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Single Umbilical Artery (SUA) - Prenatal Sonography Diagnosis and Vascular Imaging

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Single Umbilical Artery (SUA) - Prenatal Sonography Diagnosis and Vascular Imaging CASE REPORT Bali Medical Journal (Bali MedJ) 2021, Volume 10, Number 1: 8-10 P-ISSN.2089-1180, E-ISSN: 2302-2914 Single Umbilical Artery (SUA) - prenatal sonography diagnosis and vascular imaging Published by Bali Medical Journal features postnatal cord: a case report I Nyoman Hariyasa Sanjaya1*, Cokorda Istri Mirayani Pemayun2, Ni Wayan Dewi Purwanti3, Made Diah Vendita Sakuntari3, Ni Putu Nining Gianni3, Ni Luh Made Diah Mas Cahyani Putri3, Ni Komang Anik Pirgantari3, Ni Luh Md Dwi Laxmi Satriani3, Firsta Sesarina Mintariani3, Ni Luh Putu Yulia Padmawati3, Anak Agung Wahyu Putri3 ABSTRACT Background: Single umbilical artery (SUA) is a rare presentation in obstetrics practice, yet it comprises most of the umbilical anomaly. Despite its rare occurrence, a proper prenatal diagnosis needs to be established timely in order to prevent morbidity 1Department of Obstetrics and and mortality from commonly coexisting abnormalities. This case report presents a delayed diagnosis of SUA by prenatal Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, sonography diagnosis and vascular imaging features postnatal cord at the third trimester of pregnancy and discusses the Universitas Udayana, Sanglah General proper diagnosis and management of such cases. Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Case Presentation: We reported a case of a 37 year old pregnant woman who found to have one artery one vein in her 2 Outpatient Clinic,Sanglah General umbilical cord on ultrasound. This is very rare case and precise concern for us. Unfortunately we found this case in the third Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. trimester of pregnancy (37w5d), therefore we have slightly to evaluate. Female baby was born by elective C-section. The 3Kasih Medika Pregnancy School, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. baby cried immediately, with an Apgar score of 8-9. We didn’t find major abnormalities in the baby. Birth weight 3700 grams. There were not sign of heart diseases and kidney’s abnormality. Baby was monitoring for one weeks and the baby has good *Corresponding author: growth and development. I Nyoman Hariyasa Sanjaya; Department Conclusion: This report is expected to increase the awareness of this disease entity as a fundamental basis for developing its of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty screening and management protocols. of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia; Keywords: Congenital Abnormalities, Single Umbilical Artery Anomaly, Single Umbilical Artery, Vascular Imaging. [email protected] Cite This Article: Sanjaya, I.N.H., Pemayun, C.I.M., Purwanti, N.W.D., Sakuntari, M.D.V., Gianni, N.P.N., Putri, N.L.M.D.M.C., Pirgantari, N.K.A., Satriani, N.L.M.D.L., Mintariani, F.S., Padmawati, N.L.P.Y., Putri, A.A.W. 2021. Single Umbilical Artery (SUA)- Received: 2020-10-19 prenatal sonography diagnosis and vascular imaging features postnatal cord: a case report. Bali Medical Journal 10(1): 8-10. Accepted: 2020-12-26 DOI: 10.15562/bmj.v10i1.2024 Published: 2020-01-25 INTRODUCTION facilitating maternal-fetal gas exchange. having regular antenatal care in another Once the reduction exceeds clinical healthcare facility before her current visit. Umbilical cord is a primary conduit threshold of 30%, increased pulsatility Fetal biometry measurements confirmed connecting the fetus to the placenta. can be detected in Doppler waveforms as all parameters within the normal limit Embryology development of this structure a sign of downstream placental vascular with the estimated fetal weight of 3.427 occurs during the fourth to eighth week insufficiency.4 Increasing number of g, fetal heartbeat 121 beats per minute, of gestation and its patency is established 1 studies revealed the association between resistance index of 0.59, systolic peak by the fifth week of gestation. A fully SUA with poor perinatal outcome, (PS)/ end-diastolic velocity (ED) of 2.4, developed umbilical cord consisted of a concurrent congenital malformation, and and single deepest pocket (SDP) of 7.2 pair of umbilical arteries, one umbilical its future recurrence.2,5 We hereby report (Figure 2). No other abnormalities were vein, and allantois remnant immersed in a case illustrating the investigation and detected in US except for the isolated SUA. Wharton’s jelly enveloped by an amnion 1,2 management of isolated SUA. The mother was carefully counseled and layer. Single umbilical artery (SUA) is the closely followed up as this finding was not most prevalent umbilical artery anomaly CASE DESCRIPTION diagnosed previously. with the incidence ranging from 0.5% to Postnatal cord examination confirmed We present a case of isolated SUA 1%. This anomaly is hypothesized to arise the US finding of SUA Figure( 3) and prenatally diagnosed by ultrasound (US) due to primary agenesis, ensuing atrophy, visibly normal placenta (Figure 4). The 2,3 at 37-38 weeks of gestation (Figure 1). The or persistent allantoic artery body stalk. female baby was born by elective cesarean mother was a 37 years old woman having Despite its rare occurrence, umbilical section. She cried immediately and had her second pregnancy. She had a history artery anomalies may lead to the an Apgar score of 8-9. Comprehensive of miscarriage 2 years prior. She reported reduction of placental surface area examination performed by pediatrician 8 Published by Bali Medical Journal | Bali Medical Journal 2021; Open10(1): access:8-10 | doi: www.balimedicaljournal.org 10.15562/bmj.v10i1.2024 CASE REPORT revealed no apparent abnormalities and not increase perinatal morbidity and her birth weight was 3.700 g. The baby mortality,10-11 as evident in this report and was feeding well and healthy at one-week other similar reports.3,12 The seemingly follow-up. low disease burden may hamper thorough investigation and management protocol DISCUSSION development. However, more recent large- scale population-based study5 and meta- The diagnosis establishment in this analysis2 had proved the opposite. Both case can be considered delayed because studies suggested that SUA was associated umbilical cord assessment in the with gastrointestinal atresia or stenosis and Figure 1. Grayscale ultrasound of ultrasound examination is recommended trisomies; and increased risk of perinatal the umbilical cord at the in first trimester. Heterogenous umbilical complications of small for gestational gestational age of 37 weeks and cord abnormalities are summarized into age, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, 5 days. the group of length, insertion site, cystic, gestational diabetes mellitus, and perinatal hematomas, solid or complex, knots, mortality. The result from a study involving nuchal cord, vascular, funic presentation, 1.024 cases of SUA screened at 12-20 weeks and prolapsed cord. Vascular anomalies of gestation suggested that all pregnancies were further classified into vessel with SUA would preferably be referred number abnormality and persistent right to fetal medicine experts as the first step umbilical vein. In a narrower perspective, of the investigation.3 Isolated SUA would the presentation of vessel number not benefit from invasive genetic testing abnormality extends to lesser or greater and fetal echocardiography, while in cases (i.e., supernumerary vessels) number than where additional congenital anomalies normal. The single umbilical artery is were detected, proper counseling and also termed two-vessel cord representing further investigations are recommended. one artery and one vein. Variants also Figure 2. Fetal ultrasound biometry exist within SUA in which structure is CONCLUSION measurements. missing. Missing left umbilical artery is the predominant variant (98%) and the This report is expected to increase the existing right umbilical artery branches awareness of this disease entity as a from the right or left common iliac fundamental basis for developing its artery. Less common variations include screening and management protocols. the umbilical artery from the superior mesenteric artery (1.5%) and coexistence AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS with two umbilical veins or the right All authors contributed to the concept, umbilical vein, with the latter being design, definition of intellectual content, the least common and least promising literature research, clinical studies, variant.6 data analysis, manuscript preparation, The International Society of editing, and review; all authors served as Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology guarantors for this study. Figure 3. Cross sectional view of the (ISUOG) published a practical guideline umbilical cord. to set standardization on Doppler CONFLICT OF INTEREST ultrasonography in obstetrics. Flow abnormality in US examination is usually The authors have nothing to disclose. identified first at the fetal end of the umbilical cord. In cases like SUA, the FUNDING umbilical artery diameter is larger than None. its normal counterpart (i.e., when two arteries are present) and thus produced ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS lower impedance.7 Lower impedance is equivalent to lower pressure-to-flow ratio, Written ethical clearance was obtained which may contribute to its association from the Ethical Committee of Medical with lower birth weight, lower Apgar Faculty of Universitas Udayana, Sanglah score, and higher neonatal morbidity.8,9 General Hospital and its copy was available Earlier evidence showed that SUA to be reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief of in the absence of other pathologies did this journal. Figure 4. Normal placenta. Published by Bali Medical Journal | Bali Medical Journal 2021; 10(1): 8-10 | doi: 10.15562/bmj.v10i1.2024
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