Potential Maritime Markets for Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies: Draft Report
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Potential Maritime Markets for Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies: Draft Report April 2018 This information is predecisional and is for informational purposes only. No funding is being offered and no proposals are being solicited. (This page intentionally left blank) ii This information is predecisional and is for informational purposes only. No funding is being offered and no proposals are being solicited. 1 Acknowledgements 2 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office would like to express our 3 appreciation to everyone who has contributed to the general fact-finding of this task, including DOE 4 leadership, other DOE offices, the national labs, our friends in the U.S. Department of Defense and Navy, our 5 friends at other federal agencies, our affiliated universities, representatives from companies in the marine 6 energy community, and our new friends representing new industries and opportunities for marine energy. iii This information is predecisional and is for informational purposes only. No funding is being offered and no proposals are being solicited. 7 Table of Contents 8 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... iii 9 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... iv 10 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... v 11 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... ix 12 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 11 13 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 12 14 2 Ocean Observation and Navigation ......................................................................................... 15 15 3 Underwater Vehicle Charging: Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Unmanned 16 Underwater Vehicles, Remotely Operated Vehicles ............................................................. 23 17 4 Desalination ................................................................................................................................ 34 18 5 Marine Aquaculture ................................................................................................................... 43 19 6 Marine Algal Biofuels ................................................................................................................ 57 20 7 Seawater Mining: Minerals and Gasses ................................................................................. 67 21 8 Data Centers ............................................................................................................................... 82 22 9 Constructed Waterways ............................................................................................................ 88 23 10 Shoreline Protection and Replenishment .............................................................................. 93 24 11 Disaster Resiliency and Recovery ......................................................................................... 110 25 12 Isolated Power Systems: Community Scale ........................................................................ 121 26 13 Isolated Power Systems: Utility Scale ................................................................................... 128 27 14 Other Applications ................................................................................................................... 132 28 References ...................................................................................................................................... 139 29 iv This information is predecisional and is for informational purposes only. No funding is being offered and no proposals are being solicited. 30 List of Figures 31 Figure 1. Distributed and alternate applications project overview timeline ........................... 13 32 Figure 2. Marine and hydrokinetic application overview for ocean observation. Image 33 courtesy of Molly Grear, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) ............................ 15 34 Figure 3. Navigation markers. Photos courtesy of Polliechrome (bottom left) and Creative 35 Commons (upper left, right)........................................................................................................ 17 36 Figure 4. Locations of NOAA buoys. Map courtesy of NOAA ...................................................... 20 37 Figure 5. Installed and proposed seafloor observatories. Image courtesy of Manalang (2017) 38 ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 39 Figure 6. Marine and hydrokinetic application overview for underwater recharge of vehicles. 40 Image courtesy of Molly Grear, PNNL ...................................................................................... 24 41 Figure 7. Underwater Remus docking station. Photo courtesy of WHOI .................................. 24 42 Figure 8. Teledyne Webb Research's Slocum glider. Image courtesy of WHOI ....................... 25 43 Figure 9. NOAA's Deep Discoverer remotely operated vehicle explores during a 2013 44 expedition to investigate the U.S. Atlantic canyons. Photo courtesy of NOAA .................. 26 45 Figure 10. Solid model of a docking station with an AUV captured within the dock. Image 46 courtesy of Dhanak and Xiros (2016) ........................................................................................ 27 47 Figure 11. Docking station being recovered after deployment. Photo courtesy of MBARI 48 (2017) ........................................................................................................................................... 27 49 Figure 12. Docking station being tested in MBARI test tank. Photo courtesy of MBARI (2017) 50 ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 51 Figure 13. Energy requirements for deployment duration. Image courtesy of Hamilton (2017) 52 ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 53 Figure 14. Opportunities for underwater recharge in all oceans, at all depths. Image 54 courtesy of Bluefin Robotics ....................................................................................................... 31 55 Figure 15. Underwater gliders and profiling arrays. Image courtesy of ACSA, SeaExplorer, 56 Creative Commons ...................................................................................................................... 31 57 Figure 16. Rendering of a wave-powered desalination plant (RO is reverse osmosis). 58 Source: NREL .............................................................................................................................. 35 59 Figure 17. Resolute Marine Energy Wave2E and Wave2O conceptual design. Image courtesy 60 of Resolute Marine Energy. ........................................................................................................ 36 61 Figure 18. SAROS wave-powered desalination demonstration unit. Source: 62 https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/saros-buoy/ .............................................................. 36 63 Figure 19. The total clean water consumption by state compared to what can be produced 64 using local wave energy. ........................................................................................................... 39 65 Figure 20. Marine hydrokinetic application overview for marine aquaculture. Image courtesy v This information is predecisional and is for informational purposes only. No funding is being offered and no proposals are being solicited. 66 of Molly Grear, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ......................................................... 43 67 Figure 21. World aquaculture production volume and value of aquatic animals and plants 68 (1995–2014). Image from FAO (2016) ................................................................................... 44 69 Figure 22. Open-ocean fish farming. Photo courtesy of NOAA Fisheries .................................. 45 70 Figure 23. Net pens for finfish rearing. Photo courtesy of Creative Commons ......................... 45 71 Figure 24. Shellfish farming. Photo courtesy of Aquarium of the Pacific ................................... 45 72 Figure 25. Global aquaculture production in 2014 in million tons (left) and billions of 73 dollars (right). Data from FAO (2016) ...................................................................................... 49 74 Figure 26. Global share of aquaculture in total production of aquatic animals. Image from 75 FAO (2016) .................................................................................................................................. 50 76 Figure 27. MHK application overview for macroalgae farm. Image courtesy of Molly Grear, 77 PNNL ...........................................................................................................................................