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Guide to Blended Learning GUIDE TO BLENDED LEARNING Guide to BLENDED LEARNING Guide to Blended Learning Martha Cleveland-Innes with Dan Wilton Athabasca University, Canada The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to promote the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. Commonwealth of Learning, 2018. © 2018 by the Commonwealth of Learning. Guide to Blended Learning is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence (international): http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-sa/4.0. For the avoidance of doubt, by applying this licence the Commonwealth of Learning does not waive any privileges or immunities from claims that it may be entitled to assert, nor does the Commonwealth of Learning submit itself to the jurisdiction, courts, legal processes or laws of any jurisdiction. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of COL concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of COL and do not commit the organisation. All products and services mentioned are owned by their respective copyright holders, and mere presentation in the publication does not mean endorsement by COL. ISBN 978-1-894975-94-0 Guide to Blended Learning Concept, Planning and Editing: Sanjaya Mishra Authors: Martha Cleveland-Innes with support from Dan Wilton Critical Readers: D. Randy Garrison and Heather Kanuka Video Production: Desiree Lim and Naa Adjeley Sackey Production Coordinator: Ania Grygorczuk Published by: COMMONWEALTH OF LEARNING 4710 Kingsway, Suite 2500 Burnaby, British Columbia Canada V5H 4M2 Telephone: +1 604 775 8200 Fax: +1 604 775 8210 Web: www.col.org Email: [email protected] Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................... vii CHAPTE R CHAPTER 1: BLENDED LEARNING ...............1 1 The Growth of Blended Learning .................................................................1 What is Blended Learning? ..........................................................................2 Blended Learning Uses ................................................................................4 Benefits of Blended Learning ......................................................................5 Making Blended Learning Work ..................................................................5 Conclusion.....................................................................................................6 Scenario: A blended learning programme for teachers .............................7 Reflection Questions ....................................................................................8 Resources for Further Reading ....................................................................8 CHAPTER 2: THEORIES SUPPORTING CHAPTE R 2 BLENDED LEARNING ..................................9 Introduction ...................................................................................................9 Using Theory to Support Blended Learning Practice ..............................10 The Complex Adaptive Blended Learning System ...................................10 The Community of Inquiry Theoretical Framework in Blended Learning..... 12 Creating a Community of Inquiry: What the Research Tells Us .............. 13 Seven Blended Learning Structures in Education.................................... 15 Blended Learning as Technology-Enabled Learning in the Classroom ....... 17 Conclusion...................................................................................................18 Resources for Further Reading ..................................................................19 CHAPTER 3: SUCCESSFUL BLENDED CHAPTE R 3 LEARNING ................................................20 Introduction .................................................................................................20 Preparing for Blended Learning ................................................................20 Consider the Creation of Individual Blended Learning Designs .............22 Purposefully Integrate In-Class and Online Activities .............................22 Preparing Students for Blended Learning ................................................23 Teaching Principles that Support Blended Learning ...............................24 Conclusion...................................................................................................26 Reflection Questions ..................................................................................27 Resources for Further Reading ..................................................................27 GUIDE TO BLENDED LEARNING iii CHAPTE R CHAPTER 4: DESIGNING FOR BLENDED 4 LEARNING ................................................28 Introduction .................................................................................................28 Institutions and Blended Learning ............................................................28 Understand Enticers and Barriers to Blended Learning ..........................30 Peer-Review Instructional Design and Blended Course Development Plans .....................................................................................31 Writing Learning Objectives and Learning Outcomes .............................32 Consider How Subject Matter May Influence Blended Learning ............33 Student Needs Assessment .......................................................................33 Aligning Assessment and Learning Objectives ........................................33 Conclusion...................................................................................................35 Reflection Questions ..................................................................................36 CHAPTER 5: TECHNOLOGIES FOR BLENDED CHAPTE R 5 LEARNING ................................................37 Introduction .................................................................................................37 Technology in Education: An Expanded Definition ..................................37 A Note on Technological Change and Obsolescence ..............................38 Learning Management Systems ................................................................38 Web Conferencing ......................................................................................39 Digital Textbooks ........................................................................................40 Blogs and Wikis ..........................................................................................41 Social Bookmarking, Mashups and Digital Storytelling ..........................42 Simulations, Serious Games and Virtual Worlds ......................................42 E-portfolios .................................................................................................43 Conclusion...................................................................................................43 Reflection Questions ..................................................................................44 CHAPTER 6: DEVELOPMENT OF BLENDED CHAPTE R 6 LEARNING ................................................45 Introduction .................................................................................................45 The Role and Common Features of a Learning Management System .....45 Create Learning Activities Based on Blended Learning Best Practices .....47 Customise as Needed for Context and Learners in Every Design ..........47 iv GUIDE TO BLENDED LEARNING Finding, Using and Creating Open Educational Resources ....................48 Identify Useful Sources of OER .................................................................49 Learning Assessment Strategies Available in Blended Learning ............50 Conclusion...................................................................................................50 Reflection Questions ..................................................................................51 Resources for Further Reading ..................................................................51 CHAPTER 7: SYNCHRONOUS CHAPTE R AND ASYNCHRONOUS ACTIVITIES AND 7 EXAMPLES ...............................................52 Introduction .................................................................................................52 Synchronous Activities for Blended Learning ..........................................52 Examples of Synchronous Activities for Models of Blended Learning ........53 Asynchronous Activities for Blended Learning ........................................54 Examples of Asynchronous Activities for Models of Blended Learning ......54 Balancing the Practical Implications of Synchronous and Asynchronous Activities .............................................................................55 Preparing to Design for Learning through Synchronous and Asynchronous Activities .............................................................................56 Conclusion...................................................................................................58 Reflection Questions ..................................................................................59 Resources for Further
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