok ,CGoM Technical 50 M North, existing NGO officers Central success full South, bore holes. Tigania East,West, Buuri Igembe Repair the Over 50,000 6 months Gok ,CGoM Technical 30 M North, existing NGO officers Central broken down South, bore holes Tigania East,West, Buuri Igembe Rehabilitation Over 50,000 6 months Gok ,CGoM Technical 100M North, and NGO officers Central expansion of South, existing Tigania operational East,West, water projects Buuri

Health Sector- Recommended Interventions Sub Interve Location No. of Proposed Required Available Time County/Wa ntion beneficiaries Implementers Resources Resources Frame rd Igembe Integrat All wards All children County 3 M 6 months North, ed below 5 Government Central outreac years- South, hes 124,256 Tigania All pregnant East,West, women- Buuri 26,701 Igembe Vitamin All wards All children County 2.9 M 1.0M North, A below 5 Government of Continuo Central Supple years- Meru us South, mentati 124,256 Tigania on East,West, Buuri Igembe Assess All wards All children -National 3 M 2 m Continuo

North, ment below 5 Government us Central and years- -County South, provisio 124,256 Government Tigania n of All pregnant of Meru East,West, appropr women- -UNICEF Buuri iate 26,701 nutritio n interven tion to malnour ished individu als Igembe Water All wards All 3.0 M Continuo North, treatme population-1, us Central nt at 026,975 South, househo Tigania ld level East,West, Buuri Medium and Long term Recommended Interventions Sub County Interve Location No. of Proposed Required Available Time /Ward ntion beneficiaries Implementers Resources Resources frame All sub- Vitamin All wards All children County 2.9 M 1.0M counties A below 5 Government of Continuo Supple years- Meru us mentati 124,256 on Igembe Assess All wards All children -National 3 M 2 m Continuo North, ment below 5 Government us Central and years- -County South, provisio 124,256 Government of Tigania n of All pregnant Meru East,West, appropr women- -UNICEF Buuri iate 26,701 nutritio n interven tion to malnour ished individu als

Igembe Water All wards All County 3.0 M Continu North, treatme population-1, Government of ous Central nt at 026,975 Meru South, househo Tigania ld level East,West, Buuri

Education Sector- Recommended Interventions Sub- Intervention/ No. of Implementers State the Intervention county activity schools likely impact timeframe benefitting (positive or (long-term, № of negative) short-term, beneficiari 3 months, 6 es targeted months Igembe -Provision of meal 388 GOK Positive 6 Months Food North, programme Security Central Improve storage Related South, facilities Tigania East,West, Buuri

-Water supply to 388 3 months schools Short Rains Related COVID-19 Igembe Hand wash 388 Positive GOK Food Related North, facilities Central Disinfectant , South, Masks Tigania East, West, Buuri