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From Chinua Achebe to Fred Khumalo: the Politics of Black Female Cultural Difference in Seven Literary Texts

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From Chinua Achebe to Fred Khumalo: the Politics of Black Female Cultural Difference in Seven Literary Texts From Chinua Achebe to Fred Khumalo: The Politics of Black Female Cultural Difference in Seven Literary Texts by David Magege Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Literature and Philosophy In the subject of ENGLISH at the University of South Africa Promoter: Professor Kgomotso Masemola October 2016 i Declaration Student Number: 4884612 I, David Magege, declare that “ From Chinua Achebe to Fred Khumalo: The Politics of Black Female Cultural Difference in Seven Literary Texts “ is my own work and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references Signature: 31 October 2016 ii Dedication This accomplished piece of literary scholarship is dedicated to my dear wife Loveness, for her warmth of love and emotional support throughout the entire duration of my study. iii Acknowledgement For a study of this magnitude and depth, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the following individuals and institutions. I am particularly indebted to their unwavering support during the entire duration of my study. Firstly, I would like to express my most heartfelt thanks to Professor K. Masemola, for his selfless erudite mentorship which helped open vistas of knowledge through all the stages of my research. In addition to the insightful resources he availed me I also benefited through his prompt feedbacks. On the few occasions I came to personally seek his guidance we always worked under a conducive brotherly atmosphere and all this accelerated my study pace. I also wish to extend my gratitude to Mr Dawie Malan, the Unisa Subject Librarian, for timeously identifying and posting me relevant resources as well as important guides for carrying out my research. Last but not least, I would like to show my appreciation to the finance and Administration personnel in the institution, for processing my bursary and seeing to it that I carried out my research without any financial constraints. Once again, I thank you all for contributing to the success of my study. iv Abstract This study explores the notion of female cultural difference in the context of dominant patriarchal and other oppressive patriarchal structures. Essentially, its focus is on deconstructing stereotypical images of women, who are often perceived as homogenous. Throughout the study I argue that as much as their sensibilities are varied, African and African American women respond differently to the oppressive conditions they find themselves in. The following selected texts provided the opportunities for exploring and evaluating the genealogy of female cultural difference that is central to my research: Anthills of the Savannah (Chinua Achebe); Scarlet Song (Mariama Ba); The Joys of Motherhood and Kehinde (BuchiEmecheta); Their Eyes Were Watching God (Nora Zeale Hurston); Bitches Brew and Seven Steps to Heaven (Fred Khumalo). In the process of analyzing these texts, I demonstrated that the notion of cultural difference is often narrowly and erroneously construed. I discovered that the protagonists in these texts are not only conscious of their oppressed condition but often adopt strategic agency to contest male privileges that silence them. In pursuit of this critical perspective, I have proceeded to apply relevant theoretical frameworks constructed by Cornel West, Hudson-Weems, Bakhtin and a conflation of others whose philosophical tenets support the major theoretical frameworks. The aforementioned literary critics have enabled me to come up with a more comprehensive and richer analysis of the set texts. In my analysis I have advanced the argument that female visibility manifests itself variously and temporally through individual and sometimes sisterly attempts at empowerment, self- definition and esoteric discursive features. I noted that all this is evidence of the nascent creative potential in African women who refuse to be silenced. In my analysis of the Seven texts I have incorporated, modified and developed some of the insights from critical thinkers who engage in the ongoing debate about female cultural difference. This approach has enabled me to come up with new insights that ferret out veneers v of African women’s rich cultural diversity, in light of the ever changing nature of women’s operational spaces. It is this transcendental vision that basically informs and resonates with my study. Key ideas Black literature; deconstruction; textual politics; representation; visibility; agency; patriarchy; Africana-Womanism; heteroglossia; self-definition; oppression; Signifying; cultural diversity. vi Contents Declaration ...................................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... v Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM............................................................................................. 1 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 DEMARCATION OF THE SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION .......................................................................... 2 2. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY ................................................................................................................. 3 3. AIMS OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 3 4. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 4 5. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter One : Anthills of the Savannah ........................................................................................................ 23 Representation of men as agents of invisibility ...................................................................................... 27 Representation of female visibility and resistance ................................................................................... 30 Movement and stasis in female representation ...................................................................................... 34 Beyond Nwayibuife: Mapping the future role of the African woman in the post independence era. ... 37 Deconstructing African women’s class differences: Towards shared sensibilities and empowerment .. 46 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 54 Chapter Two: Scarlet Song, by Mariama Ba ................................................................................................ 56 Choice, Marriage and Motherhood: Towards a deconstruction of racial and cultural prejudices ......... 56 Women, difference and the struggle for domestic space ........................................................................ 63 Femininity, desire and embodiment: Taunting the male gaze ................................................................ 69 Journeying through”sameness”? Convergence, Divergence and rupture................................................ 74 Echoing voices: Negotiating fractured visions of the Postcolonial .......................................................... 80 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 89 Chapter Three: The Joys of Motherhood, Buchi Emecheta ........................................................................ 90 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 90 Divergent sensibilities, unique experiences: The dynamics of female subjectivities ........................... 93 Marriage , Masculinities and female entrapment in the domestic sphere ............................................ 101 Intrusive values: The urban colonial space and challenges for the African woman ............................. 105 Parenting in an African family context : Hopes and impediments, conflicting values ......................... 109 Unravelling the diversity of African women’s heteroglossia ................................................................. 114 vii Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 118 Chapter Four : Kehinde, by Buchi Emecheta: ............................................................................................ 121 Emerging perceptions: Diasporic oscillations of the African woman’s quest for self recognition ...... 122 Negotiating male compatibility: The challenge of cultural
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