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Artículos Complementarios Instituto Nacional De Medicina Legal Y Ciencias Forenses Nacional De Medicina Legal Y Ciencias Forenses Instituto Artículos Complementarios Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Instituto 327 Durante décadas los procesos de violencia en Co- lombia han provocado miles de víctimas de deli- tos como el homicidio, desplazamiento forzado, secuestro, extorsión y desaparición forzada, entre otros. Cada víctima dentro de su entorno, exige del Estado la acción efectiva para reestablecer su historia de vida, pero cada historia sigue enmarca- da en procesos de dolor y sufrimiento, difíciles de asimilar en el marco de la reconstrucción del tejido social, afectado ante tanta impunidad. En este sentido, la desaparición forzada es uno de los delitos que afecta en mayor medida los Derechos Fundamentales de las víctimas, en especial los fami- liares, quienes ante la incertidumbre del destino de la persona o sus restos, afrontan situaciones sociales, psicológicas y familiares, que no les permiten elabo- rar un duelo que, suspendido, se convierte en parte REGISTRO NACIONAL DE del proyecto de vida y motivación para una búsqueda indefinida de verdad y justicia. DESAPARECIDOS En ese contexto, en el año 2000 mediante la pro- mulgación de la Ley 589, se tipifica en Colombia el delito de desaparición forzada, después de 13 años de iniciativas legislativas, en las cuales asociaciones de víctimas, impulsaron el proceso, con el único fin de obtener herramientas jurídicas que permitieran Diana Ramírez investigaciones para dar con el paradero de sus Psicóloga coordinadora grupo de la Red Nacional de familiares desaparecidos. Sin embargo, el objeti- NN. INML vo de ubicar a los perpetradores de los hechos y Clemencia Martínez judicialización de los mismos a la luz del derecho Grupo de la Red Nacional de NN. INML internacional, garantizaba recobrar la confianza en las instituciones que por muchos años, no dieron respuesta ante este delito de lesa humanidad. Adicionalmente, la Ley 589 de 2000 crea otros me- canismos para la búsqueda efectiva de las personas desaparecidas, como son la Comisión de Búsqueda de Personas Desaparecidas1, el Registro Nacional de Desaparecidos (RND), el Mecanismo de Búsque- da Urgente2 y la administración de bienes de las personas desaparecidas3, elementos que al abordar problemáticas de índole político, técnico, judicial y 1 Comisión de Búsqueda de Personas Desaparecidas, es una comisión nacional y permanente de búsqueda de personas desaparecidas con el fin de apoyar y promover la investigación del delito de desaparición forzada, con pleno respeto de las competencias institucionales y de las facultades de los sujetos procesales. Art. 8 Ley 589 de 2000. 2 El mecanismo de búsqueda urgente es un mecanismo público tutelar de la libertad y la integridad personales y de los demás derechos y garantías que se consagran en favor de las personas que se presume han sido desaparecidas. Tiene por objeto que las autoridades Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Instituto judiciales realicen, en forma inmediata, todas las diligencias necesarias tendientes a su localización, como mecanismo efectivo para prevenir la comisión del delito de desaparición forzada. Art. 1 Ley 971 de 2005. 328 civil, pretenden en conjunto lograr la implementación del RND, y se ción de sus casos, ni la coordi- el reestablecimiento de la persona incluyen como finalidades en su nación interinstitucional que desaparecida a su ámbito familiar artículo 3, lo siguiente: esperaban para el desarrollo de y lograr para los familiares la la búsqueda de su ser querido. ayuda necesaria para solucionar • “Dotar a las autoridades públi- la problemática asociada a la des- cas de un instrumento técnico • “Dotar a la ciudadanía y a las aparición de una persona. que sirva de sustento en el di- Organizaciones de Víctimas de seño de políticas preventivas y Desaparición Forzada, de la in- Dentro de los mecanismos an- represivas, en relación con la formación que sea de utilidad teriores, el Registro Nacional desaparición forzada”, es de- para impulsar ante las autori- de Desaparecidos es una de las cir que las cifras y/o reportes dades competentes el diseño de herramientas primordiales para generados por el sistema de políticas de prevención y control la búsqueda de personas desapa- información, contribuye a la de las conductas de desapari- recidas desde diferentes ámbitos visibilización del fenómeno y ción forzada, de que trata la de acción. En primer lugar, es un por tanto al diseño y aplicación Ley 589 de 2000 y localizar a sistema de información nacional e de medidas para contrarrestar las personas víctimas de estas interinstitucional, que tiene como la ocurrencia del delito desde conductas”. En este sentido, la objetivos principales identificar niveles municipales, departa- comunidad en general, requie- cadáveres sometidos a necropsia mentales y nacionales. re de información disponible y médico legal en el territorio na- accesible, que permita aliviar la cional, orientar la búsqueda de • “Dotar a las autoridades ju- ansiedad provocada por la in- personas reportadas como víc- diciales, administrativas y certidumbre de un hecho de des- timas de desaparición forzada de control de un instrumento aparición, pero al mismo tiempo y facilitar el seguimiento de los técnico de información eficaz, verificar la actividad realizada casos y el ejercicio del Mecanismo sostenible y de fácil acceso que por las entidades responsables de Búsqueda Urgente. permita el intercambio, con- de la investigación y búsqueda traste y constatación de datos de personas desaparecidas. Es decir, su carácter interinstitu- que oriente la localización de cional incluye todas las entidades personas desaparecidas”. Lo Para la implementación del Re- que aportan información útil para anterior, puede considerarse gistro Nacional de Desaparecidos, la identificación e investigación como la respuesta a las víc- en el marco de principios de vera- de los casos4, quienes tienen la timas, quienes durante años cidad, oportunidad y utilidad, y obligación de transferir de mane- realizaron rutas de búsqueda en cumplimiento de los objetivos ra permanente y oportuna, y de por entidades y no obtuvieron y finalidades descritos en párrafos acuerdo con sus funciones, todos información sobre la investiga- anteriores, se hizo necesario el di- los datos que cumplan con los ob- seño de las siguientes plataformas jetivos en cuanto a la identifica- 4 Las entidades y organizaciones que conforman la Comisión tecnológicas: ción de cadáveres y la búsqueda Nacional de Búsqueda de Personas Desaparecidas como son: de personas desaparecidas. La Fiscalía General de la Nación o su delegado permanente, 1. Consultas públicas Procuraduría General de la Nación o su delegado permanente, Defensoría del Pueblo o su delegado permanente, Ministerio Sección ubicada en la página WEB Además, es importante señalar de Defensa o un delegado de la Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Instituto Nacional de Medici- que con la expedición del Decre- del Ministerio de Defensa, Programa Presidencial de Derechos na Legal y Ciencias Forenses5, Humanos y DIH o su delegado permanente, FONDELIBERTAD to 4218 de 2005, se operativiza mediante la cual, la comunidad o su delegado permanente, Instituto de Medicina Legal o su delegado permanente, un Representante de la Asociación en general puede consultar alfa- de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos, ASFADDES y un béticamente los nombres y ape- Representante de las organizaciones no gubernamentales de llidos de cadáveres ingresados al 3 Administración de los bienes de las personas víctimas del Derechos Humanos escogidas por ellas mismas, las entidades instituto en el nivel nacional y los delito de desaparición forzada. La autoridad judicial que que cumplen funciones de policía judicial, las entidades conoce o dirige el proceso por el delito de desaparición autorizadas que registran personas reportadas como reportes de personas desaparecidas forzada, podrá autorizar al cónyuge, compañero o desaparecidas. Las demás que puedan aportar información ingresadas al Registro Nacional de compañera permanente, a alguno de los padres o de los relativa a la identificación de personas y a la investigación Desaparecidos, desde el 1° de enero hijos del desaparecido para que provisionalmente asuman del delito de desaparición forzada como son la Registraduría la disposición y administración de todos o parte de sus Nacional del Estado Civil, el Instituto Nacional Penitenciario de 2007 a la fecha. bienes, en cuanto fueren de su manejo exclusivo. Quien y Carcelario INPEC, el Departamento Administrativo Nacional Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Instituto sea autorizado, actuará como curador de conformidad con de Estadística DANE, el Departamento Administrativo de las leyes civiles sobre la materia. Seguridad DAS y el Ministerio de la Protección Social. 5 www.medicinalegal.gov.co 329 2. SIRDEC de municipios del país donde no comportamiento del fenómeno en Es el Sistema de Información Red existen sedes del INMLCF. las últimas décadas, pero también de Desaparecidos y Cadáveres, la oportunidad a la comunidad na- implementado a partir del 1 de Actualmente, el Registro Nacional cional e internacional, de conocer enero de 2007, en el cual se regis- de Desaparecidos sigue su desa- de la realidad colombiana desde la tra la información de los cadáveres rrollo conceptual y tecnológico, visión de las víctimas que aún cla- ingresados al instituto en el nivel proporcionando a los usuarios man por obtener verdad, justicia nacional y los reportes
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