FLORAL AND GENERAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED RELOCATION OF THE DINGLETON TOWN WITH ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE TO THE FARM SEKGAME 461 EAST OF KATHU WITHIN THE NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE
Prepared for
Synergistics Environmental Services (Pty) Ltd
2012
Prepared by: Scientific Aquatic Services Report author S. van Staden (Pr. Sci. Nat) N. van de Haar (Pr.Sci. Nat) Report Reference: SAS 212055 Date: May 2012
Scientific Aquatic Services CC CC Reg No 2003/078943/23 Vat Reg. No. 4020235273 Cape Town Tel: 078 220 8571 082 866 9849 E-mail: [email protected] SAS 212055 – Floral Assessment May 2012
Declaration
This report has been prepared according to the requirements of Section 33 (2) of the Environmental Impact Assessments Regulations, 2006 (GNR 385). We (the undersigned) declare the findings of this report free from influence or prejudice.
Report Authors:
Stephen van Staden Pr Sci Nat (Ecological Sciences) 400134/05 BSc. Hons (Aquatic Health) (RAU); M.Sc. Environmental Management (RAU).
Field of expertise: Wetland, aquatic and terrestrial ecology.
______Date:_ 02/04/2012___ Stephen van Staden
Natasha van de Haar Pr Sci Nat (Botanical Science) 400229/11 M.Sc. Botany
Field of expertise: Botanical specialist
______Date:_ 02/04/2012___ Natasha van de Haar
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Executive summary
Scientific Aquatic Services (SAS) was appointed to conduct a floral and general ecological assessment for the proposed relocation of the Dingleton town along with associated infrastructure to the farm Sekgame 461 east of the town of Kathu within the Northern Cape Province. Two areas were investigated as part of this assessment namely the existing Dingleton Town with surroundings as well as the proposed host site located on the farm Sekgame 461.
Specific outcomes required from this report include the following: Habitat and community classification, including a description of the Present Ecological State of the two study areas; Floral inventories for the study area; Determine the presence of any red data species (flora) and the potential for such species to occur within the two study areas; Determine the presence and extent of sensitive habitats which will be affected; Discuss the spatial significance, from an ecological viewpoint, of the property and provide recommendations if required.
In order to achieve the objectives of the report, the following assessment procedure/methodology was used: A desktop study to gain background information on the physical habitat, as well as generating potential floral biodiversity lists for the proposed development site and surrounding areas; Aerial photographs and digital satellite images were consulted prior to the field assessment and included an initial visual on-site assessment of the study area; A field assessment that identified the tree, grass, forb and exotic species that occur within each of the study areas; Description of the sensitivity of each site through application of indices such as the VIS index and through vegetation community analyses; Data analyses and reporting of all findings; Impact assessment according to a predefined impact assessment methodology.
The following general conclusions were drawn upon completion of the floral survey: Both study areas fall within the Savanna Biome and Eastern Kalahari Bushveld Bioregion. When the boundary of the assessment site is superimposed on the vegetation types of the surrounding area, it is evident that the subject property falls within the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type (Musina & Rutherford, 2006). This vegetation type is considered to be of least concern with a target of 16% to be conserved. Both study areas fall within the Griqualand West Centre of Endemism (GWC). The vegetation of the GWC is still fairly intact, although extremely poorly conserved. It is therefore important that impacts that may result due to the proposed activities be adequately mitigated. The proposed host site is located adjacent to the town Kathu. It is therefore important to note that many farms to the north of Kathu were declared part of the Kathu Forest (Declaration of Kathu forest as a protected woodland under section 12 (1) (c) of the National Forests Act, 1998). After the field assessment of the areas earmarked for decommissioning and relocation activities it was possible to divide the study area into two specific habitat units, namely open veld and transformed habitat according to degree of landscape and vegetation transformation noted during the assessment. The complete PRECIS plant list for the grid references (2723CA and 2722DD) were obtained from SANBI that gave an indication of the plant species that would be expected to occur within each of the grids. No species are indicated as species of concern within the QDS 2723CA, with only Acacia erioloba listed as a “declining” floral species within the QDS 2722DD. Furthermore, individuals as well as possible habitat for floral species listed within schedule 3 and 4 of the Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974), as well as trees listed within section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998 as amended in September 2011 were searched for during the assessment. Special attention was paid with the identification of three tree species protected under the National Forests Act known to occur within the Kuthu Bushveld vegetation type namely Acacia erioloba, Acacia haematoxylon and Boscia albitrunca (Steyn, 2007; van Rooyen, 2001). Of the three species Acacia erioloba was the most abundant and was encountered at both the area to be relocated and the designation area for the Dingleton town. Only one Acacia haematoxylon tree was identified within the proposed host site.
iii SAS 212055 – Floral Assessment May 2012
Floral species listed as protected within Schedule 4 Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974) identified within the areas assessed are Aloe grandidentata, Aloe hereroensis and Boophane disticha. The VIS score calculated for the open veld habitat unit was 15 (Class C – Moderately modified). Although the open veld habitat unit within both study areas has seen relatively little anthropogenic activity, exotic species were noted and densities of forb and shrub species were not considered as uniformly spread as would be the case in pristine grassland. The transformed habitat unit calculated a very low score of -3.4 (Class E – Completely modified). The very low score can be expected due the number of exotic species within the Dingleton town as well as site clearing for residential developments. Areas also considered within the transformed habitat are areas significantly encroached by Acacia mellifera. A. mellifera encroachment has resulted in almost no natural species diversity and therefore a VIS score falling within Class E is considered representative Grass species diversity was relatively uniform throughout both study areas. However, the majority of the grass species encountered are indicative of past disturbance and only five species found are listed as indicators of the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type (Musina & Rutherford, 2006). Therefore, it can be concluded that vegetation transformation was evident within both study areas. The Dingleton town study area had the highest exotic species diversity, most probably due to landscaped gardens. Although the proposed host site had fewer species, it is still deemed important that ongoing alien invasion control be implemented in future. Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana was considered the most invasive species noted at the time of the assessment. It is deemed very important that a species specific eradication plan is developed, if not already in place. This tree already dominates the northern portion of the Dingleton town study area, therefore if not eradicated and monitored it would lead to a significant loss of species within the surface rights area of the mine. All the species known to be of medicinal value are regarded as widespread and common for the region, except for Boophone disticha listed as a protected species within the Threatened and Protected species regulations (NEMBA, 2004) and Acacia erioloba listed as a protected tree species (National Forests Act (1998). At the time of the assessment the proposed host site showed relatively uniform grass species abundance and diversity. However, Acacia erioloba listed as a protected tree within the National Forests Act, 1998 as amended in 2011 densities increased significantly within the northern portion. Furthermore, the number of Aloe grandidentata, an aloe species listed as protected within Schedule 4 Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974), significantly increased within the extreme eastern portion of the study area. Therefore, the northern and eastern portions of the proposed host site are considered of higher ecological importance and sensitivity. It is recommended that these areas either be excluded from the proposed town layout plans or incorporated during landscaping of private and public gardens with special mention of larger Acacia erioloba trees. Acacia erioloba trees were identified throughout the Dingleton town study area. As a result the overall vegetation and landscape transformation were used to allocate sensitivity to various portions of the study area. The existing Dingleton town as well as northern portion where Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana encroachment was severe are considered low sensitivity areas. Although Aloe grandidentata numbers increased within the centre portion of the study area Acacia mellifera encroachment was considered significant lowering the overall sensitivity to moderately low. Vegetation transformation was evident within the remainder of the study area with only Acacia erioloba contributing to the overall importance of these portions as a result these areas are considered of moderate ecological sensitivity.
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The table below serves as a summary of the key findings made during the impact assessment process.
Table A: A summary of impact significance before and after mitigation. Habitat Impact Unmanaged Managed unit Impact 1a: impact on RDL and medicinal floral species due Transformed Medium High Low to unplanned removal and habitat destruction. Open veld Medium High Medium Low Impact 1b: impact on RDL and medicinal floral species due Transformed Medium Low Very low to collection. Open veld Medium High Low Impact 1c: impacts on floral biodiversity due to alien floral Transformed Medium Low Very low species. Open veld Medium High Very low Impact 1d: destruction of habitat may impact on floral Transformed Medium Low Medium low biodiversity. Open veld Medium High Medium low Impact 1e: impacts on floral biodiversity due to terrestrial Transformed Medium High Very low floral species encroachment. Open veld Medium High Very low Impact 1f: impact on overall floral biodiversity due to Transformed Medium Low Low ineffective rehabilitation. Open veld Medium High Low Impact 1g: impact on overall floral biodiversity due to dust Transformed Medium Low Very low generation. Open veld Low Very low Impact 1h: indiscriminate fires and ineffective monitoring Transformed Very low Very low may impact on floral biodiversity. Open veld Medium Low Very low
From the results of the impact assessment it was observed that 8 major ecological impacts were applicable to the two study areas, with all impacts being of a moderate significance prior to mitigation, mainly as a result of some degree of disturbance noted throughout both habitat units. Although transformation was evident, both areas still provide habitat for protected and RDL floral species, increasing the overall ecological value of the sites assessed. Therefore impact due to collection and habitat destruction for RDL and protected species are considered the most significant of all impacts that may occur. However, the mitigation of the remainder of the impacts are still considered important to ensure the ecology of the area is restored to as near as possible to the state prior to disturbance and that impacts that may impact beyond the footprint areas are prevented or largely reduced.
Recommendations After conclusion of this floral assessment, it is the opinion of the ecologists that the proposed town development with associated mining areas be considered favourably provided that the recommendations below are adhered to: A sensitivity map has been developed for the existing Dingleton town and surroundings as well as the proposed host site. It is recommended that this sensitivity map be considered during the planning/pre-construction and construction phases of the proposed development activities to aid in the conservation of ecology within the proposed development areas and to guide development to avoid more ecologically important and sensitive areas. Inform staff of RDL and protected floral species within the proposed mine expansion areas. Implementation of a ground water monitoring plan to ensure ground water levels are not reduced to such an extent that may result in the dying of Acacia erioloba trees. Inform staff about dominant alien vegetation species within the proposed mine expansion areas. Aloe species as well as Boophone disticha individuals identified within the proposed expansion areas as well as individuals encountered during the site clearing process should be rescued and relocated preferably to an area not earmarked for mining related activities in future. Appointment of an ECO to oversee the removal and rescue and relocation of all protected and RDL floral species. Application for relevant permits for removal, destruction, transport, rescue and relocation as well as propagation of RDL/protected floral species. Provide a list of weeds, invader species and RDL/protected floral species to all contractors as indicated within the EMPR. No fire-wood collecting should be allowed within areas surrounding the proposed mine expansion areas.
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The use of RDL and protected floral species in the greening of facility grounds is to be promoted. Inform employees about dominant alien vegetation species within the surface rights area and surroundings that would most probably also proliferate within the new mine expansion areas after disturbance. Implement an alien vegetation control plan specific for the exotic/weed species identified within the surface rights area or expand the existing plan to cover the new mine expansion areas as well as host site, with an annual follow-up assessment to determine effectiveness of eradication or identification of new species that pose a threat to natural vegetation. All development footprint areas should remain as small as possible and should not encroach onto more sensitive open veld areas. This can be achieved by considering the sensitivity map during the pre-construction and planning phases. Proliferation and seed dispersal within future topsoil stockpiles; will have an impact on rehabilitation in the future and also needs to be controlled. Removal of the alien and weed species encountered on the property in order to comply with existing legislation (amendments to the regulations under the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 and Section 28 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998). Removal of species should take place throughout the pre-construction, construction, operational, and rehabilitation/ maintenance phases. Care should be taken within areas close to the Gamagara River with the choice of herbicide, to ensure no additional impact due to the herbicide used. Footprint areas should be kept as small as possible when removing large exotic trees. No vehicles should be allowed to drive through surrounding open veld areas during eradication of alien and weed species. Care should be taken with the choice of herbicide. Non selective herbicides may result in the dying of natural species such as Acacia erioloba. All soils compacted as a result of construction activities falling outside the mine footprint areas should be ripped, profiled and monitored to ensure establishment of natural vegetation. Residents of the new town should be guided in the use of endemic species when gardening. In this regard special mention is made of the need to use indigenous grasses such as Cynodon dactylon for lawns instead of aggressive alien counterparts such as Pennisetum clandestinum. Appropriate waste disposal facilities should be provided as to prevent refuse dumping in surrounding open veld areas adjacent to both the new town and the mining areas. Grazing of livestock within the new town as well as surrounding areas would have to be strictly controlled. No livestock grazing should be allowed during the initial rehabilitation process. After good establishment of the grass layer an appropriate grazing and burning regime, for the size and slope of each area, should be implemented. Forb and tree species should be reintroduced with attention to species representative of the vegetation type in which the rehabilitated area falls. No indiscriminate driving should be allowed through open veld or rehabilitated areas. Rehabilitated areas should be monitored to determine if rehabilitation efforts are effective. It must be ensured that all roads and construction areas are regularly sprayed with water or treated with other dust suppression measures in order to curb dust generation. This is particularly necessary during the dry season when increased levels of dust generation can be expected. However, care should be taken not to over-spray causing water run-off and subsequent sediment loss into adjacent waterways. Planning of temporary roads and access routes that will be utilised during the pre-construction and construction phases should take the site sensitivity plan into consideration. If possible, such roads should be constructed a distance from areas considered to be of higher sensitivity such as areas with increased density of Acacia erioloba or Aloe grandidentata and not directly adjacent thereto. Ongoing monitoring of dust should be employed to ensure identification of increased dust levels over time or in specific areas. If any excessive dying out of vegetation occurs in areas of dust generation, measures to mitigate the impact should be immediately sought. Dust fallout should be monitored within the stockpile areas to prevent changes in composition of topsoil micro-elements which could affect the re-establishment of certain floral species. All informal fires on the property should be prohibited specifically during the construction, operational and rehabilitation phases of the proposed development. Identify areas where the value of the biological resource warrants protection and therefore controlled access by the public.
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Maintenance of fences to ensure that access control is maintained. Compliance with regulations under the National Forest and Fire Laws Amendment Act, 2001.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ...... iii List of Tables ...... iv Glossary of Terms & Acronyms...... v 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Scope ...... 6 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations ...... 6 2. GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...... 6 3. GENERAL SITE SURVEY ...... 7 4. FLORA METHODOLOGY ...... 7 4.1 Red and Orange Data Listed Flora ...... 7 4.2 Transect Lines ...... 8 4.3 Vegetation Index Score ...... 8 5. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 10 5.1 Ecological Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 10 5.2 Mitigation Measure Development ...... 15 6. RESULTS OF FLORAL INVESTIGATION ...... 16 6.1 Biome and bioregion ...... 16 6.2 Vegetation type and Landscape Characteristics...... 20 6.3 Distribution ...... 22 6.4 Climate ...... 22 6.5 Geology and soils...... 22 6.6 Conservation ...... 22 7. GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF SUBJECT PROPERTY ...... 23 7.1 Griqualand West Centre of Endemism ...... 23 7.2 Kathu Forest ...... 26 7.3 Environmental Potential Atlas for the Northern Cape ...... 26 8. SURROUNDING PROPERTIES/LAND USES ...... 31 9. ECOLOGICAL CONDITION AND FUNCTIONING ...... 31 10. FLORAL DESCRIPTION ...... 32 10.1 Floral Habitat Unit Description ...... 32 10.1.1 Proposed host site habitat unit description ...... 32 10.2 RDL Floral Status Assessments ...... 37 10.3 Vegetation Index Score ...... 40 10.4 Graminiod Community Assessment ...... 40 10.5 Exotic and Invader Species ...... 56 10.6 Medicinal Plant Species ...... 60 11. SENSITIVITY MAPPING ...... 61 12. IMPACT ASSESSMENT RESULTS ...... 64 12.1 Impact Assessment Conclusion ...... 81 13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 82 14. REFERENCES ...... 89 APPENDIX A ...... 91 Flora ...... 91 APPENDIX B ...... 98 Vegetation Index Score ...... 98
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Digital satellite image depicting the location of the proposed relocation area and the existing Dingleton town in relation to surrounding areas...... 2 Figure 2: Digital satellite image depicting the location of the proposed relocation area in relation to surrounding areas...... 3 Figure 3: Digital satellite image depicting the location of the existing Dingleton town in relation to surrounding areas...... 4 Figure 4: Biomes of South Africa...... 17 Figure 5: Biomes associated with the subject property (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006)...... 18 Figure 6: Bioregions associated with the study area (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). ... 19 Figure 7: Vegetation type associated with the subject property (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006)...... 21 Figure 8: Extent of the Griqualand West Centre of Endemism; study area indicated with red...... 25 Figure 9: Land cover for the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle...... 27 Figure 10: Land use for the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle...... 28 Figure 11: Sensitive features mapped for the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle...... 29 Figure 12: Conservation areas the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle...... 30 Figure 13: Vegetation clearing within construction camp and surrounding areas...... 32 Figure 14: Increase of Acacia erioloba within the northern portion of the proposed host site (left). Tree abundance decreasing significantly towards the south (right)...... 33 Figure 15: Dominant floral species identified within the proposed host site...... 33 Figure 16: Acacia mellifera encroachment encountered within a grazing camp located within the southern portion of the study area (left) as well as open veld areas dominated by Acacia mellifera in between existing town infrastructure...... 34 Figure 17: Southern boundary of the study area, with the Gamagara River located just south of the boundary...... 35 Figure 18: Vegetation clearing within areas surrounding residential developments (left). Dumping sites encountered within the centre portion of the Dingleton town study area (right)...... 35 Figure 19: A truck encountered during the assessment busy dumping refuse within the Dingleton town open veld areas...... 36 Figure 20: Arial map depicting locations of individual transects of the proposed relocation area...... 42 Figure 21: Arial map depicting locations of individual transects of the existing Dingleton town study area...... 43 Figure 22: Transect 1...... 44 Figure 23: Transect 2...... 45 Figure 24: Transect 3...... 46
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Figure 25: Transect 4...... 47 Figure 26: Transect 5...... 48 Figure 27: Transect 6...... 49 Figure 28: Transect 7...... 50 Figure 29: Transect 8...... 51 Figure 30: Transect 9...... 52 Figure 31: Transect 10...... 53 Figure 32: Transect 11...... 54 Figure 33: Transect 12...... 55 Figure 34: Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana encroachment encountered within the northern portion of the Dingleton town study area...... 57 Figure 35: Sensitivity map of the proposed host site...... 62 Figure 36: Dingleton study area sensitivity map...... 63
List of Tables
Table 1: Significance Rating Matrix...... 14 Table 2: Positive/Negative Mitigation Ratings...... 14 Table 3: Protected floral species identified within the study areas (Raimondo et al., 2009; SANBI, www.sanbi.org)...... 38 Table 4: Protected floral species with a high Probability of Occurrence...... 39 Table 5: Grouping of grasses (Van Oudtshoorn, 2006)...... 41 Table 6: Exotic and invader species identified within the proposed host site (Bromilow, 2010; http://www.agis.agric.za/wip)...... 58 Table 7: Exotic and invader species identified within the Dingleton town and surrounding areas (Bromilow, 2010; http://www.agis.agric.za/wip)...... 58 Table 8: Traditional medicinal plants identified during the field assessment. Medicinal applications and application methods are also presented (van Wyk, et al., 1997; van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; van Wyk and Wink, 2004; van Wyk, Oudtshoorn, Gericke, 2009)...... 60 Table 9: A summary of impact significance before and after mitigation ...... 81 Table 10: Expected floral species list for the quarter degree grid 2723CA supplied by Sanbi Precis Database...... 92 Table 11: Expected floral species list for the quarter degree grid 2722DD supplied by Sanbi Precis Database...... 94
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Glossary of Terms & Acronyms
Alien vegetation – Plants that do not occur naturally within the area but have been introduced either intentionally or unintentionally. Biome – A broad ecological unit representing major life zones of large natural areas – defined mainly by vegetation structure and climate. Bush encroachment – A state where undesirable woody elements gain dominance within grassland, leading to depletion of the grass component. Typically due to disturbances and transformations as a consequence of veldt mismanagement (overgrazing, incorrect burning, etc.). Decrease grass – Grass abundant in veldt in good condition, which decreases when veldt is under- or over-utilized. °C – Degrees Celsius. Endangered – Organisms in danger of extinction if causal factors continue to operate. Endemic species – Species that are only found within a pre-defined area. There can therefore be sub-continental (e.g. southern Africa), national (South Africa), provincial, regional or even within a particular mountain range. Exotic vegetation – Vegetation species that originate from outside of the borders of the biome - usually international in origin. Ex situ conservation – Where a plant (or community) cannot be allowed to remain in its original habitat and is removed and cultivated to allow for its ongoing survival. Extrinsic – Factors that have their origin outside of the system. GDACE – Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment ha – Hectares. Indigenous vegetation – Vegetation occurring naturally within a defined area. Increaser 1 grass – Grass species that increase in density when veld is under-utilized. Increaser 2 grass – Grass species that increase in density in over-utilized, trampled or disturbed veld. Increaser 3 grass – Grass species that increase in density in over and under-utilized veld. In situ conservation – Where a plant (or community) is allowed to remain in its natural habitat with an allocated buffer zone to allow for its ongoing survival. Karoid vegetation – A shrub-type vegetation that dominates in grasslands that have seen historical disturbances. Mainly due to over-grazing and mismanaged burning regimes. The shrubby vegetation eventually becomes dominant and out-competes the grassy layer.
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m – Metres. mm – Millimetres. MAMSL – Metres above mean sea level. MAP – Mean annual precipitation. MAPE – Mean annual potential for evaporation. MASMS – Mean annual soil moisture stress. MAT – Mean annual temperature. Orange Listed – Species that are not Red Data Listed, but are under threat and at risk of becoming RDL in the near future. Usually allocated to species with conservation status of Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Rare and Data Deficient (DD). PES – Present Ecological State. POC – Probability of occurrence. PRECIS – Pretoria Computer Information Systems. Pioneer species – A plant species that is stimulated to grow after a disturbance has taken place. This is the first step in natural veld succession after a disturbance has taken place. QDS – Quarter degree square (1:50,000 topographical mapping references). Rare – Organisms with small populations at present. RDL (Red Data listed) species – Organisms that fall into the Extinct in the Wild (EW), critically endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU) categories of ecological status. RDSIS – Red Data Sensitivity Index Score. SANBI – South African National Biodiversity Institute. Veld retrogression – The ongoing and worsening ecological integrity state of a veld.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Scientific Aquatic Services (SAS) was appointed to conduct a floral and general ecological assessment for the proposed relocation of the town Dingleton along with associated infrastructure to the farm Sekgame 461 east of Kathu within the Northern Cape Province (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Two areas were investigated as part of this assessment namely the existing Dingleton Town with surroundings as well as the proposed host site located on the farm Sekgame 461.
The proposed activities would entail the following two main phases: Establishment of a new housing (host) area with all associated infrastructure and services; Demolition / decommissioning of Dingleton Town and all associated infrastructure and services. Afterwards, mining will commence within town footprint areas as well as open veld areas south of the existing town. The proposed mine layout is still to be finalised.
This report, after consideration and description of the ecological integrity of the property, must guide the property owner, authorities and potential developers, by means of recommendations, as to viability of the proposed development.
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Figure 1: Digital satellite image depicting the location of the proposed relocation area and the existing Dingleton town in relation to surrounding areas.
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Figure 2: Digital satellite image depicting the location of the proposed relocation area in relation to surrounding areas.
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Figure 3: Digital satellite image depicting the location of the existing Dingleton town in relation to surrounding areas.
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STUDY AREA
Figure 3: The two study areas depicted on a 1:250 000 map in relation to surrounding area.
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1.2 Scope
Specific outcomes in terms of this report are as follows: Ecological Assessment: red data species assessment, including potential for species to occur on the subject property and the implementation of a Red Data Sensitivity Index score for the study area; provide floral inventories of species as encountered on site; determine and describe habitats, communities and Present Ecological State of the study area; and describe the spatial significance of the subject property, from an ecological viewpoint, with regards to surrounding natural areas. 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
The following assumptions and limitations are applicable to this report:
With ecology being dynamic and complex, some aspects (some of which may be important) may have been overlooked. A more accurate assessment would require that assessments take place in all seasons of the year however by undertaking assessments in the summer period it is deemed likely that most floral communities would have been adequately assessed and/or considered. Sampling by its nature, means that not all individuals are assessed and identified. Some species and taxa on the subject property may therefore been missed during the assessment. The locations of as many individuals as possible of protected floral species were marked with a handheld GPS, with special mention of the proposed host site, however during the time of the assessment grass was very long hampering the marking of smaller individuals (less than 1 meter). However, a safety factor was included in the total number of trees for which permits will be required and therefore any individuals missed will be catered for.
2. GENERAL METHODOLOGY
In order to accurately determine the Present Ecological State of the study area and capture comprehensive data with respect to floral taxa, the following methodology was used: Maps, aerial photographs and digital satellite images were consulted prior to the field assessment in order to determine broad habitats, vegetation types and potentially sensitive sites. A visual on-site assessment of the subject property was made in order to confirm the assumptions made during consultation of the maps; Literature review with respect to habitats, vegetation types and species distribution was conducted;
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Relevant data bases considered during the assessment of the study area included SANBI (Threatened species programme (TSP) and PRECIS).
3. GENERAL SITE SURVEY
A site visit was undertaken during April 2012 to determine the ecological status of the subject property. A reconnaissance „walkabout‟ was initially undertaken to determine the general habitat types found throughout the study area and, following this, specific study sites were chosen that were representative of the habitats found - special emphasis was placed on potential areas that may support Red Data Listed species. Sites were investigated on foot to identify the occurrence of the dominant plant species and habitat diversities.
4. FLORA METHODOLOGY
4.1 Red and Orange Data Listed Flora
Prior to the field visit, a record of Red Data List plant species and their habitat requirements was acquired from SANBI for the quarter degree grids 2723CA and 2722DD. Throughout the floral assessment, special attention was paid with identification of any of these RDL species as well as identification of suitable habitat that could potentially sustain these species.
The probability of occurrence (POC) for each floral species of concern (2723CA and 2722DD) was determined using the following calculation wherein the habitat requirements and habitat disturbance were considered. The accuracy of the calculation is based on the available knowledge about the species in question, with many of the species lacking in depth habitat research. Therefore, it is important that the literature available is also considered during the calculation.
Each factor contributes an equal value to the calculation. Literature availability
No Literature Literature available available Site score Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 Habitat availability
No Habitat Habitat available available Site score Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
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Habitat disturbance Very
0 Low Low Moderately High Very High Site score Score 5 4 3 2 1 0
[Literature availability + Habitat availability + Habitat disturbance] / 15 =POC%
4.2 Transect Lines
Vegetation surveys were undertaken by first identifying different habitat units and then analysing the floral species composition. Different transect lines were chosen within areas that were perceived to best represent the various plant communities. A walking stick was used that was placed every 1m and the plant species of biophysical feature falling closest to the point of the stick was identified. These points were done along a 100m transect line, making for 100 data points along a single transect. The data was then analysed and the percentage contribution of the various floral species for each transect line was worked out. These species lists were then also compared with the vegetation expected to be found in the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type which provided an accurate indication of the ecological integrity and conservational value of each management unit.
4.3 Vegetation Index Score
The Vegetation Index Score (VIS) was designed to determine the ecological state of each habitat unit defined within an assessment site. This enables an accurate and consistent description of the present ecological state (PES) concerning the subject property in question. The information gathered during these assessments also significantly contributes to sensitivity mapping, leading to a more truthful representation of ecological value and sensitive habitats.
Each defined management unit is assessed using separate data sheets (see Appendix A) and all the information gathered then contributes to the final VIS score. The VIS is derived using the following formulas:
VIS = [( EVC )+(( SIxPVC )+( RIS ))]
Where: 1. EVC is extent of vegetation cover; 2. SI is structural intactness; 3. PVC is percentage cover of indigenous species and 4. RIS is recruitment of indigenous species.
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Each of these contributing factors is individually calculated as discussed below. All scores and tables indicated in blue are used in the final score calculation for each contributing factor. 1. EVC=[[(EVC1+EVC2)/2]
EVC 1 - Percentage natural vegetation cover:
Vegetation cover % 0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Site score EVC 1 score 0 1 2 3 4 5
EVC2 - Total site disturbance score:
Very Very Disturbance score 0 Low Low Moderately High High Site score EVC 2 score 5 4 3 2 1 0
2. SI=(SI1+SI2+SI3+SI4)/4)
Trees Shrubs Forbs Grasses
(SI1) (SI2) (SI3) (SI4) Perceived Perceived Perceived Perceived Present Present Present Present Score: Reference Reference Reference Reference State State State State State State State State Continuous Clumped Scattered Sparse Present State (P/S) = Currently applicable for each habitat unit Perceived Reference State (PRS) = If in pristine condition
Each SI score is determined with reference to the following scoring table of vegetation distribution for present state versus perceived reference state. Present
state (P/S) Perceived Reference state Continuous Clumped Scattered Sparse (PRS) Continuous 3 2 1 0 Clumped 2 3 2 1 Scattered 1 2 3 2 Sparse 0 1 2 3
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3. PVC=[(EVC)-((exotic x 0.7) + (bare ground x 0.3))
Percentage vegetation cover (exotic):
0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Vegetation cover % PVC Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
Percentage vegetation cover (bare ground):
0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Vegetation cover % PVC Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
4. RIS Extent of Very indigenous species 0 Low Moderate High Very High Low recruitment
RIS 0 1 2 3 4 5
The final VIS scores for each habitat unit are then categorised as follows: Vegetation Index Score Assessment Class Description 22 to 25 A Unmodified, natural 18 to 22 B Largely natural with few modifications. 14 to 18 C Moderately modified 10 to 14 D Largely modified 5 to 10 E The loss of natural habitat extensive <5 F Modified completely
5. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
5.1 Ecological Impact Assessment Methodology
In order for the EAP to allow for sufficient consideration of all environmental impacts, environmental impacts were assessed using a common, defensible method of assessing significance that will enable comparisons to be made between risks/impacts and will enable authorities, stakeholders and the client to understand the process and rationale upon which risks/impacts have been assessed. The method to be used for assessing risks/impacts is outlined in the sections below.
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The first stage of risk/impact assessment is the identification of environmental activities, aspects and impacts. This is supported by the identification of receptors and resources, which allows for an understanding of the impact pathway and an assessment of the sensitivity to change. The definitions used in the impact assessment are presented below. An activity is a distinct process or task undertaken by an organisation for which a responsibility can be assigned. Activities also include facilities or infrastructure that is possessed by an organisation. An environmental aspect is an „element of an organizations activities, products and services which can interact with the environment‟1. The interaction of an aspect with the environment may result in an impact. Environmental risks/impacts are the consequences of these aspects on environmental resources or receptors of particular value or sensitivity, for example, disturbance due to noise and health effects due to poorer air quality. In the case where the impact is on human health or well being, this should be stated. Similarly, where the receptor is not anthropogenic, then it should, where possible, be stipulated what the receptor is. Receptors Receptors can comprise, but are not limited to, people or human-made systems, such as local residents, communities and social infrastructure, as well as components of the biophysical environment such as wetlands, flora and riverine systems. Resources include components of the biophysical environment. Frequency of activity refers to how often the proposed activity will take place. Frequency of impact refers to the frequency with which a stressor (aspect) will impact on the receptor. Severity refers to the degree of change to the receptor status in terms of the reversibility of the impact; sensitivity of receptor to stressor; duration of impact (increasing or decreasing with time); controversy potential and precedent setting; threat to environmental and health standards. Spatial extent refers to the geographical scale of the impact. Duration refers to the length of time over which the stressor will cause a change in the resource or receptor.
The significance of the impact is then assessed by rating each variable numerically according to the defined criteria. Refer to the below. The purpose of the rating is to develop a clear understanding of influences and processes associated with each impact. The severity, spatial scope and duration of the impact together comprise the consequence of the impact and when
1 The definition has been aligned with that used in the ISO 14001 Standard.
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summed can obtain a maximum value of 15. The frequency of the activity and the frequency of the impact together comprise the likelihood of the impact occurring and can obtain a maximum value of 10. The values for likelihood and consequence of the impact are then read off a significance rating matrix and are used to determine whether mitigation is necessary2.
The assessment of significance is undertaken twice. Initial significance is based only natural and existing mitigation measures (including built-in engineering designs). The subsequent assessment takes into account the recommended management measures required to mitigate the impacts. Measures such as demolishing infrastructure, and reinstatement and rehabilitation of land, are considered post-mitigation.
The model outcome of the impacts was then assessed in terms of impact certainty and consideration of available information. The Precautionary Principle is applied in line with South Africa‟s National Environmental Management Act (No. 108 of 1997) in instances of uncertainty or lack of information by increasing assigned ratings or adjusting final model outcomes. In certain instances where a variable or outcome requires rational adjustment due to model limitations, the model outcomes have been adjusted.
2 Some risks/impacts that have low significance will however still require mitigation
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LIKELIHOOD DESCRIPTORS Probability of impact RATING Highly unlikely 1 Possible 2 Likely 3 Highly likely 4 Definite 5 Sensitivity of receiving environment RATING Ecology not sensitive/important 1 Ecology with limited sensitivity/importance 2 Ecology moderately sensitive/ /important 3 Ecology highly sensitive /important 4 Ecology critically sensitive /important 5
CONSEQUENCE DESCRIPTORS Severity of impact RATING Insignificant / ecosystem structure and function unchanged 1 Small / ecosystem structure and function largely unchanged 2 Significant / ecosystem structure and function moderately altered 3 Great / harmful/ ecosystem structure and function Largely altered 4 Disastrous / ecosystem structure and function seriously to critically altered 5 Spatial scope of impact RATING Activity specific/ < 5 ha impacted / Linear features affected < 100m 1 Development specific/ within the site boundary / < 100ha impacted / Linear features affected < 100m 2 Local area/ within 1 km of the site boundary / < 5000ha impacted / Linear features affected < 1000m 3 Regional within 5 km of the site boundary / < 2000ha impacted / Linear features affected < 3000m 4 Entire habitat unit / Entire system/ > 2000ha impacted / Linear features affected > 3000m 5 Duration of impact RATING One day to one month 1 One month to one year 2 One year to five years 3 Life of operation or less than 20 years 4 Permanent 5
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Table 1: Significance Rating Matrix. CONSEQUENCE (Severity + Spatial Scope + Duration) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 Frequencyimpact)of 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 LIKELIHOOD(Frequency + activity of 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Table 2: Positive/Negative Mitigation Ratings. Significance Rating Value Negative Impact Management Positive Impact Management Recommendation Recommendation
Very high 126-150 Improve current management Maintain current management
High 101-125 Improve current management Maintain current management
Medium-high 76-100 Improve current management Maintain current management
Medium-low 51-75 Maintain current management Improve current management
Low 26-50 Maintain current management Improve current management
Very low 1-25 Maintain current management Improve current management
The following points were considered when undertaking the assessment: Risks and impacts were analysed in the context of the project’s area of influence encompassing: Primary project site and related facilities that the client and its contractors develops or controls; Areas potentially impacted by cumulative impacts for further planned development of the project, any existing project or condition and other project- related developments; and Areas potentially affected by impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the project that may occur later or at a different location. Risks/Impacts were assessed for all stages of the project cycle including: Construction; Operation; and
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Rehabilitation. If applicable, transboundary or global effects were assessed; Individuals or groups who may be differentially or disproportionately affected by the project because of their disadvantaged or vulnerable status were assessed. Particular attention was paid to describing any residual impacts that will occur post- closure.
5.2 Mitigation Measure Development
The following points present the key concepts considered in the development of mitigation measures for the proposed development:
Mitigation and performance improvement measures and actions that address the risks and impacts3 are identified and described in as much detail as possible.
Measures and actions to address negative impacts will favour avoidance and prevention over minimization, mitigation or compensation.
Desired outcomes are defined, and have been developed in such a way as to be measurable events with performance indicators, targets and acceptable criteria that can be tracked over defined periods, with estimates of the resources (including human resource and training requirements) and responsibilities for implementation.
3 Mitigation measures should address both positive and negative impacts
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6. RESULTS OF FLORAL INVESTIGATION
6.1 Biome and bioregion
Biomes are broad ecological units that represent major life zones extending over large natural areas (Rutherford 1997). This assessment site falls within the Savanna biome (Figure 5) (Rutherford & Westfall, 1994). Biomes are further divided into bioregions, which are spatial terrestrial units possessing similar biotic and physical features, and processes at a regional scale. This assessment site is situated within the Eastern Kalahari Bushveld Bioregion (Figure 6) (Musina & Rutherford, 2006).
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STUDY AREA
Figure 4: Biomes of South Africa.
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BIOME
Figure 5: Biomes associated with the subject property (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
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Figure 6: Bioregions associated with the study area (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
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6.2 Vegetation type and Landscape Characteristics
While biomes and bioregions are valuable as they describe broad ecological patterns, they provide limited information on the actual species that are expected to be found in an area. Knowing which vegetation type an area belongs to provides an indication of the floral composition that would be found if the assessment site was in a pristine condition, which can then be compared to the observed floral list and so give an accurate and timely description of the ecological integrity of the assessment site. When the boundary of the assessment site is superimposed on the vegetation types of the surrounding area (Figure 7), it is evident that the subject property falls within the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type (Musina & Rutherford, 2006),
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Figure 7: Vegetation type associated with the subject property (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
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6.3 Distribution
Kathu Bushveld is distributed within the Northern Cape Province from the plains in Kathu and Dibeng in the south, through Hotazel, vicinity of Frylinckspan to the Botswana border roughly between Van Zylsrus and McCarthysrus. Altitude ranges between 960 and 1300m (Musina & Rutherford, 2006).
6.4 Climate
The Kathu Bushveld vegetation type has summer and autumn rainfall with very dry winters, with a MAP about 220-380mm and frost is frequently in winter. Mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures for Sishen 37.0°C and -2.2°C for December and July, respectively (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
6.5 Geology and soils
Aeolian red sand and surface calcrete, deep (>1.2m) sandy soils of Hutton and Clovelly soil forms is found within the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type. Land types mainly Ah and Ae, with some Ag (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
6.6 Conservation
This vegetation type is considered least concern with a target of 16%, with nothing conserved in statutory conservation areas. More than 1% already transformed, including the iron ore mining locality at Sishen, one of the biggest open-cast mines in the world and erosion is very low (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
6.7 Floral characteristics of the study area
The Kathu Bushveld vegetatation type has a medium-tall tree layer with Acacia erioloba in places, but is mostly open, with Boscia albitrunca as the predominant trees. Shrub layer generally most important with species such as A. millifera, Diospyros lycioides and Lycium hirsutum. Grass layer is variable in cover (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
The following flora is indicators of the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type: Tall tree: Acacia erioloba (d) Small trees: Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens (d), Boscia albitrunica (d), Terminalia sericea Tall shrubs: Diospyros lycioides subsp. lycioides (d), Dichrostachys cinerea, Grewia flava, Gymnosporia buxifolia, Rhigozum brevispinosum
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Low Shrubs: Aptosimum decumbens, Grewia retinervis, Nolletia arenosa, Sida cordifolia, Tragia dioica. Graminoids: Aristida meridionalis (d), Brachiaria nigropedata (d), Centropodia glauca (d), Eragrostis lehmanniana (d), Schmidtia pappophoroides (d), Stipagrostis ciliata (d), Aristida congesta, Eragrostis biflora, E. chloromelas, E.heteromera, E. pallens, Melinis repens, Schmidtia kalahariensis, Stipagrostis uniplumis, Tragus berteronianus. Herb: Acrotome inflata, Erlangea misera, Glisekia africana, Heliotropium ciliatum, Hermbstaedtia fleckii, H. odorata, Limeum fenestratum, L. viscosum, Lotononis platycarpa, Senna italica subsp. aravhoides, Tribulus terrestris.
Biogeographically Important Taxa (Kalahari endemics): Small tree: Acacia luederitzii var luederitzii. Graminoids: Anthephora argentea, Megaloprotachne albescens, Panicum kalaharense Herb: Neuradopsis bechuanensis.
7. GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF SUBJECT PROPERTY
7.1 Griqualand West Centre of Endemism
Both study areas fall within the Griqualand West Centre of Endemism (GWC). According to van Wyk and Smith (2001) the GWC coincides with the surface outcrops of the Ghaap Group (previously Griqualand West Sequence) and Olifantshoek Supergroup (previously Sequence). However, in floristic terms the outer boundaries of the centre are rather diffuse, as several of the GWC floristic elements spill over onto related substrates, especially alkaline substrates rich in calcium.
The mountainous western parts of the GWC are covered by Kalahari Mountain Bushveld, and the eastern plateau area is covered by Kalahari Plateau Bushveld, both endemic to the centre. Tarchonanthus camphorates is a particularly common woody species in these two bushveld types. Typical mountain species include Searsia tridactyla (Rhus tridactyla), Croton gratissimus and Buddleja saligna. Pockets of Karoo-type vegetation increase towards the south and west, especially in heavily overgrazed areas.
The vegetation of the GWC is still fairly intact, although extremely poorly conserved. Apparently the Kalahari Plateau Bushveld is the only Savanna Biome vegetation type which is not represented in any sizable nature reserve. Bush encroachment by e.g. the indigenous Acacia
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mellifera, which is due to inappropriate veld management practices (mainly overgrazing by domestic livestock), is a major problem in many parts of the region.
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Figure 8: Extent of the Griqualand West Centre of Endemism; study area indicated with red.
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7.2 Kathu Forest
The proposed host site is located adjacent to the town Kathu it is therefore important to note that many farms to the north of Kathu were declared part of the Kathu Forest (Declaration of Kathu forest as a protected woodland under section 12 (1) (c) of the National Forests Act, 1998). The Kathu forest is considered unique due to the amount as well as size of Acacia erioloba (Camel thorn) trees in this area. It is therefore important to ensure mining activities that may lead to impact beyond the mine footprint area such as dust and dewatering of groundwater are adequately mitigated to avoid or at least decrease possible loss of Acacia erioloba trees within Kathu as well as surroundings.
7.3 Environmental Potential Atlas for the Northern Cape
Land cover indicated for both areas with surroundings is thicket and bushveld, with land use indicated as “unspecified” with isolated “mining activities”. Only the Gamagara River is indicated to flow near the southern boundary of the existing Dingleton Town, no other sensitive features or protected areas are indicated close to the two areas.
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Figure 9: Land cover for the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle.
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Figure 10: Land use for the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle.
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Figure 11: Sensitive features mapped for the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle.
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Figure 12: Conservation areas the study area and surroundings (www.environment.gov.za; July 2000). Study area is indicated with a black circle.
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8. SURROUNDING PROPERTIES/LAND USES
The proposed host site for the Dingleton town is located between the R380 and N14 Highway. Infrastructure for new residential developments as part of the expansion of the town Kathu presently constitutes the entire area north of the host site extending up to Frikkie Meyer St. Although the host site is bordered by open veld to the west, the border has been fenced and a gravel road extends along this boundary, with a newly developed construction camp located adjacent to the western boundary. The proposed host site itself has been left open veld for a significant period of time, with limited anthropogenic activity except for gravel roads traversing the site as well as edge effects adjacent to the R380 and N14 Highway as a result of road construction.
The area associated with the existing Dingleton town (northern portion of the study area) has been used for residential developments for a significant period of time resulting in complete transformation of the floral community. Furthermore, the majority of the eastern border is situated next to ongoing mining activity with associated site clearing as well as edge effects resulting in further loss of species diversity. The remainder of the study area as well as surroundings has been left open veld with isolated roads and developments throughout the study area. The Gamagara River is located adjacent to the southern boundary, which is expected to host a variety of faunal and floral species not encountered within the remainder of the study area.
9. ECOLOGICAL CONDITION AND FUNCTIONING
Limited anthropogenic activity resulted in largely uniform ecological condition and functioning for the majority of the proposed host site. Some decline in condition was noted in areas within the immediate vicinity of gravel roads, the R380 and N14 Highway. However, compared to the remainder of the subject property these areas can be considered small and are not expected to affect the overall ecological condition and functioning within the subject property.
Ongoing anthropogenic activities within the existing Dingleton town have resulted in significant loss of ecological condition and functioning. The remainder of the study area has been left open veld, with relatively uniform floral composition. The exception was Acacia mellifera encroached areas within the southern potion as well as centre portion that would
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have resulted in loss of both ecological condition and function within the immediate surrounding areas.
10. FLORAL DESCRIPTION
10.1 Floral Habitat Unit Description
After the field assessment the areas earmarked for decommissioning and relocation activities can be subdivided into two specific habitat units, namely open veld and transformed areas which are discussed in detail below.
10.1.1 Proposed host site habitat unit description
The proposed host site falls within this habitat unit, with the only exception being the construction camp located within the north western portion. Within the footprint areas of the construction camp vegetation was cleared resulting in decrease of both floral species diversity and abundance.
Figure 13: Vegetation clearing within construction camp and surrounding areas.
The floral species identified are listed within the table below. Diversity of grass species was largely uniform throughout the proposed host site with an increase in shrub (Tarchonanthus camphoratus) towards the south. The size as well as density of Acacia erioloba trees increased towards the north of the study area with a significant decrease in density towards the south with only scattered smaller individuals encountered in the vicinity of the N14 Highway. It is recommended that, if possible, the extreme northern portion of the study area be left as either private or public open space to ensure as few as possible of the A. erioloba trees are disturbed or destroyed.
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Figure 14: Increase of Acacia erioloba within the northern portion of the proposed host site (left). Tree abundance decreasing significantly towards the south (right).
During the field survey it was noted that the amount of Ledebouria undulata and Aloe grandidentata significantly increased within the extreme eastern portion of the study area. It should be noted that although Aloe grandidentata is sighted in literature as a common aloe species (van Wyk and Smith, 2003) the majority of aloe species are protected (schedule 4 of the Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974)), as is the case with Aloe grandidentata. It is recommended that either the extreme eastern portion be excluded from development or that these species be used for landscaping within the new village. Although Ledebouria undulata is not protected it may also prove viable to use the individuals that will be disturbed for landscaping instead of exotic floral species that is usually the norm in landscaped gardens.
Figure 15: Dominant floral species identified within the proposed host site.
Trees Shrub/Forb Grass/Sedges Diospyros lycioides Aptosimum albomarginatum Aristida congesta susp. congesta Grewia flava Boophone disticha Aristida stipitata Acacia erioloba Aloe grandidentata Schmidtia kalihariensis Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens Indigofera vicioides Pogonarthria squarrosa Elephantorrhiza elephantina Monechma devaricatum Eragrostis echinochloidea Ziziphus mucronata Citrullus lanatus Cymbopogon plurinodis Acacia haematoxylon Ledebouria undulata Cynodon dactylon Peliostomum virgatum Melinis repens Lobelia erinus Digitaria eriantha Felicia muricata Eragrostis plana Grewia flava Cenchrus ciliaris Tarchonanthus camphoratus Anthephora argentea Deverra denudata Aristida adscensionis
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Trees Shrub/Forb Grass/Sedges Ornithogalum seineri Aristida diffusa Indigofera flavicans Heteropogon contortus Aptosimum elongatum Eragrostes pallens Pollichia campestris Aristida meridionalis Setaria verticillata Centropodia glauca Eragrostis lehmanniana Kyllinga alba
10.1.2 Dingleton town
All the portions of the study area associated with the existing Dingleton town with the exception of the town itself and associated infrastructure can be defined as comprising of open veld. Over grazing within certain areas of the study area resulted in Acacia mellifera encroachment and loss of floral diversity as well as abundance. It is recommended that these areas be considered as a first choice for future mining related activity. Consideration should also be given to edge effects keeping the proposed activities as near as possible to present mining activity (east of the study area) so as to not impact on open veld considered in a higher ecological condition.
Figure 16: Acacia mellifera encroachment encountered within a grazing camp located within the southern portion of the study area (left) as well as open veld areas dominated by Acacia mellifera in between existing town infrastructure.
The northern boundary of the study area associated with the existing Dingleton Town borders the Gamagara River. An increase in larger Acacia erioloba trees were noted within the riparian zone. This tree species is not only protected (section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998 as amended in September 2011) but will provide nesting and foraging habitat for various faunal species as well. As a result, the Gamagara River should be
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delineated and appointed a suitable buffer (if not already conducted as part of previous assessments), to ensure no impact on riparian habitat results from mining related activities.
Figure 17: Southern boundary of the study area, with the Gamagara River located just south of the boundary.
All floral species identified within the study area are listed in the table below. The floral species diversity and abundance are less than what is expected within undisturbed Kathu Bushveld. This is deemed a result of ongoing grazing as well as farming related infrastructure within open veld areas as well as site clearing for the town of Dingleton. During the assessment several areas used for dumping were also encountered throughout the study area that will ultimately also lead to vegetation transformation within the immediate surroundings. It is recommended that unauthorised dumping within the Sishen surface rights area be monitored and dumping facilities provided for the new town in order to prevent casual dumping within surrounding open veld areas.
Figure 18: Vegetation clearing within areas surrounding residential developments (left). Dumping sites encountered within the centre portion of the Dingleton town study area (right).
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Figure 19: A truck encountered during the assessment busy dumping refuse within the Dingleton town open veld areas.
It should be noted that the majority of the exotic species were identified within the Dingleton town mainly as a result of such species being planted within urban gardens. Larger Acacia erioloba trees were also encountered within urban gardens and locations of these trees marked using a GPS. It is recommended that as many of these trees as possible, be left undisturbed during decommissioning activities as well as future mining related activities. Furthermore, due to the significant diversity of exotic species, careful attention should be paid to proliferation of exotic species after decommissioning to ensure these species do not spread to surrounding open veld areas.
Table 1: Dominant floral species identified within the existing Dingleton town and surrounding open veld areas.
Tree Shrub/forb Grass Acacia erioloba Senna italica Melinis repens Ziziphus mucronata Aloe hereroensis Cymbopogon plurinodis Cussonia spicata Indigofera vicioides Panicum maximum Searcia lancea Monechma divaricatum Eragrostis echinochloidea Acacia caffra Boophone disticha Anthephora argentea Acacia sieberiana Lobelia erinus Digitaria eriantha Grewia flava Cynodon dactylon Tarchonanthus camphoratus Heteropogon contortus Schmidtia kalihariensis Schmidtia pappophoroid- es Aristida stipitata Cenchrus ciliaris Aristida adscensionis Eragrostis lehmanniana Eragrostis truncata Setaria verticillata
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10.2 RDL Floral Status Assessments
An assessment considering the presence of any RDL plant species, as well as suitable habitat to support any such species, was undertaken for each of the study areas assessed. The complete PRECIS plant list for the grid references (2723CA and 2722DD) was obtained from SANBI that gave an indication of the plant species that would be expected to occur within each of these quarter degree squares. No species are indicated as species of concern within the QDS 2723CA, with only Acacia erioloba listed as a “declining” floral species within the QDS 2722DD. Furthermore, individuals as well as possible habitat for floral species listed within schedule 3 and 4 of the Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974), as well as trees listed within section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998 as amended in September 2011 were searched for during the assessment. Special attention was paid with the identification of three tree species protected under the National Forests Act known to occur within the Kuthu Bushveld vegetation type namely Acacia erioloba, Acacia haematoxylon and Boscia albitrunca (Steyn, 2007; van Rooyen, 2001). Of the three species Acacia erioloba was the most abundant and was encountered at both sites. Only one Acacia haematoxylon tree was identified within the proposed host site (approximately 1 meter tall). It is doubtful that there will only be one Acacia haematoxylon within the study area therefore provision should be made within the permit application for more individuals. Boscia albitrunca was not encountered within any of the sites. It is however deemed possible that Boscia albitrunca individuals may occur within less disturbed areas of the existing Dingleton town study area. It is therefore recommended that the ECO guiding the site clearing be informed of the possible presence of this tree species to ensure the trees are left undisturbed or permit application is lodged prior to disturbance.
Two different approaches were used to determine the number of protected trees within each of the study areas. For areas surrounding the existing Dingleton town it was possible to do a drive through the streets and using a hand held GPS mark the location of each of the Acacia erioloba trees. All the trees noted were large (>10m) with very few smaller trees encoun- tered, the size of the trees therefore aided with the counting and it is doubtful that a signifi- cant number could have been missed. 84 A. erioloba trees in total were counted within the existing Dingleton town. A safety percentage of 5% is recommended for the permit applica- tion to ensure trees that may have been missed are also accounted for.
In areas with significant numbers of A. erioloba individuals, or within areas too large for indi- vidual counting to prove feasible, sample plots were chosen which were considered repre- sentative of the surroundings. Two specialists walked parallel to each other noting the num-
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ber of very small (<1m), small (~1m), medium (<4m) and large (>4m) trees approximately 20 meters on either side along 100 meters. The total number of individuals can then be calcu- lated for the remaining portions of the areas in question using the average number of plants per ha. Given that some individuals may have been missed, as well as the possibility of vari- ance in community densities, a safety percentage of 10% should be added to the total num- ber of plants within each area. The total number of trees for each sample plot as well as loca- tions of the sample plots will be provided to the client in order to accurately extrapolate the number of trees for which a permit is required.
Two aloe species listed as protected within Schedule 4 Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974) was identified within the areas assessed. Several Aloe grandidentata was identified within the extreme eastern portion of the proposed host site as well as within the centre portion of the Dingleton town study area. One Aloe hereroensis was identified within the northern portion of the Dingleton town study area. If possible, these areas should remain undisturbed during future mining expansion activities or permit application should be lodged, followed by a species specific rescue and relocation plan prior to commencement of activities. All protected floral species identified are listed in the table below. It should be noted that none of these species listed within the table below are allowed to be removed, destroyed, cultivated or transported without applying for a permit.
Table 3: Protected floral species identified within the study areas (Raimondo et al., 2009; SANBI, www.sanbi.org). Scientific name Common name Regulation Habitat description Acacia eriloba Camel Thorn National Forests Act (1998 as Savanna, semi desert amended in 2011 GN34595) and desert areas with deep, northern provinces of South Africa. Acacia haematoxylon Grey Camel Thorn National Forests Act (1998 as Occurring in bushveld, amended in 2011 GN34595) usually on deep Kalahari sand between dunes or along dry watercourses. Aloe grandidentata Bontaalwyn Schedule 4 Environmental and Widely distributed in the Conservation Ordinance no.19 arid interior of South (1974) Africa4. Aloe hereroensis Sandaalwyn Schedule 4 Environmental and Widely distributed in the Conservation Ordinance no.19 dry interior of South (1974) Africa. It grows in flat sandy or stony places or sometimes on rocky slopes5. Boophane disticha Sore Eye Flower Schedule 4 Environmental and Dry grassland and rocky Conservation Ordinance no.19 areas6.
4 Van Wyk and Smith, 2010 5 Van Wyk and Smith, 2010 6 Germishuizen and Clarke, 2003
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Scientific name Common name Regulation Habitat description (1974)
It should be mentioned that plants listed within the table below may also occur within both study areas. However, due to differing flowering seasons they may have been missed during the assessment done in April.
Table 4: Protected floral species with a high Probability of Occurrence7. Scientific name Common name Regulation Habitat description Harpagophytum procumbens Devil’s Claw Schedule 3 Environmental and Sandy areas, Conservation Ordinance no.19 sometimes in (1974) overgrazed areas. Boscia albitrunca Shepherd’s tree National Forests Act (1998 as Semi-desert areas, amended in 2011 GN34595) wooded grassland and bushveld, often on termitaria8. Hoodia gordonii Ghaap Schedule 2 Environmental and Occurs in a wide variety Conservation Ordinance no.19 of arid habitats, from (1974) coastal to mountains, also on gentle to steep shale ridges, found form dry, rocky places to sandy spots in riverbeds. Aloe claviflora Kraalaalwyn Schedule 4 Environmental and Widely distributed in the Conservation Ordinance no.19 dry interior of South (1974) Africa, where it grows in well drained places on rocky slopes or flat sandy areas9. Ammocharis coranica Berglelie Schedule 4 Environmental and Hot dry sandy flats. Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974) Babiana hypogaea Bobbejaanuintjie Schedule 4 Environmental and Grassveld, rocky places Conservation Ordinance no.19 and slopes10. (1974) Nerine laticoma Vlei lily Schedule 4 Environmental and Occurs in a variety of Conservation Ordinance no.19 habitats, from moist (1974) areas, turf soils to sandy and stony areas. Flowers from January to March11. Stapelia olivacea Swartaasblom Schedule 4 Environmental and Plants are found in Conservation Ordinance no.19 nearly all habitats, but (1974) mostly in well-drained soils in the drier regions12
7 Raimondo et al, 2009 8 Van Wyk and Van Wyk, 2011 9 Van Wyk and Smith, 2010 10 Germishuizen and Clarke, 2003 11 Van der Walt, 2009 12 http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantqrs/stapelia.htm
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10.3 Vegetation Index Score
The information gathered during the assessment of the subject property was used to determine the Vegetation Index Score (VIS) - see appendix C for calculations. The VIS score calculated for the open veld habitat unit was 15 (Class C – Moderately modified). Although the open veld habitat unit within both study areas has seen relatively little anthropogenic activity, exotic species were noted and densities of forb and shrub species were not considered as uniformly spread as would be the case in pristine grassland. The transformed habitat unit calculated a very low score of -3.4 (Class E – Completely modified). The very low score can be expected due the number of exotic species within the Dingleton town as well as site clearing for residential developments. Areas also considered within the transformed habitat are areas significantly encroached by Acacia mellifera. A. mellifera encroachment has resulted in almost no natural species diversity and therefore a VIS score falling within Class E is considered representative.
10.4 Graminiod Community Assessment
Floral communities can provide information regarding the ecological status of specific areas within a study area. If the species composition is quantitatively determined and characteristics of all components of the floral community taken into consideration, it is possible to determine the Present Ecological State of the portion of land represented by the assessment point. It should be noted that floral community assessments were largely restricted to the open veld habitat unit, due to vegetation clearing (Dingleton town) and Acacia mellifera encroachment resulting in a total loss of grass species in some areas. The locations of the various transects are depicted with green in the figures below. Areas significantly encroached by Acacia mellifera where community assessments could not be undertaken are depicted with blue in the figure below and areas that are presently restricted due to mining activity are indicated by yellow.
Any given grass species is specifically adapted to specific growth conditions. This sensitivity to specific conditions make grasses good indicators of veld conditions. The sections below summarise the dominant floral species identified within each transect with their associated habitats and optimal growth conditions with reference to the table and figure below.
40 SAS 212055 – Floral Assessment May 2012
Table 5: Grouping of grasses (Van Oudtshoorn, 2006). Pioneer Hardened, annual plants that can grow in very unfavourable conditions. In time improves growth conditions for perennial grasses. Subclimax Weak perennials denser than pioneer grasses. Protects soils leading to more moisture, which leads to a denser stand, which deposits more organic material on the surface. As growth conditions improve climax grasses are replaced by subclimax grasses. Climax Strong perennial plants adapted to optimal growth conditions. Decreaser Grasses abundant in good veld. Increaser I Grasses abundant in underutilized veld. Increaser II Grasses abundant in overgrazed veld. Increaser III Grasses commonly found in overgrazed veld.
41 SAS 212055 – Floral Assessment May 2012
Study area
Transect locations
Figure 20: Arial map depicting locations of individual transects of the proposed relocation area.
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Study area
Transect locations
Acacia mellifera encroached areas
Restricted areas
Figure 21: Arial map depicting locations of individual transects of the existing Dingleton town study area.
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Transect 1 – northern portion of the proposed host site.
Pogonarthria squarrosa (Herringbone grass) [Subclimax grass; Increaser II] Herringbone grass grows in disturbed places such as roadsides but is also sparsely distributed in undisturbed veld. It grows mostly in sandy soil, but also in other well drained soils. Aristida congesta subsp. congesta (Tassel three awn) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Tassel three awn occurs in disturbed places such as road reserves, old cultivated lands and bare patches in overgrazed veld. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia pappophoroides (Sand Quick) [Climax & Sub climax grass; Increaser & Decreaser grass]. Sand quick grows in warm areas with a relatively low rainfall; mostly in sandy, loam and gravelly soil. It often grows in limeveld, and sometimes in gravelly clay soil. Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann’s Love Grass) [Climax grass; Increase II]. Lehmann’s love grass usually grows in parts where disturbance took place in the past, such as overgrazed veld, old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in sandy soil. It also grows in undisturbed sandveld in arid regions. Aristida meridionalis (Giant Three-awn) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Giant three-awn commonly grows in Kalahari sandveld, as well as sandy soil in other parts of the region. It also often grows in gravelly soil, in damp places and along roadsides.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Aristida meridionalis; Eragrostis lehmanniana; Schmidtia pappophoroides; Aristida congesta subsp. congesta
Conclusion: The number of Aristida congesta subsp. congesta and Eragrostis trichophora indicate disturbance within this area. However, it should be noted that the abundance of Acacia erioloba individuals within this area was considered high and therefore although disturbed, the area should still be considered of higher ecological importance.
Figure 22: Transect 1.
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Transect 2 – northern portion of the proposed host site.
Pogonarthria squarrosa (Herringbone grass) [Subclimax grass; Increaser II] Herringbone grass grows in disturbed places such as roadsides but is also sparsely distributed in undisturbed veld. It grows mostly in sandy soil, but also in other well drained soils. Aristida congesta subsp. congesta (Tassel three awn) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Tassel three awn occurs in disturbed places such as road reserves, old cultivated lands and bare patches in overgrazed veld. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia pappophoroides (Sand Quick) [Climax & Sub climax grass; Increaser & Decreaser grass]. Sand quick grows in warm areas with a relatively low rainfall; mostly in sandy, loam and gravelly soil. It often grows in limeveld, and sometimes in gravelly clay soil. Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann’s Love Grass) [Climax grass; Increase II]. Lehmann’s love grass usually grows in parts where disturbance took place in the past, such as overgrazed veld, old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in sandy soil. It also grows in undisturbed sandveld in arid regions. Aristida meridionalis (Giant Three-awn) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Giant three-awn commonly grows in Kalahari sandveld, as well as sandy soil in other parts of the region. It also often grows in gravelly soil, in damp places and along roadsides. Aristida adscensionis (Annual three-awn) Increaser II, Pioneer grass. Annual three-awn occurs in disturbed places such as along roadsides and on bare patches in natural grazing. It grows in all types of soil, particularly poor soils often the first grass to appear in disturbed places. Cymbopogon plurinodis (Narrow-leaved Turpentine grass) Climax; Increaser I. Narrow-leaved turpentine grass grows in open grassland or open pathces in bushveld regions. It grows in all soil types, but prefers heavier soils where it can form dominant stands. In some regions this grass is very common (Cymbopogon/themeda veld) and often occurs in association with red grass. Aristida diffusa (Iron Grass) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Iron grass grows in a variety of soil types, but mostly on slopes in gravelly soil. It is particularly associated with shallow soil in overgrazed veld.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Aristida meridionalis; Eragrostis lehmanniana; Schmidtia pappophoroides; Aristida congesta subsp. congesta
Conclusion: Some increase in species diversity; however Aristida congesta subsp. congesta and Eragrostis trichophora still dominate, therefore Transect 2 confirms findings within the Transect 1 area. Figure 23: Transect 2.
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Transect 3 – northern portion of the proposed host site.
Cymbopogon plurinodis (Narrow-leaved Turpentine grass) Climax; Increaser I. Narrow-leaved turpentine grass grows in open grassland or open patches in bushveld regions. It grows in all soil types, but prefers heavier soils where it can form dominant stands. In some regions this grass is very common (Cymbopogon/themeda veld) and often occurs in association with red grass. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia pappophoroides (Sand Quick) [Climax & Sub climax grass; Increaser & Decreaser grass]. Sand quick grows in warm areas with a relatively low rainfall; mostly in sandy, loam and gravelly soil. It often grows in limeveld, and sometimes in gravelly clay soil. Aristida diffusa (Iron Grass) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Iron grass grows in a variety of soil types, but mostly on slopes in gravelly soil. It is particularly associated with shallow soil in overgrazed veld. Aristida meridionalis (Giant Three-awn) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Giant three-awn commonly grows in Kalahari sandveld, as well as sandy soil in other parts of the region. It also often grows in gravelly soil, in damp places and along roadsides.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Aristida meridionalis; Schmidtia pappophoroides
Conclusion: Transect 3 was done within the area where a decrease in density of Acacia erioloba evident. Species diversity decreases and half of the grass community are dominated by Eragrostis trichophora considered a definite indication of past disturbance. It may be possible that the disturbance led to an overall decrease in Acacia erioloba individuals within the specific area.
Figure 24: Transect 3.
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Transect 4 – eastern boundary of the proposed host site.
Pogonarthria squarrosa (Herringbone grass) [Subclimax grass; Increaser II] Herringbone grass grows in disturbed places such as roadsides but is also sparsely distributed in undisturbed veld. It grows mostly in sandy soil, but also in other well drained soils. Aristida congesta subsp. congesta (Tassel three awn) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Tassel three awn occurs in disturbed places such as road reserves, old cultivated lands and bare patches in overgrazed veld. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann’s Love Grass) [Climax grass; Increase II]. Lehmann’s love grass usually grows in parts where disturbance took place in the past, such as overgrazed veld, old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in sandy soil. It also grows in undisturbed sandveld in arid regions. Aristida meridionalis (Giant Three-awn) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Giant three-awn commonly grows in Kalahari sandveld, as well as sandy soil in other parts of the region. It also often grows in gravelly soil, in damp places and along roadsides. Aristida adscensionis (Annual three-awn) Increaser II, Pioneer grass. Annual three-awn occurs in disturbed places such as along roadsides and on bare patches in natural grazing. It grows in all types of soil, particularly poor soils often the first grass to appear in disturbed places.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Aristida meridionalis; Eragrostis lehmanniana; Aristida congesta subsp. congesta
Conclusion: The grassland community is dominated by Aristida congesta subsp. congesta and Eragrostis trichophora. The results were expected due to Transect 4 being fairly close to the new development area on the eastern side of the study area that would lead to vegetation transformation to some extent due to edge effects.
Figure 25: Transect 4.
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Transect 5 – southern portion of the proposed host site.
Eragrostis echinochloidea (Tick grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Tick grass usually grows in disturbed places such as old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in shallow lime soil, as well as sandy soil. It is often found in the vicinity of pans. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann’s Love Grass) [Climax grass; Increase II]. Lehmann’s love grass usually grows in parts where disturbance took place in the past, such as overgrazed veld, old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in sandy soil. It also grows in undisturbed sandveld in arid regions. Cymbopogon plurinodis (Narrow-leaved Turpentine grass) Climax; Increaser I. Narrow-leaved turpentine grass grows in open grassland or open patches in bushveld regions. It grows in all soil types, but prefers heavier soils where it can form dominant stands. In some regions this grass is very common (Cymbopogon/themeda veld) and often occurs in association with red grass.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Eragrostis lehmanniana
Conclusion: 74% of the grass species encountered is associated with disturbed places. As a result development within this portion may not be considered significant, however a definite increase in Aloe grandidentata as well as Ledebouria undulata individuals were noted within this area and therefore it is recommended that either this area be excluded from the development or the aloe’s and Ledebouria undulata individuals be used during landscaping of the new town.
Figure 26: Transect 5.
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Transect 6 – southern portion of the proposed host site.
Heteropogon contortus (Spear Grass) [Subclimax grass, Increaser II]. Spear grass grows especially in gravelly and other well drained soil. It often grows on slopes and in disturbed places such as road reserves where it can form dense stands. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia pappophoroides (Sand Quick) [Climax & Sub climax grass; Increaser & Decreaser grass]. Sand quick grows in warm areas with a relatively low rainfall; mostly in sandy, loam and gravelly soil. It often grows in limeveld, and sometimes in gravelly clay soil. Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann’s Love Grass) [Climax grass; Increase II]. Lehmann’s love grass usually grows in parts where disturbance took place in the past, such as overgrazed veld, old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in sandy soil. It also grows in undisturbed sandveld in arid regions. Aristida adscensionis (Annual three-awn) Increaser II, Pioneer grass. Annual three-awn occurs in disturbed places such as along roadsides and on bare patches in natural grazing. It grows in all types of soil, particularly poor soils often the first grass to appear in disturbed places. Cymbopogon plurinodis (Narrow-leaved Turpentine grass) Climax; Increaser I. Narrow-leaved turpentine grass grows in open grassland or open patches in bushveld regions. It grows in all soil types, but prefers heavier soils where it can form dominant stands. In some regions this grass is very common (Cymbopogon/themeda veld) and often occurs in association with red grass.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Eragrostis lehmanniana; Schmidtia pappophoroides
Conclusion: Although the grass species encountered are indicators of disturbance, percentages of the various species are relatively uniform and therefore are considered indicative of some increase in overall veld condition.
Figure 27: Transect 6.
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Transect 7 – centre portion of the proposed host site.
Aristida congesta subsp. barbicollis (Spreading three-awn) Increaser II, Pioneer grass. Spreading three-awn occurs in disturbed places like old cultivated lands, road reserves and bare patches in overgrazed veld. It grows in all types of soil, but mostly in loam soil. Aristida congesta subsp. congesta (Tassel three awn) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Tassel three awn occurs in disturbed places such as road reserves, old cultivated lands and bare patches in overgrazed veld. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia pappophoroides (Sand Quick) [Climax & Sub climax grass; Increaser & Decreaser grass]. Sand quick grows in warm areas with a relatively low rainfall; mostly in sandy, loam and gravelly soil. It often grows in limeveld, and sometimes in gravelly clay soil. Cymbopogon plurinodis (Narrow-leaved Turpentine grass) Climax; Increaser I. Narrow-leaved turpentine grass grows in open grassland or open patches in bushveld regions. It grows in all soil types, but prefers heavier soils where it can form dominant stands. In some regions this grass is very common (Cymbopogon/themeda veld) and often occurs in association with red grass.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Schmidtia pappophoroides; Aristida congesta subsp. congesta
Conclusion: Species diversity is lower than expected for the centre portion where the least amount of anthropogenic activity was noted. Furthermore the area was dominated by Eragrostis trichophora. Therefore, historical disturbance within the Transect 7 and surroundings are deemed highly likely.
Figure 28: Transect 7.
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Transect 8 – south western portion of the proposed host site.
Aristida stipitata (Long-awned grass) [Subclimax grass; Increaser II]. Long-awned grass grows mainly in deep sandy soil and loam soil, usually in disturbed places such as roadsides and overgrazed veld. It is often associated with silver cluster leaf (Teminalia sericea) veld. It also occurs on rocky outcrops. Aristida meridionalis (Giant Three-awn) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Giant three-awn commonly grows in Kalahari sandveld, as well as sandy soil in other parts of the region. It also often grows in gravelly soil, in damp places and along roadsides Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia pappophoroides (Sand Quick) [Climax & Sub climax grass; Increaser & Decreaser grass]. Sand quick grows in warm areas with a relatively low rainfall; mostly in sandy, loam and gravelly soil. It often grows in limeveld, and sometimes in gravelly clay soil. Cymbopogon plurinodis (Narrow-leaved Turpentine grass) Climax; Increaser I. Narrow-leaved turpentine grass grows in open grassland or open patches in bushveld regions. It grows in all soil types, but prefers heavier soils where it can form dominant stands. In some regions this grass is very common (Cymbopogon/themeda veld) and often occurs in association with red grass. Pogonarthria squarrosa (Herringbone grass) [Subclimax grass; Increaser II] Herringbone grass grows in disturbed places such as roadsides but is also sparsely distributed in undisturbed veld. It grows mostly in sandy soil, but also in other well drained soils. Digitaria eriantha (common finger grass) Decreaser, Climax grass Common finger grass grows in sandy and gravelly soil in the more arid parts and in damp soil such as beside vleis in areas with a high rainfall. It utilises a wide range of other habitat types. However it mainly grows in undis- turbed veld.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Schmidtia pappophoroides; Aristida meridionalis
Conclusion: Veld condition considered in a relatively intact state, due to the amount of species identified as well as the relatively equal percentages calculated.
Figure 29: Transect 8.
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Transect 9 – south western portion of the Dingleton town study area.
Eragrostis echinochloidea (Tick grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Tick grass usually grows in disturbed places such as old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in shallow lime soil, as well as sandy soil. It is often found in the vicinity of pans. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia kalihariensis (Kalahari Sour Grass) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Kalahari sour grass grows in disturbed sandy soil in arid to very arid parts.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Schmidtia kalihariensis
Conclusion: Very low species diversity and all species indicative of disturbed veld.
Figure 30: Transect 9.
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Transect 10 – western portion of the Dingleton town study area.
Aristida congesta subsp. congesta (Tassel three awn) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Tassel three awn occurs in disturbed places such as road reserves, old cultivated lands and bare patches in overgrazed veld. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Aristida diffusa (Iron Grass) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Iron grass grows in a variety of soil types, but mostly on slopes in gravelly soil. It is particularly associated with shallow soil in overgrazed veld. Aristida adscensionis (Annual three-awn) Increaser II, Pioneer grass. Annual three-awn occurs in disturbed places such as along roadsides and on bare patches in natural grazing. It grows in all types of soil, particularly poor soils often the first grass to appear in disturbed places.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Aristida congesta subsp. congesta
Conclusion: The area assessed was dominated by Aristida congesta subsp. congesta which is also the only Kathu Bushveld indicator identified, indicative past disturbance within the area where transect 10 was undertaken.
Figure 31: Transect 10.
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Transect 11 – centre portion of the Dingleton town study area.
Cenchrus ciliaris (Foxtail Buffalo Grass) [Decreaser; Climax grass]. Foxtail buffalo grass (also called blue buffalo grass) grows in dry warm parts. It grows in all types of soil, but mostly in sandy soil and other well drained soil types. It is often found along roadsides where it utilises the additional runoff rainwater. Aristida diffusa (Iron Grass) [Increaser III; Climax grass]. Iron grass grows in a variety of soil types, but mostly on slopes in gravelly soil. It is particularly associated with shallow soil in overgrazed veld. Schmidtia kalihariensis (Kalahari Sour Grass) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Kalahari sour grass grows in disturbed sandy soil in arid to very arid parts. Schmidtia pappophoroides (Sand Quick) [Climax & Sub climax grass; Increaser & Decreaser grass]. Sand quick grows in warm areas with a relatively low rainfall; mostly in sandy, loam and gravelly soil. It often grows in limeveld, and sometimes in gravelly clay soil.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Schmidtia kalihariensis; Schmidtia pappophoroides
Conclusion: Schmidtia pappophoroides contributed 95% of the overall score. Although a Kathu Bushveld indicator the extreme dominance by this species is considered a definite indication of past disturbance.
Figure 32: Transect 11.
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Transect 12 – southern portion of the Dingleton town study area.
Eragrostis echinochloidea (Tick grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Tick grass usually grows in disturbed places such as old cultivated lands and road reserves; mostly in shallow lime soil, as well as sandy soil. It is often found in the vicinity of pans. Eragrostis trichophora (Hairy Love Grass) [Increaser II; Subclimax grass]. Hairy love grass usual- ly grows in disturbed places such as roadsides and bare patches in veld. It is mostly found in shallow gravelly and sandy soil; often in patches where rainwater collects. Schmidtia kalihariensis (Kalahari Sour Grass) [Pioneer grass; Increaser II]. Kalahari sour grass grows in disturbed sandy soil in arid to very arid parts.
Kathu Bushveld Indicators:
Schmidtia kalihariensis
Conclusion: Only one species considered a Kathu Bushveld Indicator and all species encountered indicative of past disturbance.
Figure 33: Transect 12.
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Grass species diversity was relatively uniform throughout both study areas. However, the majority of the grass species encountered are indicative of past disturbance and only five species found are listed as indicators of the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type (Musina & Rutherford, 2006). Therefore, it can be concluded that vegetation transformation was evident within both study areas; with areas surrounding transect 3, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 considered the most transformed and areas surrounding transect 8, 6 and 2 considered more intact. Although the floral community results should guide layout plans within the proposed host site as well as future mining expansion within the open veld areas assessed within the Dingleton town study area, the density of the Acacia erioloba trees should take preference to ensure this protected tree species are adequately catered for.
10.5 Exotic and Invader Species
Alien invaders are plants that are of exotic origin and are invading previously pristine areas or ecological niches (Bromilow, 2001). Not all weeds are exotic in origin but, as these exotic plant species have very limited natural “check” mechanisms within the natural environment, they are often the most opportunistic and aggressively growing species within the ecosystem. Therefore, they are often the most dominant and noticeable within an area. Disturbances of the ground through trampling, excavations or landscaping often leads to the dominance of exotic pioneer species that rapidly dominate the area. Under natural conditions, these pioneer species are overtaken by sub-climax and climax species through natural veld succession. This process, however, takes many years to occur, with the natural vegetation never reaching the balanced, pristine species composition prior to the disturbance. There are many species of indigenous pioneer plants, but very few indigenous species can out-compete their more aggressively growing exotic counterparts.
The tables below lists the exotic and invader species identified within the the two areas. When the two tables are compared, it is evident that the Dingleton town study area had the highest exotic species diversity, most probably due to urban gardens. Although the proposed host site had fewer species, it is still deemed important that ongoing alien invasion control be implemented in future. Furthermore, it would be of value if inhabitants of the new town are guided as to the floral species chosen for gardens with emphasis on endemic species.
Some species listed in the tables below are endemic; however, has the potential to result in bush encroachment after disturbance. It is deemed important that abundances of these species also be monitored in order to identify the possibility of encroachment and if necessary the implementation of appropriate management measures to avoid loss of natural
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species diversity. In some areas with special mention of open veld areas adjacent to Dingleton town and the centre portion of the Dingleton town study area Acacia mellifera encroachment was evident. These encroached areas have been left unattended and have resulted in a significant decrease of other natural floral species expected within the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type. These areas are presently considered the most favourable for mining activity due to limited floral species that will be lost as a result of site clearing. Although site clearing will aid in eradication of Acacia mellifera ongoing monitoring of species prone to bush encroachment within adjacent open veld areas would still be needed to ensure edge effects doesn‟t lead to further loss of species within surrounding more intact open veld areas.
Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana was considered the most invasive species noted at the time of the assessment. It is deemed very important that a species specific eradication plan is developed, if not already in place. This tree already dominates the northern portion of the Dingleton town, therefore if not eradicated and monitored it would lead to a significant loss of species within the surface rights area. P. glandulosa var. torreyana is prone to encroach within wetland and river habitat; therefore, careful attention should be paid with the choice of herbicides for eradication sensitive riparian habitat. Furthermore, A. erioloba species were noted throughout the study area therefore eradication methods should be developed with these trees in mind and not lead to loss of these individuals, with special mention of the use of non selective herbicides that may lead to loss of A. erioloba individuals as well.
Figure 34: Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana encroachment encountered within the northern portion of the Dingleton town study area.
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Table 6: Exotic and invader species identified within the proposed host site (Bromilow, 2010; http://www.agis.agric.za/wip). Scientific name Common name Category TREES Acacia karroo Sweet thorn Indicator of bush encroachment Acacia mellifera Black thorn Indicator of bush encroachment Grewia flava Velvet raisin Indicator of bush encroachment Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo thorn Invader SHRUB AND FORBS Conyza bonariensis Flax leaf fleabane N/A Zinnia peruviana Redstar zinnia N/A Sasamum triphyllum Wild sesame N/A
Table 7: Exotic and invader species identified within the Dingleton town and surrounding areas (Bromilow, 2010; http://www.agis.agric.za/wip).
Scientific name Common name Category TREES Acacia hebeclada Candle thorn Indicator of bush encroachment Acacia karroo Sweet thorn Indicator of bush encroachment Grewia flava Velvet raisin Indicator of bush encroachment Acacia mellifera Black thorn Indicator of bush encroachment Nerium oleander Oleander 1 Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana Mesquite 2 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Red River Gum 2 Schinus molle Pepper tree 3 Morus nigra Black mulberry 3 Melia azedarach Syringa 3 Grevillea robusta Australian silky oak 3 Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo thorn Invader Prunus armeniaca Apricot N/A SHRUB AND FORBS Cortaderia selloana Pampas grass 1 Lantana camara Common lantana 1 Argemone ochroleuca White Flowered Mexican Poppy 1 Argemone mexicana Yellow Flowered Mexican Poppy 1 Nicotiana glauca Wild Tobacco 1 Cuscuta campestris Dodder 1 Cereus jamacara Queen of the night 1 Araujia sericifera Moth catcher 1 Opuntia ficus -india Prickly Pear 1
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Cuscuta campestris Dodder 1 Canna indica Garden canna 1 Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass 1 Agave americana Sisal 2 Prosopis glandulosa Mesquite 2 Agave sisalana Sisal 2 Ipomoea indica Morning glory 3 Pyracantha sp. Firethorn 3 Sasamum triphyllum Wild sesame N/A Conyza bonariensis Flax leaf fleabane N/A Alternanthera pungens Khakiweed N/A Oxalis latifolia Red garden sorrel N/A Verbisina encelioides Wild sunflower N/A Asparagus laricinus Wild asparagus N/A Zinnia peruviana Redstar zinnia N/A Sosala kali Russion tumbleweed N/A Asclepias fruticosa Milkweed N/A Bidens pilosa Blackjack N/A Ficus carica Fig N/A Setaria verticillata Sticky bristle grass N/A
The categories listed in the above table come from Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 and Section 28 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998. The points below serve to indicate the management requirements for each category of alien or invasive species. Category 1: These are prohibited plants, which must be controlled or eradicated. These plants serve no economic purpose and possess characteristics that are harm- ful to humans, animals or the environment. Category 2: These are 'invaders' with a certain useful qualities, such as a commercial use or for woodlots, animal fodder, soil stabilisation etc. These plants are allowed in demarcated areas under controlled conditions and in bio-control regions. Category 3: These are alien plants presently growing in or having escaped from are- as such as gardens, but is proven invaders. No further planting is allowed nor is trade in propagative material. Existing plants must be prevented from spreading and indi- viduals within 30m of the one in fifty year flood line must be removed.
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10.6 Medicinal Plant Species
Medicinal plant species are not necessarily indigenous species, with many of them being regarded as alien invasive weeds. The majority of the medicinal plant species are located throughout the subject property and are not restricted to specific habitats within the subject property. All the species known to be of medicinal value are regarded as widespread and common for the region, except for Boophone disticha listed as a protected species within the Threatened and Protected species regulations (NEMBA, 2004) and Acacia erioloba listed as a protected tree species (National Forests Act (1998).
Table 8: Traditional medicinal plants identified during the field assessment. Medicinal applications and application methods are also presented (van Wyk, et al., 1997; van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; van Wyk and Wink, 2004; van Wyk, Oudtshoorn, Gericke, 2009). Scientific name Common name Plant part used Uses Senna italica Wild senna Roots Used to treat influenza, indigestion, liver and gall bladder complaints, gastrointestinal disorders, dysmenorrhoea and uterine pain. Acacia erioloba Camel thorn Pods, roots Ground pods are used to treat ear infections. Roots are used to treat headache, Tuberculosis and also tooth ache. Elephantoriza Elandsbean Underground This is a traditional remedy for a wide range of elephantina rhizomes. ailments, including diarrhoea and dysentery, stomach disorders, haemorrhoids and perforated peptic ulcers, and as emetics. It is popular for the treatment of skin diseases and acne. Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo-thorn Roots, bark and Warm bark infusions are used as expectorants in leaves cough and chest problems, while root infusions are popular as a remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery. Decoctions of roots and leaves are applied externally to boils, sores and glandular swellings, not only to promote healing bur also for pain relief. Boophone disticha Bushman poison Bulb scales The outer scales of the bulb are used as an outer bulb dressing after circumcision and are also applied to boils or septic wounds to alleviate pain and to draw out the pus. Weak decoction of the bulb scales are administered by mouth or as an enema for various complaints such as headaches, abdominal pain, weakness and eye conditions. In the Karoo near Touws River there is an old belief that sleeping on a mattress filled with bulb scales will relieve hysteria and insomnia. Very weak decoction is used as an effective sedative. Higher doses induce visual hallucinations which are sometime used for divination and even higher doses can be fatal. Acacia karroo Sweet thorn Bark, leaves and The bark and leaves are a Cape remedy for gum diarrhoea and dysentery. The gum bark and leaves have also been used as an emollient and astringent for colds, conjunctivitis and haemorrhage.
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11. SENSITIVITY MAPPING
After considering all the above results a sensitivity map was compiled for both study areas assessed. At the time of the assessment the proposed host site showed relatively uniform grass species abundance and diversity. However, Acacia erioloba listed as a protected tree within the National Forests Act, 1998 as amended in 2011 densities increased significantly within the northern portion. Furthermore, the number of Aloe grandidentata, an aloe species listed as protected within Schedule 4 Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974), significantly increased within the extreme eastern portion of the study area. Therefore, the northern and eastern portions of the proposed host site are considered of higher ecological importance. It is recommended that these areas either be excluded from the proposed town layout plans or incorporated during landscaping of private and public gardens with special mention of larger Acacia erioloba trees.
Acacia erioloba trees were identified throughout the Dingleton town study area. As a result the overall vegetation and landscape transformation were used to allocate sensitivity to various portions of the study area. The existing Dingleton town as well as northern portion where Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana encroachment was severe are considered low sensitivity areas indicated with yellow in the figure below. Although Aloe grandidentata numbers increased within the centre portion of the study area Acacia mellifera encroachment was considered significant lowering the overall sensitivity to moderately low. Vegetation transformation was evident within the remainder of the study area with only Acacia erioloba contributing to the overall importance of these portions as a result, these areas are considered of moderate ecological sensitivity.
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Proposed host site
High sensitivity area
Moderately sensitive area
Low sensitivity area
Boophone disticha
Acacia haematoxylon
SENSITIVITY MAP
Figure 35: Sensitivity map of the proposed host site.
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Proposed host site
Moderately sensitivity area
Moderately low sensitivity area
Low sensitivity area
Boophone disticha
Aloe density increases
SENSITIVITY MAP
Figure 36: Dingleton study area sensitivity map.
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12. IMPACT ASSESSMENT RESULTS
The tables below serve to summarise the significance of potential impacts on the floral community occurring on or within surrounding areas. A summary of all potential decommissioning, pre-construction, construction, operational and rehabilitation phase impacts is provided in the Executive Summary of this document. The sections below present the impact assessment according to the method described in Section 5. In addition, it also indicates the required mitigatory and management measures needed to minimise potential ecological impacts and presents an assessment of the significance of the impacts taking into consideration the available mitigatory measures, assuming that they are fully implemented. It should be noted that the impact assessment scoring was done according to habitat units (transformed and open veld). Therefore, areas referred to as transformed include the existing Dingleton Town and Acacia mellifera encroached areas and open veld, includes the host site with the remainder of the Dingleton Town study area.
12.1 Impact discussion
IMPACT 1: IMPACT ON OVERALL FLORAL BIODIVERSITY
All proposed development and mining expansion activities that may impact on the floral community of the existing Dingleton town with surroundings and proposed host site are discussed below.
IMPACT 1A: IMPACT ON RDL AND MEDICINAL FLORAL SPECIES DUE TO UNPLANNED REMOVAL AND HABITAT DESTRUCTION Pre-Construction Construction Operational Rehabilitation Clearing of vegetation Construction activities and Edge effects from mining Indiscriminate driving for mining related dumping beyond related activity may through veld during activities. dedicated mine footprint impact beyond footprint rehabilitation. areas. areas. Ground water extraction.
Large scale mining activities in certain areas such as open veld areas with higher densities of Acacia erioloba and Aloe grandidentata may lead to the loss of RDL floral taxa which rely on specific areas in the landscape for survival. Unplanned removal of protected floral species during mining expansion activities will lead to a loss of communities within the surface rights area and impact on overall diversity within the region.
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Ground water levels not monitored at regular intervals may result in a significant decrease of ground water and ultimately the dying of deep rooted tree species such as Acacia erioloba, especially in the vicinity of any open pit mining areas.
Transformed habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 3 3 5 4 8 12 96 (Medium high) Managed 3 3 2 4 2 6 8 48 (Low)
Open veld habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 4 4 4 3 9 11 99 (Medium high) Managed 4 4 2 4 1 8 7 56 (Medium low)
Due to the scale on which areas are cleared for mining activity, any impacts which occur will be significant and most probably permanent. If mitigation measures are implemented and if future expansion planning takes the sensitivity maps into consideration, the significance of the impact on the ecological resources on the subject property occurring and the consequence of the impacts, are significantly reduced from a medium high level to a lower level.
Recommended mitigation measures:
As far as possible mine as well as town planning should take the sensitivity maps into consideration. Inform staff of RDL and protected floral species within the proposed mine expansion areas. Implementation of a ground water monitoring plan to ensure ground water levels are not reduced to such an extent that may result in the die off of Acacia erioloba trees. Inform staff about dominant alien vegetation species within the proposed mine expansion areas. Aloe species identified within the proposed expansion areas as well as individuals encountered during the site clearing process should be rescued and relocated preferably to an area not earmarked for mining related activities in future. Appointment of a suitably qualified ECO to oversee the removal and rescue and relocation of all protected and RDL floral species.
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Application for relevant permits for removal, destruction, transport, rescue and relocation as well as propagation of RDL/protected floral species. Provide a list of weeds, invader species and RDL/protected floral species to all contractors as indicated within the EMPR. No fire-wood collecting should be allowed within areas surrounding the proposed mine expansion areas and new township development. The use of RDL and protected floral species in the greening of facility grounds.
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IMPACT 1B: IMPACT ON RDL AND MEDICINAL FLORAL SPECIES DUE TO COLLECTION
Pre-Construction Construction Operational Rehabilitation Collection during Increased human activity Increased vehicular and Collection from clearing of land for and potential for pedestrian movement. rehabilitated areas. mining and residential collection. development.
There is the potential for collection of RDL species in the area which will lead to increased impact on these populations. Increased potential for harvesting pressure on medicinal plant species such as Boophone disticha. With the increased population in the area there may be a potential for increased firewood collection with special mention of Acacia erioloba
Transformed habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 4 3 3 4 3 7 10 70 (Medium low) Managed 2 3 1 2 1 5 4 20 (Very Low)
Open veld habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 4 4 4 3 9 11 99 (Medium high) Managed 2 4 1 3 1 6 5 30 (Low)
Floral species listed as species either protected or declining were identified within both habitat units. Therefore, the possibility of removal of these species are considered very likely and if not mitigated would continue for the life of the operation. However, if collecting is strictly prohibited within footprint areas as well as surroundings the impact can be largely mitigated.
Recommended mitigation measures:
Inform key mine personnel of RDL and protected floral and faunal species. Appointment of an ECO to oversee the removal and rescue and relocation of all protected and RDL floral species.
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Application for relevant permits for removal, destruction, transport, rescue and relocation as well as propagation of RDL/protected floral species. Provide a list of weeds, invader species and RDL/protected floral species to all contractors as indicated within the EMPR. No fire-wood collecting should be allowed, with special reference of surrounding open veld areas. The use of RDL and protected floral species in the greening of facility grounds.
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IMPACT 1C: IMPACTS ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY DUE TO ALIEN FLORAL SPECIES INVASION/PROLIFERATION Pre-Construction Construction Operational Rehabilitation Disturbance during Creation of access roads Uncontrolled proliferation Ineffective monitoring and clearing of land for within open veld areas. of alien and invasive removal of seedlings mine expansion. species within mine during rehabilitation. footprint areas as well as immediate surroundings. Dispersal of seed Introduction of foreign Ongoing use of exotic Ineffective re- from urban gardens material. species for landscaped establishment of naturally during gardens within the new occurring species may decommissioning town. result in proliferation of activities. alien species within these areas. Disturbance of soils. The use of exotic species within residential and mine office gardens.
Construction and introduction of foreign material such as soils may lead to the introduction of alien invader species, impacting on the floral characteristics of the subject property. Spread and proliferation of alien species within urban gardens due to decommissioning of the Dingleton town. Spread of new alien species do to use of such species within urban gardens. Operational related activities could lead to vegetation disturbance that may result in the proliferation of alien and invasive species. Ineffective rehabilitation may result in pioneer alien species that are adapted to growth in bare soil areas. Ineffective removal of alien invader species and exposed areas could lead to re- establishment of invasive species and the formation of nodes of distribution, impacting on floral community rehabilitation efforts. Unmanaged alien floral communities have the capacity to change the structure and dynamics of vegetation communities and out-compete indigenous species, thus lowering species diversity.
Transformed habitat unit Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 1 3 5 3 6 11 66 (Medium low) Managed 2 1 2 3 1 3 6 18 (Very low)
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Open veld habitat unit Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 3 4 5 3 8 12 96 (Medium high) Managed 2 3 2 2 1 5 5 25 (Very low)
Alien and weed proliferation within the transformed habitat unit are considered significant with special mention of Prosopis glandulosa as well as exotic species used in urban gardens. Any impacts which occur will have an effect on the local area and for a very long duration with the possibility of spreading to open veld areas. If mitigation measures are implemented, the likelihood of impacts occurring and the consequence of the impacts, are significantly reduced from a moderate level to a very low level within both the transformed as well as open veld habitat unit.
Recommended mitigation measures: Inform employees about dominant alien vegetation species within the surface rights area and surroundings that would most probably also proliferate within the new mine expansion areas after disturbance. Implement alien vegetation control plan specific for the exotic/weed species identified within the surface rights area or expand the existing plan to cover the new mine expansion areas as well as host site, with an annual follow-up assessment to determine effectiveness of eradication or identification of new species that pose a threat to natural vegetation. All development footprint areas should remain as small as possible and should not encroach onto more sensitive open veld areas. This can be achieved by considering the sensitivity map during the pre-construction and planning phases. Use of endemic species within new gardens. Proliferation and a further increase of alien and invasive grass species are expected within disturbed areas. These species should be eradicated and controlled to prevent their spread beyond the site boundary. Proliferation and seed dispersal within the topsoil stockpiles; will have an impact on rehabilitation in the future and also needs to be controlled. Removal of the alien and weed species encountered on the property in order to comply with existing legislation (amendments to the regulations under the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 and Section 28 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998). Removal of species should take place
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throughout the pre-construction, construction, operational, and rehabilitation/ maintenance phases. Species specific and area specific eradication recommendations: Care should be taken within areas close to the Gamagara River with the choice of herbicide, to ensure no additional impact due to the herbicide used. Footprint areas should be kept as small as possible when removing large trees. No vehicles should be allowed to drive through surrounding open veld areas during eradication of alien and weed species. Care should be taken with the choice of herbicide. Non selective herbicides may result in the dying of natural species such as Acacia erioloba.
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IMPACT 1D: DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT MAY IMPACT ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY
Pre- Decommissioning/ Operational Rehabilitation Construction/de- Construction commissioning Clearing of existing Construction of mine and Edge effects. Destruction of more intact residential residential infrastructure. habitat surrounding mine infrastructure. infrastructure during rehabilitation activities. Removal of Widening of existing vegetation for mine roads. infrastructure and new residential development. Fencing of mine footprint.
Mining and residential related activities may lead to destruction of habitat and overall loss of biodiversity through site clearing, expansion activities, road construction, waste facilities etc. High probability of edge effects impacting surrounding open veld areas during the operational phase at both the new mine expansion area as well as the host site. Informal dumping of refuse within open veld areas surrounding the new residential area will lead to a decrease in floral species diversity and most probably proliferation of alien vegetation species. Exotic species used for urban garden development may spread to adjacent open veld areas and proliferate. Disturbance of soils within and adjacent to the road reserves may lead to the proliferation of alien vegetation which in turn may lead to a decrease in available floral habitat.
Transformed habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 2 3 5 2 7 10 70 (Medium low) Managed 5 2 2 4 2 7 8 56 (Medium low)
Open veld habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 3 3 5 2 8 10 80 (Medium high) Managed 5 3 2 4 2 8 8 64 (Medium low)
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Any impacts which occur will be development specific and will remain for the life of the operation and are likely to affect the receiving environment. Impact will occur regardless of mitigation measures however if mitigation measures are implemented and future mining expansion strategies compared to the sensitivity mapping provided within this report, the consequence of the impacts can be reduced even though the likelihood of impacts remains the same.
Recommended mitigation measures:
A sensitivity map has been developed for the existing Dingleton town and surroundings as well as the proposed host site. It is recommended that this sensitivity map be considered during the planning/pre-construction and construction phases of the proposed development activities to aid in the conservation of ecology within the proposed development areas. All development footprint areas should remain as small as possible and should not encroach onto surrounding more sensitive open veld areas. Proliferation of alien and invasive species is expected within disturbed areas that could lead to a loss of more natural habitat within surrounding areas. These species should be eradicated and controlled to prevent their spread beyond the mine footprint boundary. All soils compacted as a result of construction activities falling outside the mine footprint areas should be ripped, profiled and monitored to ensure establishment of natural vegetation. Residents of the new town should be guided in the use of endemic species when gardening. Appropriate waste disposal facilities should be provided as to prevent refuse dumping in surrounding open veld areas.
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IMPACT 1E: IMPACTS ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY DUE TO TERRESTRIAL FLORAL SPECIES ENCROACHMENT
Pre-Construction Construction Operational Rehabilitation Clearing of land for Disturbance during Edge effects resulting Ineffective rehabilitation of mining and construction related from mining activity. exposed and impacted associated activities. activities may lead to areas. encroachment of terrestrial species. Over grazing within areas surrounding the new town.
Ineffective removal and monitoring of terrestrial floral species with special mention of Acacia mellifera in disturbed areas will lead to a loss in natural floral species biodiversity. Livestock will most probably be relocated to open veld adjacent to the proposed town. Overgrazing will therefore result in terrestrial species encroachment.
Transformed habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 4 1 2 5 3 5 10 50 (Medium high) Managed 2 1 1 3 2 3 6 18 (Very low)
Open veld habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 3 3 5 2 8 10 80 (Medium high) Managed 2 3 1 2 1 5 4 20 (Very low)
Encroachment of terrestrial species within disturbed areas is considered significant within the region with special mention of Acacia mellifera. In some areas A. mellifera has replaced entire floral communities and therefore impact due to encroachment of this species is considered highly likely. With eradication and monitoring the likelihood as well as consequence can be reduced to lower levels.
Recommended mitigation measures:
All development footprint areas should remain as small as possible and should not encroach onto open veld areas. This can be achieved by considering the sensitivity
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map during the pre-construction and planning phases as well as monitoring of the extent of mine footprints during operation. Grazing of livestock within the new town as well as surrounding areas would have to be strictly controlled. Species specific and area specific eradication recommendations: Care should be taken with the choice of herbicide to ensure no additional impact due to the herbicides or dying of other species of trees; Footprint areas should be kept as small as possible when removing trees, No vehicles should be allowed to drive through designated sensitive areas during eradication of alien and weed species.
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IMPACT 1F: IMPACT ON OVERALL FLORAL BIODIVERSITY DUE TO INEFFECTIVE REHABILITATION Pre-Construction Construction Operational Rehabilitation Ineffective rehabilitation of exposed areas may result in alien and terrestrial species proliferation. Continued altered habitat characteristics, leading to a threat to RDL, protected and endemic floral species. Indiscriminate driving through veld or rehabilitated areas. Use of non selective herbicides may lead to loss of natural floral species diversity. Areas left bare for extended periods of time would be exposed to surface water runoff and wind.
The use of non selective herbicides could lead to dying of other naturally occurring species such as Acacia erioloba within the immediate vicinity. If herbicides reach the ground water the impact may be beyond the site boundary. If monitoring of rehabilitated areas does not happen within regular intervals after rehabilitation, species difficult to eradicate and control such as Acacia mellifera may proliferate. Indiscriminate driving through veld or rehabilitated areas may lead to disturbance which in turn could lead to proliferation of alien and invasive species that would ultimately hamper rehabilitation efforts. If rehabilitation is not effective, areas would be left bare for extended time periods. These areas would then be exposed to surface water and wind which will ultimately lower the fertility of soil as well as the seed layer within topsoil.
Transformed habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 4 1 4 5 3 5 12 60 (Medium low) Managed 3 1 2 4 2 4 8 32 (Low)
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Open veld habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 3 4 4 2 8 10 80 (Medium high) Managed 2 3 2 3 1 5 6 30 (Low)
Impacts due to ineffective rehabilitation have a high possibility of occurring and would most probably remain after closure. If mitigation measures are implemented and with adequate planning prior to rehabilitation, the likelihood of impacts occurring and the consequence of the impacts can be reduced to lower levels within both the habitat units.
Recommended mitigation measures:
No livestock grazing should be allowed during the initial rehabilitation process. After good establishment of the grass layer an appropriate grazing and burning regime, for the size and slope of each area, should be implemented and strictly controlled. Forb and tree species should be reintroduced with attention to species representative of the vegetation type in which the rehabilitated area falls. No indiscriminate driving should be allowed through open veld or rehabilitated areas. Rehabilitated areas should be monitored to determine if rehabilitation efforts are effective. Monitoring should take place throughout the rehabilitation phase of the project as well as the aftercare and maintenance period of the project.
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IMPACT 1G: IMPACT ON OVERALL FLORAL BIODIVERSITY DUE TO DUST GENERATION Pre-Construction Construction Operational Rehabilitation Removal of Dust generation through Increased vehicular and Ineffective rehabilitation of vegetation for mining construction activities. pedestrian movement. exposed areas. related activities. Heavy vehicle movement. Potential blasting and drilling. Potential blasting and drilling.
Dust generated by ineffective rehabilitation of exposed areas may impact on the floral characteristics of the property. Ineffective dust control during the operational phase, may lead to loss of floral species diversity within areas located near mining related activities. Blasting and drilling, should it take place, as well as heavy vehicle movement can both have significant impacts on the level of dust present in the atmosphere. Vegetation along roads is likely to become covered with dust, which could inhibit life- sustaining processes of plants. Over extended periods of time, this could result in dying off of vegetation in areas of heaviest dust deposition.
Transformed habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 5 2 3 4 3 7 10 70 (Medium low) Managed 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 16 (Very low)
Open veld habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 2 3 2 3 2 5 7 35 (Low) Managed 1 3 1 1 1 4 3 12 (Very low)
Any impacts which occur will be mine and development specific and would most probably impact for the life of the mining operation or for the construction phase of the proposed town development. If roads are regularly sprayed with dust suppressants or water, the likelihood of impacts occurring and the consequence of the impacts are significantly reduced to a very low level.
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Recommended mitigation measures:
It must be ensured that all roads and construction areas are regularly sprayed with water or treated with other dust suppression measures in order to curb dust generation. This is particularly necessary during the dry season when increased levels of dust generation can be expected. However, care should be taken not to over-spray causing water run-off and subsequent sediment loss into adjacent waterways. Planning of temporary roads and access routes that will be utilised during the pre- construction and construction phases should take the site sensitivity plan into consideration. If possible, such roads should be constructed a distance from areas considered of higher sensitivity such as areas with increased density of Acacia erioloba or Aloe grandidentata and not directly adjacent thereto. Ongoing monitoring of dust should be employed to ensure identification of increased dust levels over time or in specific areas. If any excessive dying out of vegetation occurs in areas of dust generation, measures to mitigate the impact should be immediately sought. Dust fallout should be monitored within the stockpile areas to prevent changes in composition of topsoil micro-elements which could affect the re-establishment of certain floral species.
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IMPACT 1H: INDISCRIMINATE FIRES AND INEFFECTIVE MONITORING MAY IMPACT ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY Pre-Construction Construction Operational Rehabilitation Uncontrolled fires. Uncontrolled fires. Increased fire frequency Ineffective monitoring of and intensity due to the burning regime. increased human activity.
Indiscriminate fires by construction personnel may lead to uncontrolled fires, impacting on floral communities of the property. In terms of the regulations under the National Forest and Fire Laws Amendment Act, 2001 landowners who has reason to believe that a fire on his or her land or the land of an adjoining owner may endanger life, property or the environment, must take all reasonable steps to notify the owners of adjoining land as well as do everything in his or her power to stop the spread of the fire. Ineffective monitoring of the burning regime could lead to either destruction of existing plant communities or in the case of decreased burning frequency, dead organic matter build-up, preventing establishment of healthy plant communities.
Transformed habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 2 1 2 2 2 3 6 18 (Very low) Managed 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 8 (Very low)
Open veld habitat unit
Management Probability Sensitivity of Severity Duration of Spatial Scale Likelihood Consequence Significance of Impact receiving impact environment Unmanaged 3 3 3 5 2 6 10 60 (Medium low) Managed 1 3 1 2 1 4 4 16 (Very low)
Any impacts which occur will be mine or development specific and for a relatively long duration. Furthermore, impacts could occur annually in the drier season and it would take longer for natural vegetation to re-establish during years with less rainfall that may result in proliferation of Acacia mellifera within these areas. If mitigation measures are implemented, the likelihood of impacts occurring and the consequence of the impacts are reduced.
Recommended mitigation measures:
All informal fires on the property should be prohibited specifically during the construction, operational and rehabilitation phases of the proposed development.
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Establishment of a habitat specific burning regime during rehabilitation. Identify areas where the value of the biological resource warrants protection and therefore controlled access by the public. Maintenance of fences to ensure that access control is maintained. Compliance with regulations under the National Forest and Fire Laws Amendment Act, 2001.
12.1 Impact Assessment Conclusion
If mitigation and management measures are implemented as outlined in this document, the likelihood of impacts occurring and the consequence of all potential impacts may be significantly reduced. The table below serves as a summary of the key findings made during the impact assessment process.
Table 9: A summary of impact significance before and after mitigation Habitat Impact Unmanaged Managed unit Impact 1a: impact on RDL and medicinal floral species due Transformed Medium High Low to unplanned removal and habitat destruction. Open veld Medium High Medium Low Impact 1b: impact on RDL and medicinal floral species due Transformed Medium Low Very low to collection. Open veld Medium High Low Impact 1c: impacts on floral biodiversity due to alien floral Transformed Medium Low Very low species. Open veld Medium High Very low Impact 1d: destruction of habitat may impact on floral Transformed Medium Low Medium low biodiversity. Open veld Medium High Medium low Impact 1e: impacts on floral biodiversity due to terrestrial Transformed Medium High Very low floral species encroachment. Open veld Medium High Very low Impact 1f: impact on overall floral biodiversity due to Transformed Medium Low Low ineffective rehabilitation. Open veld Medium High Low Impact 1g: impact on overall floral biodiversity due to dust Transformed Medium Low Very low generation. Open veld Low Very low Impact 1h: indiscriminate fires and ineffective monitoring Transformed Very low Very low may impact on floral biodiversity. Open veld Medium Low Very low
From the results of the impact assessment it was observed that 8 major ecological impacts were applicable to the two study areas, with all impacts being of a moderate significance prior to mitigation, mainly as a result of some degree of disturbance noted throughout both habitat units. Although transformation was evident, both areas still provide habitat for protected and RDL floral species, increasing the overall ecological value of the sites assessed. Therefore impact due to collection and habitat destruction for RDL and protected species are considered the most significant of all impacts that may occur. However, the mitigation of the remainder of the impacts are still considered important to ensure the ecology of the area is restored to as near as possible to the state prior to disturbance and that impacts that may impact beyond the footprint areas are prevented or largely reduced.
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13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Scientific Aquatic Services (SAS) was appointed to conduct a floral and general ecological assessment for the proposed relocation of the town Dingleton with associated infrastructure to the farm Sekgame 461 east of Kathu within the Northern Cape Province. Two areas were investigated as part of this assessment namely the existing Dingleton Town with surroundings as well as the proposed host site located on the farm Sekgame 461.
The following general conclusions were drawn upon completion of the floral survey: Both study areas fall within the Savanna Biome and Eastern Kalahari Bushveld Bioregion. When the boundary of the assessment site is superimposed on the vegetation types of the surrounding area, it is evident that the subject property falls within the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type (Musina & Rutherford, 2006). This vegetation type is considered to be of least concern with a target of 16% to be conserved. Both study areas fall within the Griqualand West Centre of Endemism (GWC). The vegetation of the GWC is still fairly intact, although extremely poorly conserved. It is therefore important that impacts that may result due to the proposed activities be adequately mitigated. The proposed host site is located adjacent to the town Kathu. It is therefore important to note that many farms to the north of Kathu were declared part of the Kathu Forest (Declaration of Kathu forest as a protected woodland under section 12 (1) (c) of the National Forests Act, 1998). After the field assessment of the areas earmarked for decommissioning and relocation activities it was possible to divide the study area into two specific habitat units, namely open veld and transformed habitat according to degree of landscape and vegetation transformation noted during the assessment. The complete PRECIS plant list for the grid references (2723CA and 2722DD) were obtained from SANBI that gave an indication of the plant species that would be expected to occur within each of the grids. No species are indicated as species of concern within the QDS 2723CA, with only Acacia erioloba listed as a “declining” floral species within the QDS 2722DD. Furthermore, individuals as well as possible habitat for floral species listed within schedule 3 and 4 of the Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974), as well as trees listed within section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998 as amended in September 2011 were searched for during the assessment.
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Special attention was paid with the identification of three tree species protected under the National Forests Act known to occur within the Kuthu Bushveld vegetation type namely Acacia erioloba, Acacia haematoxylon and Boscia albitrunca (Steyn, 2007; van Rooyen, 2001). Of the three species Acacia erioloba was the most abundant and was encountered at both the area to be relocated and the designation area for the Dingleton town. Only one Acacia haematoxylon tree was identified within the proposed host site. Floral species listed as protected within Schedule 4 Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974) identified within the areas assessed are Aloe grandidentata, Aloe hereroensis and Boophane disticha. The VIS score calculated for the open veld habitat unit was 15 (Class C – Moderately modified). Although the open veld habitat unit within both study areas has seen relatively little anthropogenic activity, exotic species were noted and densities of forb and shrub species were not considered as uniformly spread as would be the case in pristine grassland. The transformed habitat unit calculated a very low score of -3.4 (Class E – Completely modified). The very low score can be expected due the number of exotic species within the Dingleton town as well as site clearing for residential developments. Areas also considered within the transformed habitat are areas significantly encroached by Acacia mellifera. A. mellifera encroachment has resulted in almost no natural species diversity and therefore a VIS score falling within Class E is considered representative Grass species diversity was relatively uniform throughout both study areas. However, the majority of the grass species encountered are indicative of past disturbance and only five species found are listed as indicators of the Kathu Bushveld vegetation type (Musina & Rutherford, 2006). Therefore, it can be concluded that vegetation transformation was evident within both study areas. The Dingleton town study area had the highest exotic species diversity, most probably due to landscaped gardens. Although the proposed host site had fewer species, it is still deemed important that ongoing alien invasion control be implemented in future. Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana was considered the most invasive species noted at the time of the assessment. It is deemed very important that a species specific eradication plan is developed, if not already in place. This tree already dominates the northern portion of the Dingleton town study area, therefore if not eradicated and monitored it would lead to a significant loss of species within the surface rights area of the mine.
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All the species known to be of medicinal value are regarded as widespread and common for the region, except for Boophone disticha listed as a protected species within the Threatened and Protected species regulations (NEMBA, 2004) and Acacia erioloba listed as a protected tree species (National Forests Act (1998). At the time of the assessment the proposed host site showed relatively uniform grass species abundance and diversity. However, Acacia erioloba listed as a protected tree within the National Forests Act, 1998 as amended in 2011 densities increased significantly within the northern portion. Furthermore, the number of Aloe grandidentata, an aloe species listed as protected within Schedule 4 Environmental and Conservation Ordinance no.19 (1974), significantly increased within the extreme eastern portion of the study area. Therefore, the northern and eastern portions of the proposed host site are considered of higher ecological importance and sensitivity. It is recommended that these areas either be excluded from the proposed town layout plans or incorporated during landscaping of private and public gardens with special mention of larger Acacia erioloba trees. Acacia erioloba trees were identified throughout the Dingleton town study area. As a result the overall vegetation and landscape transformation were used to allocate sensitivity to various portions of the study area. The existing Dingleton town as well as northern portion where Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana encroachment was severe are considered low sensitivity areas. Although Aloe grandidentata numbers increased within the centre portion of the study area Acacia mellifera encroachment was considered significant lowering the overall sensitivity to moderately low. Vegetation transformation was evident within the remainder of the study area with only Acacia erioloba contributing to the overall importance of these portions as a result these areas are considered of moderate ecological sensitivity.
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The table below serves as a summary of the key findings made during the impact assessment process.
Table A: A summary of impact significance before and after mitigation. Habitat Impact Unmanaged Managed unit Impact 1a: impact on RDL and medicinal floral species due Transformed Medium High Low to unplanned removal and habitat destruction. Open veld Medium High Medium Low Impact 1b: impact on RDL and medicinal floral species due Transformed Medium Low Very low to collection. Open veld Medium High Low Impact 1c: impacts on floral biodiversity due to alien floral Transformed Medium Low Very low species. Open veld Medium High Very low Impact 1d: destruction of habitat may impact on floral Transformed Medium Low Medium low biodiversity. Open veld Medium High Medium low Impact 1e: impacts on floral biodiversity due to terrestrial Transformed Medium High Very low floral species encroachment. Open veld Medium High Very low Impact 1f: impact on overall floral biodiversity due to Transformed Medium Low Low ineffective rehabilitation. Open veld Medium High Low Impact 1g: impact on overall floral biodiversity due to dust Transformed Medium Low Very low generation. Open veld Low Very low Impact 1h: indiscriminate fires and ineffective monitoring Transformed Very low Very low may impact on floral biodiversity. Open veld Medium Low Very low
From the results of the impact assessment it was observed that 8 major ecological impacts were applicable to the two study areas, with all impacts being of a moderate significance prior to mitigation, mainly as a result of some degree of disturbance noted throughout both habitat units. Although transformation was evident, both areas still provide habitat for protected and RDL floral species, increasing the overall ecological value of the sites assessed. Therefore impact due to collection and habitat destruction for RDL and protected species are considered the most significant of all impacts that may occur. However, the mitigation of the remainder of the impacts are still considered important to ensure the ecology of the area is restored to as near as possible to the state prior to disturbance and that impacts that may impact beyond the footprint areas are prevented or largely reduced.
Recommendations
After conclusion of this floral assessment, it is the opinion of the ecologists that the proposed town development with associated mining areas be considered favourably provided that the recommendations below are adhered to:
A sensitivity map has been developed for the existing Dingleton town and surroundings as well as the proposed host site. It is recommended that this sensitivity map be considered during the planning/pre-construction and construction phases of the proposed development activities to aid in the conservation of ecology within the proposed
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development areas and to guide development to avoid more ecologically important and sensitive areas. Inform staff of RDL and protected floral species within the proposed mine expansion areas. Implementation of a ground water monitoring plan to ensure ground water levels are not reduced to such an extent that may result in the dying of Acacia erioloba trees. Inform staff about dominant alien vegetation species within the proposed mine expansion areas. Aloe species as well as Boophone disticha individuals identified within the proposed expansion areas as well as individuals encountered during the site clearing process should be rescued and relocated preferably to an area not earmarked for mining related activities in future. Appointment of an ECO to oversee the removal and rescue and relocation of all protected and RDL floral species. Application for relevant permits for removal, destruction, transport, rescue and relocation as well as propagation of RDL/protected floral species. Provide a list of weeds, invader species and RDL/protected floral species to all contractors as indicated within the EMPR. No fire-wood collecting should be allowed within areas surrounding the proposed mine expansion areas. The use of RDL and protected floral species in the greening of facility grounds is to be promoted. Inform employees about dominant alien vegetation species within the surface rights area and surroundings that would most probably also proliferate within the new mine expansion areas after disturbance. Implement an alien vegetation control plan specific for the exotic/weed species identified within the surface rights area or expand the existing plan to cover the new mine expansion areas as well as host site, with an annual follow-up assessment to determine effectiveness of eradication or identification of new species that pose a threat to natural vegetation. All development footprint areas should remain as small as possible and should not encroach onto more sensitive open veld areas. This can be achieved by considering the sensitivity map during the pre-construction and planning phases. Proliferation and seed dispersal within future topsoil stockpiles; will have an impact on rehabilitation in the future and also needs to be controlled. Removal of the alien and weed species encountered on the property in order to comply with existing legislation (amendments to the regulations under the Conservation of
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Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 and Section 28 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998). Removal of species should take place throughout the pre- construction, construction, operational, and rehabilitation/ maintenance phases. Care should be taken within areas close to the Gamagara River with the choice of herbicide, to ensure no additional impact due to the herbicide used. Footprint areas should be kept as small as possible when removing large exotic trees. No vehicles should be allowed to drive through surrounding open veld areas during eradication of alien and weed species. Care should be taken with the choice of herbicide. Non selective herbicides may result in the dying of natural species such as Acacia erioloba. All soils compacted as a result of construction activities falling outside the mine footprint areas should be ripped, profiled and monitored to ensure establishment of natural vegetation. Residents of the new town should be guided in the use of endemic species when gardening. In this regard special mention is made of the need to use indigenous grasses such as Cynodon dactylon for lawns instead of aggressive alien counterparts such as Pennisetum clandestinum. Appropriate waste disposal facilities should be provided as to prevent refuse dumping in surrounding open veld areas adjacent to both the new town and the mining areas. Grazing of livestock within the new town as well as surrounding areas would have to be strictly controlled. No livestock grazing should be allowed during the initial rehabilitation process. After good establishment of the grass layer an appropriate grazing and burning regime, for the size and slope of each area, should be implemented. Forb and tree species should be reintroduced with attention to species representative of the vegetation type in which the rehabilitated area falls. No indiscriminate driving should be allowed through open veld or rehabilitated areas. Rehabilitated areas should be monitored to determine if rehabilitation efforts are effective. It must be ensured that all roads and construction areas are regularly sprayed with water or treated with other dust suppression measures in order to curb dust generation. This is particularly necessary during the dry season when increased levels of dust generation can be expected. However, care should be taken not to over-spray causing water run-off and subsequent sediment loss into adjacent waterways. Planning of temporary roads and access routes that will be utilised during the pre- construction and construction phases should take the site sensitivity plan into consideration. If possible, such roads should be constructed a distance from areas
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considered to be of higher sensitivity such as areas with increased density of Acacia erioloba or Aloe grandidentata and not directly adjacent thereto. Ongoing monitoring of dust should be employed to ensure identification of increased dust levels over time or in specific areas. If any excessive dying out of vegetation occurs in areas of dust generation, measures to mitigate the impact should be immediately sought. Dust fallout should be monitored within the stockpile areas to prevent changes in composition of topsoil micro-elements which could affect the re-establishment of certain floral species. All informal fires on the property should be prohibited specifically during the construction, operational and rehabilitation phases of the proposed development. Identify areas where the value of the biological resource warrants protection and therefore controlled access by the public. Maintenance of fences to ensure that access control is maintained. Compliance with regulations under the National Forest and Fire Laws Amendment Act, 2001.
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14. REFERENCES
Acocks, J. P. H. (1988) Third Edition. Veld Types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 57, Botanical Research Institute, RSA
Bromilow, C. (2001). Revised Edition, First Impression. Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
Germishuizen, G & Clarke, B. (2003). First Edition, First Impression. Illustrated Guide to the Wildflowers of Northern South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
Henderson, L. (2001). Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. Agricultural Research Council, RSA.
Henderson, L & Musil, K. J. (1987). Plant Invaders of the Transvaal. Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Bulletin 412, RSA.
Manning, J. (2003). Photographic Guide to the Wild Flowers of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
Moffett, R. (1997) Grasses of the Eastern Free State. UNIQWA, Phuthaditjhaba.
Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (Eds). (2006). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA.
Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden., W., Victor, JE., Helme, NA., Turner, RC., Kamundi, DA., Manyama, PA. (eds) (2009). Red List Of South African Plants Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Rutherford, M.C. & Westfall, R. H. (1994). Biomes of Southern Africa: An objective categorization. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, RSA.
Steyn, M. (2007). Acacia field guide for Southern Africa. D&V Premier Print Group, Bendor Place, Polokwane, RSA.
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Tews, J. Blaum, N. and Jeltsch, G. (2004) Structural and Animal Species Diversity in Arid and Semi-arid Savannas of the Southern Kalahari. Annals of Arid Zone 43(3&4): 413-425
Threatened Species Programme (2005) Red Data List of South African Plant Species. Available online: http://www.redlist.org.
Van Oudtshoorn, F. (2004). Second Edition, Third Print. Guide to Grasses of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
Van Rooyen, Noel. (2001). Flowering Plants of the Kalahari Dunes. Ekotrust CC, Lynnwood, RSA.
Van Wyk, B & Smith, G. (2005). Second Edition, Second Impression. Guide to the Aloes of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
Van Wyk AE. & Smith, GF. (2001). Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa. UMDAUS Press, Hatfield, RSA.`
Van Wyk, B, Van Wyk, P & Van Wyk, BE. (2011) Second Edition, Second Impression. Photo guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
Van Wyk, B & Van Wyk, P. (1997). Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, RSA.
Van Wyk, B., Van Oudtshoorn, B. & Gericke, N. (2005). First Edition, Fourth Impression. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
Venter, F & Venter, J. (2002) Second Edition. Making the most of Indigenous Trees. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA.
The South African National Biodiversity Institute is thanked for the use of data from the National Herbarium, Pretoria (PRE) Computerised Information System (PRECIS).
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APPENDIX A Flora
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Table 10: Expected floral species list for the quarter degree grid 2723CA supplied by Sanbi Precis Database. Threat Family Species status Growth forms ACANTHACEAE Barleria irritans Nees LC Dwarf shrub, herb Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E.Mey. ex Schinz var. integrifo- ACANTHACEAE lia LC Herb ACANTHACEAE Blepharis marginata (Nees) C.B.Clarke LC Dwarf shrub, herb ACANTHACEAE Glossochilus burchellii Nees LC Herb ACANTHACEAE Monechma divaricatum (Nees) C.B.Clarke LC Shrub, suffrutex AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera pungens Kunth NE Herb AMARANTHACEAE Sericorema sericea (Schinz) Lopr. LC Herb ANACARDIACEAE Searsia burchellii (Sond. ex Engl.) Moffett LC Shrub, tree Geophyte, herb, APOCYNACEAE Raphionacme velutina Schltr. LC succulent ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus exuvialis Burch. forma exuvialis NE Shrub ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus retrofractus L. LC Scrambler, shrub ASTERACEAE Dicoma schinzii O.Hoffm. LC Herb ASTERACEAE Geigeria brevifolia (DC.) Harv. LC Shrub ASTERACEAE Helichrysum cerastioides DC. var. cerastioides LC Herb ASTERACEAE Helichrysum zeyheri Less. LC Dwarf shrub, shrub ASTERACEAE Hirpicium echinus Less. LC Herb ASTERACEAE Pegolettia retrofracta (Thunb.) Kies LC Dwarf shrub ASTERACEAE Rosenia humilis (Less.) K.Bremer LC Shrub ASTERACEAE Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. LC Shrub, tree CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl. LC Shrub, tree COMBRETACEAE Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. LC Tree CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus multifidus Thunb. LC Herb Cyperus indecorus Kunth var. decurvatus (C.B.Clarke) Cyperoid, herb, CYPERACEAE Kük. LC mesophyte Cyperoid, herb, CYPERACEAE Cyperus margaritaceus Vahl var. margaritaceus LC mesophyte EBENACEAE Euclea undulata Thunb. LC Shrub, tree FABACEAE Acacia haematoxylon Willd. LC Shrub, tree FABACEAE Acacia karroo Hayne LC Shrub, tree FABACEAE Calobota cuspidosa (Burch.) Boatwr. & B.-E.van Wyk Shrub FABACEAE Crotalaria orientalis Burtt Davy ex I.Verd. subsp. orientalis LC Dwarf shrub, herb FABACEAE Crotalaria spartioides DC. LC Shrub FABACEAE Cyamopsis serrata Schinz LC Herb FABACEAE Indigastrum argyraeum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schrire LC Herb FABACEAE Indigofera sessilifolia DC. LC Dwarf shrub, herb FABACEAE Lotononis crumanina Burch. ex Benth. LC Herb FABACEAE Melolobium macrocalyx Dummer var. macrocalyx LC Dwarf shrub, shrub FABACEAE Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC. var. totta LC Climber, herb FABACEAE Rhynchosia venulosa (Hiern) K.Schum. LC Climber, herb FABACEAE Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. LC Dwarf shrub, shrub FABACEAE Tephrosia burchellii Burtt Davy LC Herb IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia littoralis Baker subsp. caudata (Schinz) Gold- LC Geophyte, herb
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Threat Family Species status Growth forms blatt LAMIACEAE Leucas capensis (Benth.) Engl. LC Dwarf shrub MALVACEAE Hermannia tomentosa (Turcz.) Schinz ex Engl. LC Herb MALVACEAE Melhania burchellii DC. LC Herb MALVACEAE Pavonia burchellii (DC.) R.A.Dyer LC Dwarf shrub MALVACEAE Sida ovata Forssk. LC Dwarf shrub, herb MOLLUGINACEAE Limeum aethiopicum Burm.f. var. intermedium Friedrich LC PHYLLANTHACEAE Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. parvulus LC Dwarf shrub, herb POACEAE Andropogon chinensis (Nees) Merr. LC Graminoid POACEAE Anthephora argentea Gooss. LC Graminoid Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. subsp. barbicollis POACEAE (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter LC Graminoid POACEAE Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. subsp. congesta LC Graminoid Aristida stipitata Hack. subsp. spicata (De Winter) POACEAE Melderis LC Graminoid POACEAE Aristida vestita Thunb. LC Graminoid POACEAE Brachiaria brizantha (A.Rich.) Stapf LC Graminoid POACEAE Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LC Graminoid POACEAE Digitaria eriantha Steud. LC Graminoid Enneapogon cenchroides (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) POACEAE C.E.Hubb. LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees var. lehmanniana LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis nindensis Ficalho & Hiern LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis trichophora Coss. & Durieu LC Graminoid POACEAE Eustachys paspaloides (Vahl) Lanza & Mattei LC Graminoid POACEAE Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. LC Graminoid Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka subsp. grandiflora (Hochst.) POACEAE Zizka LC Graminoid POACEAE Panicum coloratum L. var. coloratum LC Graminoid POACEAE Pogonarthria squarrosa (Roem. & Schult.) Pilg. LC Graminoid POACEAE Stipagrostis uniplumis (Licht.) De Winter var. uniplumis LC Graminoid POACEAE Tragus berteronianus Schult. LC Graminoid POACEAE Trichoneura grandiglumis (Nees) Ekman LC Graminoid PORTULACACEAE Portulaca kermesina N.E.Br. LC Herb, succulent RUBIACEAE Anthospermum rigidum Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. rigidum LC Dwarf shrub SCROPHULARIACEAE Aptosimum albomarginatum Marloth & Engl. LC Dwarf shrub Dwarf shrub, herb, SOLANACEAE Solanum supinum Dunal var. supinum LC shrub TAMARICACEAE Tamarix parviflora DC. NE Tree THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia polycephala (C.A.Mey.) Gilg LC Dwarf shrub, herb VERBENACEAE Chascanum adenostachyum (Schauer) Moldenke LC Herb VERBENACEAE Chascanum schlechteri (Gürke) Moldenke LC Herb ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus terrestris L. LC Herb
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Table 11: Expected floral species list for the quarter degree grid 2722DD supplied by Sanbi Precis Database.
Family Species Threat status Growth forms ACANTHACEAE Barleria macrostegia Nees LC Herb ACANTHACEAE Barleria rigida Nees LC Dwarf shrub, shrub ACANTHACEAE Justicia puberula Immelman LC Dwarf shrub, herb ACANTHACEAE Justicia thymifolia (Nees) C.B.Clarke LC Dwarf shrub, shrub ACANTHACEAE Monechma divaricatum (Nees) C.B.Clarke LC Shrub, suffrutex ACANTHACEAE Monechma incanum (Nees) C.B.Clarke LC Dwarf shrub, shrub AMARANTHACEAE Aerva leucura Moq. LC Herb ANACARDIACEAE Searsia tridactyla (Burch.) Moffett LC Shrub, tree APOCYNACEAE Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd LC Shrub, tree APOCYNACEAE Piaranthus decipiens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns LC Succulent ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus suaveolens Burch. LC Shrub Dwarf shrub, succu- ASPHODELACEAE Aloe hereroensis Engl. var. hereroensis LC lent Geophyte, herb, ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine narcissifolia Salm-Dyck LC succulent ASTERACEAE Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns LC Herb ASTERACEAE Arctotis leiocarpa Harv. LC Herb ASTERACEAE Chrysocoma ciliata L. LC Shrub ASTERACEAE Cineraria lyratiformis Cron LC Herb Dicoma anomala Sond. subsp. gerrardii (Harv. ASTERACEAE ex F.C.Wilson) S.Ortíz & Rodr.Oubiña LC Herb ASTERACEAE Dicoma capensis Less. LC Herb ASTERACEAE Dicoma macrocephala DC. LC Herb Eriocephalus ericoides (L.f.) Druce subsp. ASTERACEAE griquensis M.A.N.Müll. LC Shrub ASTERACEAE Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees subsp. muricata LC Shrub ASTERACEAE Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. LC Herb ASTERACEAE Helichrysum cerastioides DC. var. cerastioides LC Herb Helichrysum pumilio (O.Hoffm.) Hilliard & ASTERACEAE B.L.Burtt subsp. pumilio LC Dwarf shrub, herb ASTERACEAE Helichrysum zeyheri Less. LC Dwarf shrub, shrub ASTERACEAE Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze LC Shrub, succulent ASTERACEAE Lopholaena cneorifolia (DC.) S.Moore LC Shrub, succulent ASTERACEAE Metalasia trivialis P.O.Karis LC Shrub ASTERACEAE Pentzia incana (Thunb.) Kuntze LC Shrub ASTERACEAE Pentzia viridis Kies LC Shrub, suffrutex ASTERACEAE Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. LC Shrub, tree ASTERACEAE Tarchonanthus obovatus DC. LC Shrub, tree Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. ASTERACEAE var. encelioides NE Herb BIGNONIACEAE Rhigozum brevispinosum Kuntze LC Shrub BORAGINACEAE Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce subsp. rigida LC Shrub, tree CAPPARACEAE Boscia foetida Schinz subsp. foetida LC Shrub, tree CELASTRACEAE Putterlickia pyracantha (L.) Szyszyl. LC Shrub CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium carinatum R.Br. NE Herb
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Family Species Threat status Growth forms Chenopodium hederiforme (Murr) Aellen var. CHENOPODIACEAE undulatum Aellen LC Herb Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen var. axyri- CHENOPODIACEAE oides (Fenzl) Aellen LC Shrub Colchicum melanthoides (Willd.) J.C.Manning & COLCHICACEAE Vinn. subsp. melanthoides LC Geophyte CONVOLVULACEAE Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. LC Herb CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea oenotheroides (L.f.) Raf. ex Hallier f. LC Shrub, succulent Climber, herb, suc- CUCURBITACEAE Kedrostis crassirostrata Bremek. LC culent Climber, herb, suc- CUCURBITACEAE Momordica balsamina L. LC culent CUCURBITACEAE Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond. subsp. scabra LC Climber, herb Cyperoid, emergent Schoenoplectus muricinux (C.B.Clarke) hydrophyte, helo- CYPERACEAE J.Raynal LC phyte, herb DIPSACACEAE Scabiosa buekiana Eckl. & Zeyh. LC Herb Geophyte, succu- DRACAENACEAE Sansevieria aethiopica Thunb. LC lent EBENACEAE Euclea undulata Thunb. LC Shrub, tree EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia affinis Sond. LC Shrub EUPHORBIACEAE Croton gratissimus Burch. var. gratissimus LC Shrub, tree Euphorbia avasmontana Dinter var. avasmon- EUPHORBIACEAE tana LC Shrub, succulent EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond. var. inaequilatera LC Dwarf shrub, herb Dwarf shrub, succu- EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia juttae Dinter lent EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia rectirama N.E.Br. LC Shrub, succulent FABACEAE Acacia erioloba E.Mey. Declining Shrub, tree FABACEAE Acacia hebeclada DC. subsp. hebeclada LC Shrub, tree FABACEAE Acacia karroo Hayne LC Shrub, tree FABACEAE Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. aurea LC Shrub, tree FABACEAE Crotalaria damarensis Engl. LC Herb FABACEAE Cullen tomentosum (Thunb.) J.W.Grimes LC Herb FABACEAE Cyamopsis serrata Schinz LC Herb FABACEAE Indigofera alternans DC. var. alternans LC Herb Indigofera daleoides Benth. ex Harv. var. dale- FABACEAE oides LC Herb Indigofera rhytidocarpa Benth. ex Harv. subsp. FABACEAE rhytidocarpa LC Herb FABACEAE Indigofera sessilifolia DC. LC Dwarf shrub, herb FABACEAE Lotononis listii Polhill LC Creeper, herb FABACEAE Lotononis parviflora (P.J.Bergius) D.Dietr. LC Herb FABACEAE Lotononis platycarpa (Viv.) Pic.Serm. LC Herb FABACEAE Melolobium calycinum Benth. LC Dwarf shrub, shrub FABACEAE Melolobium canescens Benth. LC Dwarf shrub, shrub FABACEAE Melolobium humile Eckl. & Zeyh. LC Dwarf shrub Ptycholobium biflorum (E.Mey.) Brummitt subsp. FABACEAE biflorum LC Dwarf shrub, herb Senna italica Mill. subsp. arachoides (Burch.) FABACEAE Lock LC Herb
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Family Species Threat status Growth forms FABACEAE Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. LC Dwarf shrub, shrub FABACEAE Tephrosia dregeana E.Mey. var. dregeana LC Dwarf shrub, herb GISEKIACEAE Gisekia africana (Lour.) Kuntze var. africana LC Herb IRIDACEAE Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt LC Geophyte, herb JUNCACEAE Juncus dregeanus Kunth subsp. dregeanus LC Helophyte, herb LAMIACEAE Acrotome inflata Benth. LC Herb LAMIACEAE Ocimum americanum L. var. americanum LC Herb LOBELIACEAE Lobelia erinus L. LC Herb Parasite, shrub, LORANTHACEAE Tapinanthus oleifolius (J.C.Wendl.) Danser LC succulent MALVACEAE Abutilon austro-africanum Hochr. LC Dwarf shrub MALVACEAE Grewia flava DC. LC Shrub MALVACEAE Hermannia burkei Burtt Davy LC Climber, herb MALVACEAE Hermannia comosa Burch. ex DC. LC Herb MALVACEAE Hermannia desertorum Eckl. & Zeyh. LC Dwarf shrub MALVACEAE Hermannia vestita Thunb. LC Dwarf shrub MALVACEAE Melhania rehmannii Szyszyl. LC Dwarf shrub MALVACEAE Sida cordifolia L. subsp. cordifolia LC Dwarf shrub MALVACEAE Waltheria indica L. LC Herb Climber, herb, MENISPERMACEAE Cissampelos capensis L.f. LC shrub Mestoklema arboriforme (Burch.) N.E.Br. ex MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Glen LC Succulent MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Trichodiadema pomeridianum L.Bolus LC Succulent MOLLUGINACEAE Limeum myosotis H.Walter var. myosotis LC Herb Limeum viscosum (J.Gay) Fenzl subsp. trans- MOLLUGINACEAE vaalense Friedrich LC Herb MOLLUGINACEAE Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. ex DC. var. cerviana LC Herb Grielum humifusum Thunb. var. parviflorum NEURADACEAE Harv. LC Herb ORCHIDACEAE Disperis macowanii Bolus LC Geophyte, herb OXALIDACEAE Oxalis lawsonii F.Bolus LC Geophyte PEDALIACEAE Sesamum capense Burm.f. LC Herb POACEAE Anthephora pubescens Nees LC Graminoid Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. subsp. con- POACEAE gesta LC Graminoid Aristida diffusa Trin. subsp. burkei (Stapf) POACEAE Melderis LC Graminoid POACEAE Aristida engleri Mez var. engleri LC Graminoid POACEAE Aristida vestita Thunb. LC Graminoid POACEAE Brachiaria nigropedata (Ficalho & Hiern) Stapf LC Graminoid POACEAE Chloris virgata Sw. LC Graminoid POACEAE Cynodon incompletus Nees LC Graminoid POACEAE Digitaria eriantha Steud. LC Graminoid POACEAE Digitaria glauca Stent var. bechuanica Stent NE Graminoid POACEAE Digitaria seriata Stapf LC Graminoid POACEAE Enneapogon scaber Lehm. LC Graminoid POACEAE Enneapogon scoparius Stapf LC Graminoid
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Family Species Threat status Growth forms POACEAE Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis echinochloidea Stapf LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees var. lehmanniana LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis nindensis Ficalho & Hiern LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis porosa Nees LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis trichophora Coss. & Durieu LC Graminoid POACEAE Eragrostis x pseud-obtusa De Winter NE Graminoid POACEAE Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka LC Graminoid POACEAE Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka subsp. repens LC Graminoid POACEAE Oropetium capense Stapf LC Graminoid POACEAE Panicum gilvum Launert LC Graminoid POACEAE Pogonarthria squarrosa (Roem. & Schult.) Pilg. LC Graminoid POACEAE Schmidtia kalahariensis Stent LC Graminoid POACEAE Schmidtia pappophoroides Steud. LC Graminoid Stipagrostis uniplumis (Licht.) De Winter var. POACEAE uniplumis LC Graminoid POACEAE Tragus berteronianus Schult. LC Graminoid POACEAE Tragus koelerioides Asch. LC Graminoid POACEAE Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. NE Graminoid POLYGALACEAE Muraltia alopecuroides (L.) DC. LC Dwarf shrub, shrub Dwarf shrub, succu- PORTULACACEAE Talinum arnotii Hook.f. LC lent Dwarf shrub, herb, PORTULACACEAE Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh. LC succulent Dwarf shrub, succu- PORTULACACEAE Talinum crispatulum Dinter LC lent RHAMNACEAE Helinus spartioides (Engl.) Schinz ex Engl. LC Dwarf shrub RICCIACEAE Riccia okahandjana S.W.Arnell Bryophyte Anthospermum rigidum Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. RUBIACEAE rigidum LC Dwarf shrub SCROPHULARIACEAE Jamesbrittenia integerrima (Benth.) Hilliard LC Dwarf shrub, herb SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago mixta Hilliard LC Herb SOLANACEAE Lycium hirsutum Dunal LC Dwarf shrub, shrub THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia kraussiana Meisn. var. kraussiana LC Dwarf shrub, shrub THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia polycephala (C.A.Mey.) Gilg LC Dwarf shrub, herb Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew subsp. URTICACEAE peduncularis LC Herb Chascanum pinnatifidum (L.f.) E.Mey. var. pin- VERBENACEAE natifidum LC Herb VERBENACEAE Lantana rugosa Thunb. LC Shrub Parasite, shrub, VISCACEAE Viscum rotundifolium L.f. LC succulent
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APPENDIX B Vegetation Index Score
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Vegetation Index Score-Habitat unit 1 Open veld
EVC=[[(EVC1+EVC2)/2] EVC 1 - Percentage natural vegetation cover:
Vegetation cover % 0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Site score X EVC 1 score 0 1 2 3 4 5
EVC2 - Total site disturbance score:
Very Very Disturbance score 0 Low Low Moderately High High Site score X EVC 2 score 5 4 3 2 1 0
SI=(SI1+SI2+SI3+SI4)/4)
Trees Shrubs Forbs Grasses
(SI1) (SI2) (SI3) (SI4) Perceived Perceived Perceived Perceived Present Present Present Present Score: Reference Reference Reference Reference State State State State State State State State Continuous X Clumped X Scattered X X X X Sparse X X Present State (P/S) = Currently applicable for each habitat unit Perceived Reference State (PRS) = If in pristine condition
Each SI score is determined with reference to the following scoring table of vegetation distribution for present state versus perceived reference state.
Present
state (P/S) Perceived Reference state Continuous Clumped Scattered Sparse (PRS)
Continuous 3 2 1 0 Clumped 2 3 2 1 Scattered 1 2 3 2 Sparse 0 1 2 3
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PVC=[(EVC)-((exotic x 0.7) + (bare ground x 0.3))
Percentage vegetation cover (exotic):
0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Vegetation cover % X PVC Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
Percentage vegetation cover (bare ground):
0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Vegetation cover % X
PVC Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
RIS Extent of Very indigenous species 0 Low Moderate High Very High Low recruitment X
RIS 0 1 2 3 4 5
VIS = [( EVC )+(( SIxPVC )+( RIS ))] = 15
The final VIS scores for each habitat unit are then categorised as follows:
Vegetation Index Score Assessment Class Description 25 A Unmodified, natural 20 to 24 B Largely natural with few modifications. 15 to 20 C Moderately modified 10 to 15 D Largely modified 5 to 10 E The loss of natural habitat extensive <5 F Modified completely
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Vegetation Index Score-Habitat unit 2 Transformed
1. EVC=[[(EVC1+EVC2)/2] EVC 1 - Percentage natural vegetation cover:
Vegetation cover % 0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Site score X EVC 1 score 0 1 2 3 4 5
EVC2 - Total site disturbance score:
Very Very Disturbance score 0 Low Low Moderately High High Site score X EVC 2 score 5 4 3 2 1 0
2. SI=(SI1+SI2+SI3+SI4)/4)
Trees Shrubs Forbs Grasses
(SI1) (SI2) (SI3) (SI4) Perceived Perceived Perceived Perceived Present Present Present Present Score: Reference Reference Reference Reference State State State State State State State State Continuous Clumped X Scattered X X X Sparse X X X X Present State (P/S) = Currently applicable for each habitat unit Perceived Reference State (PRS) = If in pristine condition
Each SI score is determined with reference to the following scoring table of vegetation distribution for present state versus perceived reference state.
Present
state (P/S) Perceived Reference state Continuous Clumped Scattered Sparse (PRS)
Continuous 3 2 1 0 Clumped 2 3 2 1 Scattered 1 2 3 2 Sparse 0 1 2 3
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PVC=[(EVC)-((exotic x 0.7) + (bare ground x 0.3))
Percentage vegetation cover (exotic):
0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Vegetation cover % X PVC Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
Percentage vegetation cover (bare ground):
0% 1-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Vegetation cover % X
PVC Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
RIS Extent of Very indigenous species 0 Low Moderate High Very High Low recruitment X
RIS 0 1 2 3 4 5
VIS = [( EVC )+(( SIxPVC )+( RIS ))] = -3.4
The final VIS scores for each habitat unit are then categorised as follows:
Vegetation Index Score Assessment Class Description 25 A Unmodified, natural 20 to 24 B Largely natural with few modifications. 15 to 20 C Moderately modified 10 to 15 D Largely modified 5 to 10 E The loss of natural habitat extensive <5 F Modified completely
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