DOCSLIB.ORG

Forestry for a Low-Carbon Future

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forestry for a Low-Carbon Future 177 177 FAO FORESTRY PAPER Forestry for a low-carbon future Forestry for a low-carbon future Forestry for a low-carbon future Integrating forests and wood products Integrating forests and wood products in climate change strategies in climate change strategie s Forests are critical to mitigation, having a dual role; they function globally as a net carbon sink but are also responsible for about 10 to 12 percent of global emissions. Forests and forest products offer both – developed and developing countries a wide range of Integrating forests and wood products in climate change strategies options for timely and cost-effective mitigation. Afforestation/reforestation offers the best option because of its short timescale and ease of implementation. Reducing deforestation, forest management and forest restoration also offer good mitigation potential, especially because of the possibility for immediate action. Yet forest contributions to mitigation also go beyond forest activities. Wood products and wood energy can replace fossil-intense products in other sectors, creating a virtuous cycle towards low-carbon economies. The mitigation potential and costs of the various options differ greatly by activity, region, system boundaries and time horizon. Policymakers must decide on the optimal mix of options, adapted to local circumstances, for meeting national climate change and development goals. This publication assesses the options and highlights the enabling conditions, opportunities and potential bottlenecks to be considered in making apt choices. Aimed at policymakers, investors and all those committed to transition to low-carbon economies, it will support countries in using forests and wood products effectively in their climate strategies. ISSN 0258-6150 ISBN 978-92-5-109312-2 ISSN 0258-6150 FAO FORESTRY FAO FAO 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 9 312 2 PAPER I5857E/1/07.16 177 Cover photos: © FAO/Joan Manuel Baliellas (wood products) © Kate Evans (natural forest) © FAO/Roberto Faidutti (forest plantation) FAO FORESTRY Forestry for a low-carbon PAPER future 177 Integrating forests and wood products in climate change strategies FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2016 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily r the views or policies of FAO. This product is the result of a free, open collaborative process, edited by FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-109312-2 © FAO, 2016 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgements x Acronyms and abbreviations xi Executive summary xiii Key messages xvii 1. Introduction 1 Options for mitigation in the forest sector: Encouraging a multiple-use perspective 3 About this publication 4 Key messages: overview 7 2. Mitigation in the forest sector 9 Forestry in the climate change framework 9 Mitigation potential in the forest sector 18 Finance options for forest-sector mitigation 26 Key messages: forest-sector mitigation 27 3. Expanding forest and tree cover 29 Mitigation potential of afforestation and reforestation and trees outside forests 29 Economic feasibility 31 Bottlenecks in harnessing potentials 34 Embracing opportunities 37 Key messages: expanding forest and tree cover 39 4. Reducing deforestation and preventing forest loss through REDD+ 41 Mitigation potential of reducing forest loss 41 Economic feasibility 42 Bottlenecks in harnessing potentials 47 Embracing opportunities 47 Key messages: REDD+ 49 5. Changing forest management practices 51 Improved harvesting 51 Rotation length and mitigation 52 Better management of pests and diseases 55 iv Improving fire management 57 Management of the soil carbon pool 61 Key messages: forest management 67 6. Improving and using wood energy 69 From traditional use to biorefineries 70 Potential of using wood energy for mitigation 72 Economic feasibility 76 Bottlenecks in harnessing potentials 80 Embracing opportunities 82 Key messages: wood energy 85 7. Promoting the use of wood for greener building and furnishing 87 Trends in wood use 88 Mitigation potential of wood use in building and furnishing 91 Bottlenecks in harnessing potentials 94 Embracing opportunities 96 Key messages: wood in green building and furnishing 101 8. How to make it happen 103 Deciding among mitigation options 103 Capitalizing on co-benefits for sustainable development 105 Sustainable wood budget: securing sustainable wood sources for the advancing bioeconomy 110 Financing forest mitigation 114 Key messages: making it happen 122 9. Conclusion 123 References 125 Contributors 147 Expert reviewers 151 v Tables 1 Key forest-sector mitigation options assessed in this publication 5 2 Economic potential for forest-based mitigation options in 2030, from global models 21 3 Economic potential for forest-based options in 2040, from regional bottom-up estimates 21 4 Country examples of A/R cost assessments 32 5 Abatement costs of some REDD+ activities in the Near East and North Africa 43 6 CO2 emissions from wood energy compared with total carbon emissions, 2010 70 7 Comparison of wood pellets with fossil fuels in India 77 8 Share of wood-based construction of one- and two-family houses in selected countries 89 9 Apparent lifetime for wood products in the French forest sector 104 10 Some key co-benefits of the mitigation options presented in this publication 106 11 Global market potentials for different bio-products from forest biomass 111 12 Forest carbon market snapshot, 2013 119 13 Transacted volume and value of offsets for forest-based mitigation options 119 14 Comparison of compliance and voluntary carbon markets in terms of forestry offsets, 2013 and 2014 120 15 Existing national and subnational jurisdictions with a direct carbon tax 121 Figures 1 Global carbon emissions budget by sector, 2010 2 2 Influence of the cap on incentive for mitigation through forest management 11 3 Accounted removals: ARD net removals plus ARD offsets from FM plus FM net removals up to the cap (% of total), 2008−2012 13 4 Status of A/R projects in the CDM: (A) trends in A/R project registration; (B) geographical distribution of registered A/R projects 14 5 Emission-reduction success of CDM A/R projects: projected CO2 mitigation potential against actual achievements from 24 projects that submitted monitoring reports 15 6 Example of a Forest Reference Level using only historical data 17 7 Mention of forestry in submitted INDCs, by region 19 vi 8 Economic potentials of forestry relative to other supply-side mitigation options in the agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector by region by 2030 20 9 Global technical potential of bioenergy, 2050 22 10 Global carbon stock in harvested wood products 24 11 Annual change in carbon stock in harvested wood products 24 12 Development of the global carbon pool in harvested wood products, 1990−2013 25 13 Annual global carbon stock changes in harvested wood products in use 25 14 Status of A/R projects registered in VCS: (A) trends in A/R project registration; (B) geographical distribution 35 15 Projected mitigation potential and achievements of 27 VCS A/R projects 36 16 Mitigation cost curve for the conversion of forest to permanent agriculture 44 17 Regional mitigation cost curves for reductions in land-use change 45 18 Emissions from crop expansion at different carbon values, by crop type 46 19 Total ecosystem carbon stock change for three scenarios 56 20 Decadal forest areas burnt in Canada, 1971−2014 59 21 Total forest fire management costs in Canada, 1970−2013 60 22 Global carbon stocks in vegetation and soil carbon pools to a depth of 1 m 61 23 Total carbon stock in forests by region, 2005 62 24 Carbon under four Eucalyptus species at two sites in Western Australia with Mediterranean climate having typical cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers 63 25 Effects of different forest management strategies on soil carbon stocks 64 26 Percentage of roundwood used as woodfuel, 2014 69 27 Consumption of fuelwood in comparison with wood pellets and charcoal, 2014 70 28 Net potential for annual emission reductions from the use of improved cookstoves 79 29 Top ten furniture producers, 2009 and 2014 91 30 Impact of maximized timber use
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases
    POLICY AND PRACTICE REVIEWS published: 04 March 2021 doi: 10.3389/fclim.2021.638805 Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases Felix Schenuit 1,2*, Rebecca Colvin 3, Mathias Fridahl 4, Barry McMullin 5, Andy Reisinger 6, Daniel L. Sanchez 7, Stephen M. Smith 8, Asbjørn Torvanger 9, Anita Wreford 10 and Oliver Geden 2 1 Center for Sustainable Society Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2 German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), Berlin, Germany, 3 Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 4 Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Change, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, 5 Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, 6 Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand, 7 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (ESPM), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, 8 Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, 9 Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway, 10 Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit (AERU), Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand Edited by: William C. Burns, Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, spurred by the 2018 IPCC Special American University, United States Report on Global Warming of 1.5◦C, net zero emission targets have emerged as a Reviewed by: new organizing principle of climate policy. In this context, climate policymakers and Phillip Williamson, University of East Anglia, stakeholders have been shifting their attention to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) as United Kingdom an inevitable component of net zero targets. The importance of CDR would increase Charithea Charalambous, Heriot-Watt University, further if countries and other entities set net-negative emissions targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Rotation Forestry and Agroforestry in CDM Countries and Europe
    Kenya Brazil China Europe India Short Rotation Forestry and Agroforestry in CDM Countries and Europe The BENWOOD project is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Innovation 1 KENYA BRAZIL CHINA EUROPE INDIA Short Rotation Forestry and Agroforestry in CDM Countries and Europe Kenya Brazil China Europe India Short Rotation Forestry and Agroforestry in CDM Countries and Europe The BENWOOD The DVD is also available project is for a small fee which covers funded by shipping cost. See details the European Union on how to obtain it from the under the 7th BENWOOD website Framework Programme www.benwood.eu. The BENWOOD consortium for Research and Innovation Compiled by Falko Kaufmann, Genevieve Lamond, Marco Lange, Jochen Schaub, Christian Siebert and Torsten Sprenger KENYA BRAZIL CHINA EUROPE INDIA Foreword As the Head of Unit for ‘Agriculture, Forestry, countries where increased investment will occur. Fisheries and Aquaculture’ within the European In addition, it should lead not only to increased Commission DG Research and Innovation, investment in forestry, but also to increasing mar- I am very pleased to introduce this summarized kets for equipment linked to biomass processing findings presenting the results of the BENWOOD as well as generating markets for forest products project. with a focus on biofuel producers. Project Coordinator BENWOOD The BENWOOD project has been funded by I hope that the outputs from the project, concen- Thomas Lewis the European Commission under the Seventh trated in this summarized findings, will help to energieautark consulting gmbh Research Programme (FP7) Theme addressing support a new era for the production of renew- Hauptstrasse 27/3 ‘Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, and Biotechno- able, carbon-neutral alternatives to non-renewable 1140 Wien – Austria logy’ in order to make relevant information on fossil fuels.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Innovation for Business Impact
    Carbon Innovation for Business Impact Accelerating climate solutions and private sector finance to make real change possible Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................. 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 4 Advancing practical and scalable solutions ................................................ 6 Evaluating carbon finance projects ............................................................... 8 Proven methodologies ................................................................................ 9 Emerging methodologies .........................................................................13 High-potential technologies ...................................................................15 Experimental technologies .....................................................................16 Adding value with values.................................................................................17 Delivering quality carbon credits .................................................................19 Ensuring credible standards ..........................................................................20 Conclusion ............................................................................................................22 Teak Afforestation, Mexico Cover Photo: SELCO Solar Energy Access, India 2 Executive summary Since the Paris Agreement was existing and new methodologies to signed
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Forestry Exemplar Trials Establishment
    Energy Forestry Exemplar Trials Establishment Guidelines Energy Forestry Exemplar Trials Energy Forestry Exemplar Trials Contents Page INTRODUCTION… ....................................................................................2 2. AIMS..................................................................................................2 3. THE TRIAL SITES .................................................................................2 4. GENERAL SITE MANAGEMENT................................................................3 5. SRC and SRF.......................................................................................4 6. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND MONITORING.........................................4 6.1. Environmental Research..............................................................5 6.2. Silviculture - Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) ...................................7 6.3. Silviculture - Short Rotation Coppice (SRC).................................. 10 6.4. Carbon balance........................................................................ 11 6.5. Regeneration or reinstatement................................................... 11 7. CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 12 APPENDICES: Appendix 1: Experiment plans and protocols ............................... 15 - 52 a. Soil sampling and analysis ........................................................... 15
    [Show full text]
  • Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) Policy Options – Final Report
    Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) policy options – Final Report Report prepared for BEIS Final June 2019 Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) policy options – Final Report Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Scale and cost of future Greenhouse Gas Removal ........................................................................... 9 2 The need for a policy portfolio to support GGRs ............................................................................. 17 3 Review of current GGR policies ....................................................................................................... 22 4 Policy pathways to support GGR ..................................................................................................... 25 5 Enabling and integrating policies ..................................................................................................... 41 6 Frequently Asked Questions ............................................................................................................ 50 7 References ....................................................................................................................................... 52 8 Appendix: Assessment of direct policies ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) Versus Rapeseed Plantations: Insights from Soil Respiration and Combustion Heat Per Area
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 76 ( 2015 ) 398 – 405 European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2015, EGU Division Energy, Resources & Environment, ERE Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) versus rapeseed plantations: Insights from soil respiration and combustion heat per area כ,Kamal Zurbaa, Jörg Matschullata aTU Bergakademie Freiberg, Interdisciplinary Environmental Research Centre, Freiberg 09599, Germany Abstract Bioenergy crops may be an important contributor to mitigating global warming risks. A comparison between willow and poplar Short Rotation Forestry and rapeseed cultivation was designed to evaluate the ratio between soil respiration and the combustion heat obtained from the extracted products per hectare. A manual dynamic closed chamber system was applied to measure CO2 emissions at the SRF and rapeseed sites during the growing season. Our results show that poplar and willow SRF has a very low ratio compared to rapeseed. We thus recommend poplar and willow SRF as renewable sources for bioenergy over the currently prevalent rapeseed production. © 20152015 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevierby Elsevier Ltd. Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (Peer-reviewhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ under responsibility of the GFZ German). Research Centre for Geosciences. Peer-review under responsibility of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Keywords: Soil respiration; manual dynamic closed chamber; SEMACH-FG; bioenergy crops; climate change mitigation * Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 3731 39-3399; fax: +49 3731 39-4060. E-mail address: [email protected] Nomenclature ha 104 m2 t 103 kg d.w. dry weight yr year MJ 106 joules PAR Photosynthetically active radiation eq equivalent 1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Rotation Forestry, Short Rotation Coppice and Perennial Grasses in the European Union: Agro-Environmental Aspects, Present Use and Perspectives"
    "Short Rotation Forestry, Short Rotation Coppice and perennial grasses in the European Union: Agro-environmental aspects, present use and perspectives" 17 and 18 October 2007, Harpenden, United Kingdom Editors J. F. Dallemand , J.E. Petersen, A. Karp EUR 23569 EN - 2008 The Institute for Energy provides scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of community policies related to energy. Special emphasis is given to the security of energy supply and to sustainable and safe energy production. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Contact information Address: Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Renewable Energy Unit TP 450 I-21020 Ispra (Va) Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 39 0332 789937 Fax: 39 0332 789992 http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 47547 EUR 23569 EN ISSN 1018-5593 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy Proceedings of the Expert Consultation: "Short Rotation Forestry, Short Rotation Coppice and perennial grasses in the European Union: Agro-environmental aspects, present use and perspectives" 17 and 18 October 2007, Harpenden, United Kingdom Editors J.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Sequestration in Short-Rotation Forestry Plantations and in Belgian Forest Ecosystems
    Carbon sequestration in short-rotation forestry plantations and in Belgian forest ecosystems ir. Inge Vande Walle to S. and J. Promoter : Prof. dr. Raoul LEMEUR Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Plant Ecology Dean : Prof. dr. ir. Herman VAN LANGENHOVE Rector : Prof. dr. Paul VAN CAUWENBERGE ir. Inge VANDE WALLE Carbon sequestration in short-rotation forestry plantations and in Belgian forest ecosystems Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Koolstofvastlegging in plantages met korte omloopstijd en in Belgische bosecosystemen Illustrations on the cover : Front : birch trees at a short-rotation plantation (Zwijnaarde) Back : Maskobossen (Jabbeke) Illustrations between chapters : Page 15 : short-rotation plantation (Zwijnaarde), washing of roots (greenhouse at the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent) Page 115 : Aelmoeseneiebos (Gontrode), Maskobossen (Jabbeke), Merkenveld (Zedelgem), domain Cellen (Oostkamp) Page 245 : Merkenveld (Zedelgem) Citation : Vande Walle, I. 2007. Carbon sequestration in short-rotation forestry plantations and in Belgian forest ecosystems. Ph.D. thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, 244 p. ISBN-number : 978-90-5989-161-6 The author and the promoter give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Woord vooraf In principe is het schrijven van een 'Woord vooraf' niet zo'n moeilijke opdracht. Er is immers geen statistiek voor nodig, er moet niets bewezen worden, en verwijzingen naar andere publicaties zijn ook al niet van toepassing. In de praktijk echter is het niet zo eenvoudig om in enkele woorden of zinnen alle mensen te bedanken die er toe bijgedragen hebben dat ik de afgelopen tien jaar met veel plezier wetenschappelijk onderzoek heb uitgevoerd, en dat ik er in geslaagd ben het boek dat nu voor u ligt af te werken.
    [Show full text]
  • England Tree Strategy Erattum
    Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs England Tree Strategy Consultation - Technical Annex June 2020 Erattum 17th August 2020: The estimate of vacant land on page 11 has been updated to replace an error and explain the source of the estimate on page 12 of the consultation document. Contents Erattum ................................................................................................................................ 1 General background, ............................................................................................................ 1 Expanding and connecting our woods ................................................................................. 3 Ambition ........................................................................................................................... 4 Creating space for nature ................................................................................................. 5 Planting trees for water .................................................................................................... 6 Helping landowners create woodlands ............................................................................. 8 Working together to create landscape scale change ...................................................... 10 Restoring degraded land ................................................................................................ 11 Funding future woodland creation – markets for ecosystem services such as carbon ... 12 Supplying the trees we need to plant and
    [Show full text]
  • WWC V2.0 08March2018.Pdf
    Woodland Carbon Code Requirements for voluntary carbon sequestration projects ® Version 2.0 March 2018 © Crown Copyright 2018 You may re-use this information (not Contents including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Introduction 1 Archives, Kew, London, TW9 4DU or e-mail: [email protected] 1. Eligibility 4 Version 2.0 published March 2018 1.1 Key project dates 4 1.2 Eligible activities 5 ISBN 978-0-85538-843-0 1.3 Eligible land 5 FCMS017/FC-GB(KA)/0K/MAR2018 1.4 Compliance with the law 6 Enquiries relating to this publication should 1.5 Conformance to the UK Forestry Standard 6 be sent to: 1.6 Additionality 7 [email protected] 2. Project governance 8 2.1 Commitment of landowners and project/group managers 8 2.2 Management plan 9 2.3 Management of risks and permanence 10 2.4 Consultation 11 2.5 Monitoring 11 2.6 Registry and avoidance of double counting 12 2.7 Carbon statements and reporting 13 3. Carbon sequestration 14 3.1 Carbon baseline 14 3.2 Carbon leakage 15 3.3 Project carbon sequestration 15 3.4 Net carbon sequestration 16 4. Environmental quality 17 5. Social responsibility 18 Glossary 19 O2 CO2 C C Introduction Background and purpose Application Process Trees and forests can mitigate climate change through Registration sequestering carbon. Woodland creation therefore All projects should be registered on the UK Woodland provides an attractive option for companies, organisations Carbon Registry within two years of the start of planting.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Mid Term Review of the Irish Forestry Programme 2014-2020
    Evaluation of the Mid Term Review of the Irish Forestry Programme 2014-2020. Report 1 - Forestry in Ireland. Gerry Lawson MICFor CBiol Forest Transitions, Calle Morera 5, Castillo de Bayuela, Toledo 45641, Spain. ​ Environmental Consultancy Services Consultancy Report for Luke Ming Flanagan MEP | 20 September 2018 1. Introduction 2 2. MTR - Call for Submissions March 2017 3 3. MTR - Comparison with EU Common Evaluation Principles. 7 4. MTE - EU State Aid to Forestry Rules 7 4.1 EU Guidelines for state aid in the agricultural and forestry sectors and in rural areas 2014-2020 7 4.2 European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), as described in Regulations 1305/2013 and 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council 9 5. MTR - submissions and responses (TOR 4 & 6). 10 5.1 Afforestation and Creation of Woodland (76.2% of total budget) 14 5.1.1 How to increase the species diversity and the proportion of broadleaves? 14 5.1.2 How to achieve the targets for new planting? 16 5.1.3 How to increase the average size of new planting blocks? 19 5.1.4 How to make the Forestry for Fibre scheme more attractive? 19 5.1.5 How to make the agroforestry scheme more attractive?y systems 20 5.2 NeighbourWood Scheme (0.4% of total budget) 22 5.3 Forest Roads (10.5% of total budget) 24 5.4 Reconstitution Scheme (1.8% of total budget) 26 5.5 Woodland Improvement Scheme (2.6% of total budget) 27 5.6 Native Woodland Conservation Scheme (2.8% of total budget) 29 5.7 Knowledge Transfer Measure (3.3% of total budget) 32 5.8 Producer Groups (0.1% of total budget) 33 5.9 Innovative Forest Technology (0.3% of total budget) 34 5.10 Forest Genetic Reproductive Material (0.2% of total budget) 35 5.11 Forest Management Plans (0.7% of total budget) 37 5.12 General Issues 38 5.12.1 How to enhance environment, biodiversity, climate? 38 5.12.2 How to change land use policies? 41 5.12.3 How to enhance the species mix in planting schemes? 43 5.12.4 How to increase collaboration between forest owners? 45 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Storage and Sequestration Potential of Selected Tree Species in India
    Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change (2010) 15:489–510 DOI 10.1007/s11027-010-9230-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Carbon storage and sequestration potential of selected tree species in India Meenakshi Kaul & G. M. J. Mohren & V. K. Dadhwal Received: 19 November 2009 /Accepted: 19 April 2010 / Published online: 30 April 2010 # The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract A dynamic growth model (CO2FIX) was used for estimating the carbon sequestration potential of sal (Shorea Robusta Gaertn. f.), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Tereticornis Sm.), poplar (Populus Deltoides Marsh), and teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. f.) forests in India. The results indicate that long-term total carbon storage ranges from 101 to 156 Mg Cha−1, with the largest carbon stock in the living biomass of long rotation sal forests (82 Mg Cha−1). The net annual carbon sequestration rates were achieved for fast growing short rotation poplar (8 Mg Cha−1yr−1) and Eucalyptus (6 Mg Cha−1yr−1) plantations followed by moderate growing teak forests (2 Mg Cha−1yr−1) and slow growing long rotation sal forests (1 Mg Cha−1yr−1). Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. We also used the model to evaluate the effect of changing rotation length and thinning regime on carbon stocks of forest ecosystem (trees+soil) and wood products, respectively for sal and teak forests. The carbon stock in soil and products was less sensitive than carbon stock of trees to the change in rotation length.
    [Show full text]