Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Community Health Worker Intervention in a Population of Patients with Multiple Chronic Diseases: Study Design and Protocol
Contemporary Clinical Trials 53 (2017) 115–121 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contemporary Clinical Trials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conclintrial A randomized controlled trial of a community health worker intervention in a population of patients with multiple chronic diseases: Study design and protocol Shreya Kangovi a,b,⁎, Nandita Mitra c, Lindsey Turr a, Hairong Huo a,DavidGrandea, Judith A. Long a,d a Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Division of General Internal Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States b Penn Center for Community Health Workers, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States c Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States d Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA, Philadelphia 19104, PA, United States article info abstract Article history: Upstream interventions – e.g. housing programs and community health worker interventions– address socioeco- Received 14 September 2016 nomic and behavioral factors that influence health outcomes across diseases. Studying these types of interven- Received in revised form 2 December 2016 tions in clinical trials raises a methodological challenge: how should researchers measure the effect of an Accepted 3 December 2016 upstream intervention in a sample of patients with different diseases? This paper addresses this question using Available online 10 December 2016 an illustrative protocol of a randomized controlled trial of collaborative-goal setting versus goal-setting plus com- munity health worker support among patients multiple chronic diseases: diabetes, obesity, hypertension and to- Keywords: Randomized controlled trial bacco dependence. Upstream medicine At study enrollment, patients met with their primary care providers to select one of their chronic diseases to focus Socioeconomic determinants on during the study, and to collaboratively set a goal for that disease. -
An Introduction to the CDC Public Health Genomics Knowledge Base
Division of Public Health Information Dissemination Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services An Introduction to the CDC Public Health Genomics Knowledge Base Marta Gwinn, Dave Dotson, Wei Yu & Ridgely Fisk Green Office of Public Health Genomics Division of Public Health Information Dissemination CDC Office of Public Health Genomics (OPHG) Effective and responsible translation of genome-based discoveries into disease prevention and population health https://www.cdc.gov/genomics 1. Identify 2. Inform 3. Integrate evidence-based applications and communicate into practice & programs OPHG, DPHID, CSELS CDC Information Database Why did we build it? . Challenge: Finding information about genomics- and family health history-related activities at CDC . Opportunity: Provide a centralized, searchable, publicly available database for CDC resources related to genomics and family health history CDC-Authored Genomics Publications Database Why did we build it? . Challenge: Finding CDC-authored publications on genomics and family health history . Opportunity: Provide a centralized, searchable, publicly available database for these CDC publications . Challenge: CDC’s work in genomics and family health history is not well known . Opportunity: Showcase CDC publications to highlight work related to genomics and family health history CDC-Authored Genomic Publications Database continued . Scientific articles and reports with at least one CDC author . CDC Science Clips: https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/ . PubMed . Scopus affiliation search . Author notifications Genomics and Health Impact Scan Database Why did we build it? . Challenge: Keeping up with the latest developments in genomics and family health history relevant to public health . Opportunity: Identify the latest publications and other resources on population-based applications of genomic discoveries . -
Water Supply and Sanitation & Integrated Water Resources
Water Supply and Sanitation & Integrated Water Resources Management: why seek better integration? John Butterworth1 and John Soussan2 1Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, UK 2Centre for Water Policy and Development, University of Leeds, UK WHIRL Project Working Paper 2 Preliminary results of research for discussion and comment Prepared for WHIRL project workshop on ‘Water Supply & Sanitation and Watershed Development: positive and negative interactions’, Andhra Pradesh, India, 5-14 May 2001 This project is supported by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) through the Infrastructure and Urban Development Division’s Knowledge and Research programme. Project R7804 ‘Integrating drinking water needs in watershed projects’ 1 INTRODUCTION This working paper was prepared as a contribution to a joint Indian, South African and UK research project on Water, Households and Rural Livelihoods (WHIRL). The objectives of the paper are to identify approaches to improve access of the poor to secure, safe and sustainable water supplies in areas of water scarcity, and to identify some of the key challenges to the more effective management of water resources in these areas. It is targeted at organisations responsible for the delivery of water supply and sanitation (WSS) services and management of land and water resources in developing countries. It aims to promote discussion and dialogue between the research partners and these organisations. The paper is produced at a time of major changes to approaches to the management of water resources in general and the delivery of WSS services in particular, throughout the developing world. The limitations of traditional approaches based on supply provision have been recognised in many places, and the principles of integrated water resources management developed (IWRM). -
Arsenic, Air Pollution, and Threats to Traditional Values of the Hopi Tribe
Journal of Community Health (2019) 44:896–902 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-019-00627-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Environmental Risk Perceptions and Community Health: Arsenic, Air Pollution, and Threats to Traditional Values of the Hopi Tribe Brian Mayer1 · Lorencita Joshweseoma2 · Gregory Sehongva2 Published online: 21 February 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract American Indian and Alaska Native populations experience chronic disparities in a wide range of health outcomes, many of which are associated with disproportionate exposures to environmental health hazards. In the American Southwest, many indigenous tribes experience challenges in securing access to sustainable and safe sources of drinking water, limiting air pol- lution emissions on and off tribal lands, and cleaning up hazardous contaminants left over from a legacy of natural resource extraction. To better understand how households perceive the risk of exposure to potential environmental health risks, we conducted six focus groups organized by age and geographic location on the Hopi reservation. Focus group participants (n = 41) were asked to reflect on changes in their natural and manmade environment and how their health might be influ- enced by any potential changes. By investigating these environmental risk perceptions, we were able to identify arsenic in drinking water and indoor air quality as significant exposures of concern. These risk perceptions were frequently anchored in personal and familial experiences with health problems such as cancer and asthma. Older focus group participants iden- tified ongoing shifts away from tradition and cultural practices as increasing environmental health risks. Similar to other communities economically dependent on the extraction of natural resources, focus group participants described the need for behavioral modifications regarding environmental health risks rather than eliminating the sources of potential health risks entirely. -
WHO Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health: Facts and Figures
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health FACTS AND FIGURES - *updated March 2004 "Water and Sanitation is one of the primary drivers of public health. I often refer to it as “Health 101”, which means that once we can secure access to clean water and to adequate sanitation facilities for all people, irrespective of the difference in their living conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of diseases will be won." Dr LEE Jong-wook, Director-General, World Health Organization. Diarrhoea - 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal Intestinal helminths (Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, diseases (including cholera); 90% are children under 5, Hookworm disease) mostly in developing countries. - 133 million people suffer from high intensity - 88% of diarrhoeal disease is attributed to unsafe intestinal helminth infections, which often leads to water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene. severe consequences such as cognitive impairment, - Improved water supply reduces diarrhoea morbidity massive dysentery, or anaemia. by 21%. - These diseases cause around 9400 deaths every year. - Improved sanitation reduces diarrhoea morbidity by - Access to safe water and sanitation facilities and 37.5%. better hygiene practice can reduce morbidity from - The simple act of washing hands at critical times can ascariasis by 29% and hookworm by 4%. reduce the number of diarrhoeal cases by up to 35%. - Additional improvement of drinking-water quality, Japanese encephalitis such as point of use disinfection, would lead to a - 20% of clinical cases of Japanese encephalitis die, reduction of diarrhoea episodes of 45%. and 35% suffer permanent brain damage. - Improved management for irrigation of water Malaria resources reduces transmission of disease, in South, - 1.2 million people die of malaria each year, 90% of South East, and East Asia. -
Global SDG Baseline for WASH in Health Care Facilities Practical Steps to Achieve Universal WASH in Health Care Facilities
Global SDG baseline for WASH in health care facilities Practical steps to achieve universal WASH in health care facilities Questions and Answers What is meant by WASH in health care facilities? The term “WASH in health care facilities” refers to the provision of water, sanitation, health care waste, hygiene and environmental cleaning infrastructure and services across all parts of a facility. “Health care facilities” encompass all formally-recognized facilities that provide health care, including primary (health posts and clinics), secondary, and tertiary (district or national hospitals), public and private (including faith-run), and temporary structures designed for emergency contexts (e.g., cholera treatment centers). They may be located in urban or rural areas. Why is WASH in health care facilities so important? WASH services are fundamental to providing quality care. Without such services, health goals, especially those for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality, reducing the spread of antimicrobial resistance and preventing and containing disease outbreaks will be not met. WASH is also critical to the experience of care. Services such as functional and accessible toilets with menstrual hygiene facilities and safe drinking-water support patient and staff dignity and fulfill basic human rights. With a renewed focus on primary health care services through the Astana Declaration and a renewed focus on preventing early childhood deaths through the Every Child Alive Campaign the opportunity to address WASH in health systems strengthening has never been greater. What are the current global estimates for WASH in health care facilities? The WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2019 SDG baseline report establishes national, regional and global baseline estimates that contribute towards global monitoring of SDG 6, universal access to WASH. -
Zambia's Community-Led Total Sanitation Program
CLA CASE ANALYSIS: DEEP DIVE Zambia’s Community-Led Total Sanitation Program Disclaimer: This report was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by the LEARN mechanism out of the USAID Office of Learning, Evaluation and Research (LER) in the Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL). LEARN is managed by Dexis Consulting Group. COVER PHOTO: Zambian girl leaves latrine. (Source: Akros) Photo credit: Andrew Prinsen DEEP DIVE SUMMARY INFORMATION Sector WASH Type of Intervention Community-Led Total Sanitation Program (CLTS), supplemented by a Mobile-to-Web (M2W) application and close collaboration with traditional leaders Country/Region Zambia / Southern Africa Size & Scope Akros, funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) and in partnership with UNICEF and the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), implemented the M2W monitoring component of a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) program in Zambia as part of the Zambian Sanitation and Health Program (ZSHP), beginning with a few pilot districts, then expanding to all rural counties. Funded Activities In partnership with UNICEF and the Zambian government, Akros developed a Mobile-to-Web (M2W) application using the open-source District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) software that allowed real-time monitoring of latrine construction and sanitation improvements at the community level across 68 rural districts in Zambia. Akros subsequently also developed a “Chief App,” an Android-based widget that enabled key visualizations to be shared with traditional leaders. The app allowed chiefs and their headmen/women to have access to the data from the wards in their chiefdom as well as the surrounding chiefdoms to help traditional leaders track sanitation progress in their areas. -
Menstrual Hygiene Management TOOLKIT
Menstrual Hygiene Management TOOLKIT May 2015 About SPLASH: SPLASH (Schools Promoting Learning Achievement through Sanitation and Hygiene) is a comprehensive school-based water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) project funded by USAID/Zambia through field support. SPLASH is implemented through the WASHplus project, which supports healthy households and communities by creating and delivering interventions that lead to improvements in WASH and household air pollution (HAP). This five-year project (2010-2015), funded through USAID’s Bureau for Global Health (AID-OAA-A-10-00040) and led by FHI 360 in partnership with CARE and Winrock International, uses at-scale programming approaches to reduce diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections, the two top killers of children under age 5 globally. Recommended Citation: SPLASH, 2015. Menstrual Hygiene Management Toolkit. Washington D.C., USA. USAID/WASHplus Project. Contact Information: Justin Lupele Sandra Callier SPLASH Chief of Party WASHplus Project Director Plot 2473 Farmers’ Village, ZNFU Complex 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Tiyende Pamodzi Rd, Off Nangwenya Rd Washington, DC 20009-5721 Showgrounds Areas Office tel.: 202-884-8960 P.O. Box 51439 Ridgeway [email protected] Lusaka, Zambia Cell: 0971252490 [email protected] This toolkit is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Global Health under terms of Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-A-10-00040. The contents are the responsibility of FHI 360, and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. May 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENT WASHplus/SPLASH is indebted to USAID/Zambia for its financial and technical support to the SPLASH project and the Ministry of Education Science, Vocational Training and Early Education (MESVTEE), Eastern Province for supporting the development of this publication. -
Guide to Community Engagement in Wash
OXFAM GUIDE NOVEMBER 2016 GUIDE TO COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN WASH A practitioner’s guide, based on lessons from Ebola Community Health Volunteers receiving training in Clara Town, Monrovia, Liberia. Photo: Pablo Tosco/Oxfam By Eva Niederberger, Suzanne Ferron and Marion O’Reilly www.oxfam.org ABOUT THIS GUIDE This guide is a compilation of best practices and key lessons learned through Oxfam’s experience of community engagement during the 2014–15 Ebola response in Sierra Leone and Liberia. It aims to inform public health practitioners and programme teams about the design and implementation of community-centred approaches. 2 CONTENTS Acronyms .............................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................5 1.1 About this note ............................................................................................ 5 1.2 Ten key lessons .......................................................................................... 6 2. Assessing contexts .........................................................................................................7 2.1 Pre-epidemic healthcare systems .............................................................. 8 2.2 Community history and leadership dynamics ............................................. 8 2.3 Community capacity .................................................................................. -
Theory at a Glance Was Published
Theory Glance at a A Guide For Health Promotion Practice (Second Edition) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health Foreword decade ago, the first edition of Theory at a Glance was published. The guide was a welcome resource for public health practitioners seeking a single, concise summary of health behavior theories that was neither overwhelming nor superficial. As a government publication in the public domain, it also provided cash-strapped Ahealth departments with access to a seminal integration of scholarly work that was useful to program staff, interns, and directors alike. Although they were not the primary target audience, members of the public health research community also utilized Theory at a Glance, both as a quick desk reference and as a primer for their students. The National Cancer Institute is pleased to sponsor the publication of this guide, but its relevance is by no means limited to cancer prevention and control. The principles described herein can serve as frameworks for many domains of public health intervention, complementing focused evidence reviews such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Guide to Community Preventive Services. This report also complements a number of other efforts by NCI and our federal partners to facilitate more rigorous testing and application of health behavior theories through training workshops and the development of new Web-based resources. One reason theory is so useful is that it helps us articulate assumptions and hypotheses concerning our strategies and targets of intervention. Debates among policymakers concerning public health programs are often complicated by unspoken assumptions or confusion about which data are relevant. -
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve: Practical Review for Radiologists
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve: Practical Review for Radiologists Seong Ho Park, MD1 The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which is defined as a plot of Jin Mo Goo, MD1 test sensitivity as the y coordinate versus its 1-specificity or false positive rate Chan-Hee Jo, PhD2 (FPR) as the x coordinate, is an effective method of evaluating the performance of diagnostic tests. The purpose of this article is to provide a nonmathematical introduction to ROC analysis. Important concepts involved in the correct use and interpretation of this analysis, such as smooth and empirical ROC curves, para- metric and nonparametric methods, the area under the ROC curve and its 95% confidence interval, the sensitivity at a particular FPR, and the use of a partial area under the ROC curve are discussed. Various considerations concerning the collection of data in radiological ROC studies are briefly discussed. An introduc- tion to the software frequently used for performing ROC analyses is also present- ed. he receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which is defined as a Index terms: plot of test sensitivity as the y coordinate versus its 1-specificity or false Diagnostic radiology positive rate (FPR) as the x coordinate, is an effective method of evaluat- Receiver operating characteristic T (ROC) curve ing the quality or performance of diagnostic tests, and is widely used in radiology to Software reviews evaluate the performance of many radiological tests. Although one does not necessar- Statistical analysis ily need to understand the complicated mathematical equations and theories of ROC analysis, understanding the key concepts of ROC analysis is a prerequisite for the correct use and interpretation of the results that it provides. -
CIOMS Guide to Vaccine Safety Communication
2018 CIOMS Guide to Vaccine Safety Communication Report by Topic Group 3 of the CIOMS Working Group on Vaccine Safety Council for International Organizations of CIOMS Guide to Vaccine Safety Communication CIOMS Guide to Vaccine Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Geneva, Switzerland 2018 CIOMS CIOMS Guide to Vaccine Safety Communication Report by Topic Group 3 of the CIOMS Working Group on Vaccine Safety Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Geneva,Geneva Switzerland 2014 2018 Copyright © 2018 by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) ISBN: 978-92-9036091-9 All rights reserved. CIOMS publications may be obtained directly from CIOMS using its website e-shop module at https://cioms.ch/shop/. Further information can be obtained from CIOMS P.O. Box 2100, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland, tel.: +41 22 791 6497, www.cioms.ch, e-mail: [email protected]. CIOMS publications are also available through the World Health Organization, WHO Press, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Citations: CIOMS Guide to vaccine safety communication. Report by topic group 3 of the CIOMS Working Group on Vaccine Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 2018. Note on style: This publication uses the World Health Organization’s WHO style guide, 2nd Edition, 2013 (WHO/ KMS/WHP/13.1) wherever possible for spelling, punctuation, terminology and formatting which combines British and American English conventions. Disclaimer: The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and those views do not necessarily represent the decisions, policies or views of their respective institutions or companies.