DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of Child Occupant Protection Laws on Fatalities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of Child Occupant Protection Laws on Fatalities Q U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration DOT HS 807 453 August 1989 NHTSA Technical Report Effect of Child Occupant Protection Laws on Fatalities This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear only because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT HS 807 453 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date • Effect of Child Occupant Protection Laws on August 1989 Fatalities 6. Performing Organization Code 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Authors) Susan C. Partyka 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) National Center for Statistics and Analysis 400 7th Street, S.W. 11. Contract or Grant No. Washington, DC 20590 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Research and Development NHTSA Technical Report National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 400 7th Street, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington. DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstruct In 1978, child safety seats and adult safety belts used by children under five years old saved 3 percent of those who would have been killed if no one had used the devices. By 1988, children's use of safety seats and belts had risen enough that 26 percent of those at risk were saved. During these eleven years, the number of states with child occupant protection laws increased from one (in 1978) to fifty (in 1985) plus- the Di'str ict of Columbia. The 1981 to 1984 fatality experience was used to estimate the incremental benefit to a state of having a child occupant protection law in any one year. During these four years, 19 percent of those who would have been killed (if no one used a safety seat or belt) in states with child occupant protection laws were saved by safety seats and belts. In contrast, only 10 percent were saved in states without laws. The difference between these two numbers (9 percent) is an estimate of the immediate benefit to a state of passing a child occupant protection law. However, because these laws contribute to the increasing use of safety seats and belts by young children, their cumulative and potential benefits are much greater. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement accident data, child restraints, Document is available to the public fatalities through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. Security Clossif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 9 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Effect of Child Occupant Protection laws on Fatalities Susan C. Partyka National Center for Statistics and Analysis August 1989 Findings In 1978, child safety seats and adult safety belts used by children under five years old saved 3 percent of those who would have been killed if no one had used the devices. By 1988, children's use of safety seats and belts had risen enough that 26 percent of those at risk were saved. During these eleven years, the number of states with child occupant protection laws increased from one (in 1978) to fifty (in 1985) plus the District of Columbia. The 1981 to 1984 fatality experience was used to estimate the incremental benefit to a state of having a child occupant protection law in any one year. During these four years, 19 percent of those who would have been killed (if no one used a safety seat or belt) in states with child occupant protection laws were saved by safety seats and belts. In contrast, only 10 percent were saved in states without laws. The difference between these two numbers (9 percent) is an estimate of the immediate benefit to a state of passing a child occupant protection law. However, because these laws contribute to the increasing use of safety seats and belts by young children, their cumulative and potential benefits are much greater. Background In January 1978, the first state child occupant protection law went into effect, in Tennessee. Other states were initially slow to follow. The second law went into effect in Rhode Island, in July 1980; the third went into effect in West Virginia in July 1981. However, between January 1982 and June 1985, laws went into effect in the remaining forty-seven states and the District of Columbia. The date of the original child occupant protection law in each state is shown in Appendix Table A. Most original laws did not cover all children under five years old. Many of these laws have been strengthened since their original enactment, and thirty-four states plus the District of Columbia now also have general safety belt use laws that apply to all ages. Data In the last eleven years (1978 through 1988), between 536 and 700 children under five years old were killed in passenger vehicles each year. The agency's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) provided counts of young occupants killed in cars, pickups, vans, and multipurpose vehicles. These vehicles were identified as FARS Body Type codes 1-9, 39, 43, and 50-52 for data from years 1978 through 1981 and codes 1-12, 40-41, 48-51, 53-56, 58-59, and 67-69 for data from years 1982 through 1988. - 1 ­ i Each fatality was classified by whether it occurred when and where a state child occupant protection law was in effect. For this purpose, all child passenger vehicle occupant fatalities that occurred in a state whose law went into effect sometime that month were considered to have been covered by the law. All children under five years old were included, whatever the specific age or other coverage provisions of the law in that state at that time. The children were separated into two age groups: "infants" (those under one year old) and "toddlers" (those one through four years old). This distinction was made because of differences, by age, in the types of child occupant protection devices that are available (safety seat type) and the type chosen (safety seat or adult safety belt). Each child was classified by his use of a safety seat or belt, as reported by the police. There were a few children reported to have been protected by an unspecified type of device. These children were grouped with children in safety belts. There were many more children for wham it was unknown whether they were using any type of device at all. These were prorated among the categories of no device, safety seat, and safety belt. Results The fatality data, classified by year, law coverage, child age, and police-reported occupant protection device are shown in Appendix Table B. The estimated number of child fatalities by type of device used (with unknown data prorated among the categories for none used, safety seat, and safety belt) are shown in Appendix Table C. These estimates are shown with one decimal place to help the reader follow the subsequent calculations of lives saved. It has been estimated that safety seats and belts save lives when used (Lives Saved by Child Restraints from 1982 through 1987, S. Partyka, NIMA, DOT-HS-807-371, December 1988). Child safety seats are very effective in preventing fatality when the child is properly secured in the seat and the seat is properly attached to the vehicle. Unfortunately, many children do not receive the full benefit of their safety seat because of incorrect (or partially incorrect) use. However, even with the mix of correct, partially correct, and incorrect use of the 1980's, it is estimated that: child safety seats prevented 69 percent of infant fatalities, child safety seats prevented 47 percent of toddler fatalities, and adult safety belts prevented 36 percent of child fatalities when used. The number of children saved by safety seats and belts was estimated from the estimated effectiveness of these devices in preventing fatality as: Lives Saved = Fatalities * Effectiveness / (1 - Effectiveness). The theoretical number of children at risk of fatality can be defined as the number who would have been killed if no child used a safety seat or belt. This is the sum of the total number killed and the number of lives saved by safety seats and belts. The proportion saved was calculated as the number saved divided by the number at risk. These results are shown in Appendix Table C. 2 The percentage of children at risk of fatality who were saved by safety seats and belts increased from an estimated 3 percent in 1978 to 26 percent in 1988. The results are shown in Table 1 and Figure I. CcTiparing the estimated lives saved for children covered, versus not covered, by state occupant protection laws suggests the incremental benefit to a state of having a law that year. The results are summarized in Table 2 and Figure 2. Table 1: Young Child Occupants Saved by Safety Seats and Belts Percent Saved, of those at Risk of Fatality Year Overall With Law Without Law 1978 3.4 0.0 3.5 1979 6.0 0.0 6.2 1980 6.2 25.9 5.5 1981 9.6 18.2 9.4 1982 10.5 15.8 9.4 1983 14.7 17.7 11.8 1984 18.6 20.6 9.1 1985 21.2 21.2 1986 21.6 21.6 1987 23.9 23.9 1988 26.5 26.5 Figure 1: Young Child Occupants Saved by Safety Seats and Belts 30 25 20 Nai 15- ­ 6 c m a 10 5 0 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Year Table 2: Comparison of Percentage of Child Occupants Saved Year Four Percent Saved: 1981 1982 1983 1984 Years With Law 18.2% 15.8% 17.7% 20.6% 19.0% Without Law 9.4% 9.4% 11.8% 9.1% 9.9% Difference 8.8% 6.4% 5.9% 11.5% 9.1% Figure 2: Young Child Occupants Saved by Safety Seats and Belts -- by State Law Coverage 30­ 25- ­ Covered by Law 20- ­ fn >> 15- ­ c a> All a> ^ 0­ 10_ _ ^° --_ Not Covered by Law 5­ 0 ­ 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Year From 1981 to 1984, the percent of children saved by safety seats and belts in states with child occupant protection laws was 9 points higher than in states without laws.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Session of the Politburo of the CC CPSU 4 April 1985 Chairman
    Top secret Only copy (Working notes) Session of the Politburo of the CC CPSU 4 April 1985 Chairman: cde. Gorbachev M. S. In attendance: cdes. G. A. Aliev, V. I. Vorotnikov, V. V. Grishin, A. A. Gromyko, G. V. Romanov, M. S. Solomentsev, P. N. Demichev, V. I. Dolgikh, V. M. Chebrikov, M. V. Zimyanin, I. V. Kapitonov, K. V. Rusakov, N. I. Ryzhkov I. About the agenda and the schedule of the April (1985) Plenum of the CC CPSU. GORBACHEV. All the comrades received proposals on this issue. They were prepared in connection with the exchange of opinions, which took place earlier. The memo specifies the dates of the convening and holding of the Plenum, which will have to define clearly the issues introduced for the consideration of the XXVII Congress of the CC CPSU. I think we should specify somewhat the wording of the CC CPSU report to the Congress, stating that it is not the next party tasks in foreign and domestic policy but simply party tasks are being introduced for the consideration of the Congress, because the Congress will consider the new edition of the CPSU Program, and the tasks to be determined are not only the immediate party tasks, but also long-term tasks. GROMYKO. Right. GRISHIN. Is there going to be a separate report on the new edition of the Party Program at the Congress? GORBACHEV. No. The Secretariat is introducing the proposal that the issues related to the new edition of the Party Program and the changes to the CPSU Charter should be presented as part of the main report of the Central Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alumnus, V70n1, April 1985
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks The Alumnus UNI Alumni Association 4-1985 The Alumnus, v70n1, April 1985 University of Northern Iowa Alumni Association Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1985 University of Northern Iowa Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/alumnusnews Part of the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation University of Northern Iowa Alumni Association, "The Alumnus, v70n1, April 1985" (1985). The Alumnus. 104. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/alumnusnews/104 This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the UNI Alumni Association at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Alumnus by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Alumnus University of Northern Iowa April 1985 I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey-work of the stars. Walt Whitman (1819-1892) UNI Alumni Association University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614 (319) 273-2355 The Alumnus University of Northern Iowa Volume 70, Number 1 April 1985 Iowa, the Midwest and the future I 10 A willingness to change, and the courage invest in education, may help the state and region through its crisis. He yanks uppity music off its high horse / 13 KUNI/KHKE's Peter Hamlin is profiled in an article reprinted from the Des Moines Register. Drinking age a campus concern again I 15 Raising the state's legal age to 21 presents Northern Iowa with a new set of Page 10 residence system problems. Reclaiming a legacy: the humanities / 17 An important national report has ca lled for a renewed emphasis on teaching and learning the neglected humanities.
    [Show full text]
  • JUDGMENT of the COURT 10 January 1985 * in Case 229/83
    LECLERC / AU BLÉ VERT JUDGMENT OF THE COURT 10 January 1985 * In Case 229/83 REFERENCE to the Court under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty by the Cour d'Appel [Court of Appeal], Poitiers, for a preliminary ruling in the proceedings pending before that court between Association des Centres distributeurs Edouard Leclerc, Paris, SA Thouars distribution et autres, Sainte-Verge, and Sàrl 'Au blé vert', Thouars; Georges Lehec, Auxerre; SA Pelgrim, Thouars; Union syndicale des libraires de France, Paris; Ernest Marchand, Thouars; Jeanne Demée, née Palluault, Thouars, on the interpretation of Articles 3 (f) and 5 of the EEC Treaty, THE COURT composed of: Lord Mackenzie Stuart, President, G. Bosco and C. Kakouris, Presidents of Chambers, A. O'Keeffe, T. Koopmans, U. Everling, K. Bahlmann, Y. Galmot and R. Joliét, Judges, Advocate General: M. Darmon Registrar: J. A. Pompe, Deputy Registrar gives the following * Language of lhe Case: French. 17 JUDGMENT OF 10. 1. 1985 — CASE 229/83 JUDGMENT Facts and Issues The facts of the case, the course of the Where books published in France are re- procedure and the observations submitted imported, the retail selling price fixed by the pursuant to Article 20 of the Protocol on importer is to be no lower than that fixed by the Statute of the Court of Justice of the the publisher. EEC may be summarized as follows: Decree No 81-1068 of 3 December 1981 adopted in implementation of the above- mentioned law states that the principal 1. Facts and procedure distributor of the imported books, who as such must comply with the requirements of the Law of 21 June 1943, is deemed to be 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1980 Through 1985 Carolyn Wadsworth, MS, PT, OCS, CHT
    As Dreams Became Realities: 1980 through 1985 Carolyn Wadsworth, MS, PT, OCS, CHT The Orthopaedic Section is celebrating its 25th anniversary during 1999. The strength the Section now enjoys was made possible through the foresight and energy of a group of physical therapists of great purpose, vision, and organization acumen. Our 25th year seems an appropriate time at which to recount their efforts and to acquaint ourselves with the people, events, and initiatives that helped shape the Section in its first quarter century. This article is the second of a 4-part series depicting the Orthopaedic Section History. It covers the period from 1980 through 1985. Stanley Paris and Dorothy Santi eloquently described the events leading to the Section’s inception in the January issue of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Practice. They gave us fascinating insights into the challenges and victories that occurred during the 1970s, our Section’s formative years. We hardly knew an infancy! With membership doubling every 2 years between 1974 and 1979, we were off the growth chart of traditional human development. You could say that we hit the ground running. As the Orthopaedic Section embarked upon the 1980s, we faced the stark realization that we must assume responsibility for the institution we had created with our youthful energy and enthusiasm. We had come of age. Our founding leadership had tested the waters and established the Section as a significant component of the APTA. It was up to the next tier to devise a plan and guidelines for continuing to achieve our mission. How must be proceed? The Section was already widely recognized for its intensity, commitment, and vision.
    [Show full text]
  • George Mason University Committee Report Index – Faculty Senate Minutes
    GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY COMMITTEE REPORT INDEX – FACULTY SENATE MINUTES (through October 10, 2007; minutes prior to September 1994 available from the Faculty Senate Office, 3-2990; [email protected]) ACADEMIC APPEALS COMMITTEE AY 1997-98 – Present: 15 April 1998; 8 March 2000; 1 May 2002; 9 April 2003; 5 May 2004; 4 May 2005; 3 May 2006: 2 May 2007 ACADEMIC POLICIES COMMITTEE (Annual Reports italicized) AY 1980-81: 24 September 1980; 28 January 1981 AY 1981-82: 10 March 1982; 7 April 1982; 28 April 1982 AY 1982-83: 8 September 1982; 6 October 1982; 3 November 1982; 1 December 1982; 16 February 1983; 9 March 1983; 27 April 1983 AY 1983-84: 14 September 1983; 7 March 1984; 4 April 1984 AY 1984-85: 10 October 1984; 30 January 1985; 3 April 1985 AY 1985-86: 23 October 1985; 4 December 1985; 22 January 1986; 26 March 1986; 23 April 1986 AY 1986-87: 24 September 1986; 28 January 1987; 25 February 1987; 25 March 1987; 22 April 1987 AY 1987-88: 30 September 1987; 27 January 1988; 23 March 1988; 20 April 1988 AY 1988-89: 28 September 1988; 16 November 1988; 25 January 1989; 22 February 1989; 19 April 1989 AY 1989-90: 18 April 1990 AY 1990-91: 26 September 1990; 24 October 1990; 14 November 1990; 20 March 1991; 17 April 1991 AY 1991-92: 13 November 1991; 19 February 1992; 18 March 1992 AY 1992-93: 11 November 1992; 9 December 1992; 14 April 1993 AY 1993-94: 15 December 1993; 26 January 1994; 6 April 1994; 27 April 1994 AY 1994-95: 19 October 1994; 9 November 1994; 7 December 1994; 8 March 1995; 12 April 1995 AY 1995-96: 8 November 1995; 17 January
    [Show full text]
  • Visiting Astronomers Al
    0.2 dex in giants (Lambert and Ries, 1977, 1981; Kjaergaard et Visiting Astronomers al. , 1982). The effect of this correction is important only for a couple of the cooler population I stars. (October 1, 1984 to April 1, 1985) Fig. 2 and 3 give the [o/sc] and [O/Fe] ratios against the iran abundance; an additional star (HD 122563: Lambert et al. , Observing time has now been allocated for period 34 (Octobel' 1, 1984 to April 1, 1985). As usual, the demand for telescope time was 1974) having literature data is plotted in Fig. 2 as a triangle. much greater than the time actually available. Inspection of Fig. 2 und 3 reveals that metal pOOl' stars are The following list gives the names of the visiting astronomers, by Oxygen overabundant. However, this overabundance is less telescope and in chronological order. The complete list, with dates, than indicated by the previous works. Our result refers to a equipment and programme titles, is available from ESO-Garching. small sampie of stars. However, it may be considered as an evidence of a slight (0.3 dex) Oxygen overabundance in metal POOl' stars. 3.6 m Telescope References October 1984: Hunger/Heber/Drilling/Kudritzki, Alioin/D'Odorico/ Pelat, Dravins/Linde/Nordlund/FredgalGahm/Ay­ Clegg, R.E.S., Lambert, D.L., and Tomkin, J., 1981: Astrophysical res/Linsky/Simon, Eriksson/Saxner, Gratton/Orto­ Journal 250, 262. lani, Maurice/Lequeux/M. L. PrevotiL. Prevot, Cris­ Eggen, O.J., Lynden-Bell, D., and Sandage, A. R., 1962: Ap. J. 136, tiani, Moorwood/Cetty-Veron, Richter/Chiosi/Orto­ 748.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Term # of Terms Total Years on the Council Presidencies # Of
    Country Term # of Total Presidencies # of terms years on Presidencies the Council Elected Members Algeria 3 6 4 2004 - 2005 December 2004 1 1988 - 1989 May 1988, August 1989 2 1968 - 1969 July 1968 1 Angola 2 4 2 2015 – 2016 March 2016 1 2003 - 2004 November 2003 1 Argentina 9 18 15 2013 - 2014 August 2013, October 2014 2 2005 - 2006 January 2005, March 2006 2 1999 - 2000 February 2000 1 1994 - 1995 January 1995 1 1987 - 1988 March 1987, June 1988 2 1971 - 1972 March 1971, July 1972 2 1966 - 1967 January 1967 1 1959 - 1960 May 1959, April 1960 2 1948 - 1949 November 1948, November 1949 2 Australia 5 10 10 2013 - 2014 September 2013, November 2014 2 1985 - 1986 November 1985 1 1973 - 1974 October 1973, December 1974 2 1956 - 1957 June 1956, June 1957 2 1946 - 1947 February 1946, January 1947, December 1947 3 Austria 3 6 4 2009 - 2010 November 2009 1 1991 - 1992 March 1991, May 1992 2 1973 - 1974 November 1973 1 Azerbaijan 1 2 2 2012 - 2013 May 2012, October 2013 2 Bahrain 1 2 1 1998 - 1999 December 1998 1 Bangladesh 2 4 3 2000 - 2001 March 2000, June 2001 2 Country Term # of Total Presidencies # of terms years on Presidencies the Council 1979 - 1980 October 1979 1 Belarus1 1 2 1 1974 - 1975 January 1975 1 Belgium 5 10 11 2007 - 2008 June 2007, August 2008 2 1991 - 1992 April 1991, June 1992 2 1971 - 1972 April 1971, August 1972 2 1955 - 1956 July 1955, July 1956 2 1947 - 1948 February 1947, January 1948, December 1948 3 Benin 2 4 3 2004 - 2005 February 2005 1 1976 - 1977 March 1976, May 1977 2 Bolivia 3 6 7 2017 - 2018 June 2017, October
    [Show full text]
  • Brazillian Voices
    FROM BRAZIL TO THE WORLD Who are the Brazilian Voices Brazilian Voices is a female vocal ensemble engaged in musical performances as an instrument for the advancement of intercultural, educational, philanthropic and entertainment activities, with the purpose of creating a peaceful artistic movement with social responsibility to the local and global community. Five times award winner of the International Brazilian Press Awards, Brazilian Voices is composed of about fifty females who have been expanding Brazilian music in the United States, Brazil, Italy and Spain singing famous composers of Brazilian music. Brazilian Voices will immerse you in the beauty of the Brazilian culture with the educational program “From Brazil to the World”. Through a combination of informative presentations and live performances, the participants will learn in an interactive and interesting way about Brazilian rhythms and culture. Music allows all of us to develop a greater capacity for concentration, creative group work, and imagination, while fostering a greater sense of responsibility as well as more adaptive interpersonal involvement. Music also offers unique communication as it provides individuals with an alternative channel of interaction and participation with a wide range of abilities, from listening and active contribution to adept performance. With these objectives in mind, Brazilian Voices has developed this educational program that offers a broader understanding and greater appreciation of musical and cultural diversity. FROM BRAZIL TO THE WORLD What to Know About Brazil Discovered in 1500, Brazil was colonized by the Portuguese, but its population is very diverse, with many races and ethnic groups. Brazil declared its independence in 1822, now being a Federal Republic with a multi-party political system, holding democratic elections.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating GMC 2008 Editor Gregory Chamblee Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia
    VOL. LIII No. 2 WINTER 2009 Celebrating GMC 2008 Editor Gregory Chamblee Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia REFLECTIONS Journal Reviewers: Amber Donnell Cheryl Hughes East Laurens High School Landmark Christian School Rita McGinley Tina Gay Terrie Kilborn East Cobb Middle School Taylor Elementary School Ithica Elementary School (Curriculum Specialist) Melanie Helms Ellice Martin Tom Ottinger Reinhardt College Ware County High School Valdosta State University Author Guidelines Manuscript Format: Manuscripts are blind reviewed by members of the editorial review board. For this reason, each manuscript should include a cover sheet containing: title of manuscript, author’s name, position and email address. Identifying information should not appear elsewhere in the manuscript in order to ensure an impartial review. Manuscripts should be double-spaced, with 1-inch margins on all sides, typed in 12-point font and follow the APA 5th Edition style guide. Manuscripts should be submitted in MS Word. If you have a picture or graphic in the text, please include the original picture(s) in a separate file. Manuscript Submission: Manuscripts should be submitted to [email protected]. Receipt of manuscripts will be acknowledged. Manuscripts are accepted for consideration with the understanding that they have not been published previously and are not being considered simultaneously for publication elsewhere. Additional inquiries should be sent to Gregory Chamblee, Editor, Georgia Southern University, Department of Teaching and Learning, PO Box 8134, Statesboro, GA 30460-8134; Phone: 912.478.5701; Fax: 912.478.0026; reflections@ georgiasouthern.edu. Manuscript Publication: When a manuscript is accepted for publication, the editor/journal reviewers may make suggestions or revisions in consultation with the principal author.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Global Terrorism 1985
    This Patterns of Global Terrorism report from the United States Department of State was digitized and made available by the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) located in Oklahoma City (http://www.mipt.org/). Reproduction in any form is prohibited without the express written permission of MIPT. Copyright © 2004 MIPT. 204 N. Robinson, Suite 1404 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102 405.232.5121 ♦ Fax: 405.232.5132 ♦ www.mipt.org A living memorial to those who were killed, those who survived and those changed forever United States Department of State Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1985 October 1986 There are a wide variety of definitions used by experts to describe the phe- nomenon of terrorism, but no single one has gained universal acceptance. For purposes of recording and coding data on terrorist incidents, we have adhered to definitions that represent a middle ground within the broad range of expert opinion, both foreign and domestic. Terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine state agents, usu- ally intended to influence an audience. lnternational terrorism is terrorism involving citizens or territory of more than one country. Contents Page The Year in Review 1 The State Support ISSUe 4 Libya 4 Syria 6 Iran 6 South Yemen 7 Role of Cuba 7 Role of Nicaragua 8 Role of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 8 Role of North Korea 8 Terrorist Spillover From the Middle East 8 Growing Problem 8 Why Western Europe? 12 Target USA 15 Casualties 15 Hostages 18 Other Anti-US Violence 18 Regional Patterns 18 The Middle East 18 Iran and Lebanon 18 Israel and the Palestinians 20 Kuwait 20 Jordan 21 Syria 21 Western Europe 21 West Germany 21 France 22 Belgium 23 Spain 23 Portugal 23 .
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Century of British Readings of America Through American Football
    Article A Century of British Readings of America Through American Football: From the Fin de Siècle to the Super Bowl Adams, Iain Christopher Available at http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/18739/ Adams, Iain Christopher (2017) A Century of British Readings of America Through American Football: From the Fin de Siècle to the Super Bowl. The International Journal of the History of Sport . pp. 1-20. ISSN 0952-3367 It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1304917 For more information about UCLan’s research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for <name of research Group>. For information about Research generally at UCLan please go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/ All outputs in CLoK are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including Copyright law. Copyright, IPR and Moral Rights for the works on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the policies page. CLoK Central Lancashire online Knowledge www.clok.uclan.ac.uk ‘A Century of British Readings of America through American Football: From the Fin de Siècle to the Super Bowl’ Iain Adams International Football Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Abstract This paper examines the development of American football and the Super Bowl in the British imagination utilizing data from the British press. Divergent images of America have been present for centuries in British minds, and American football became intertwined with these images in the nineteenth-century.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorist Assets Report 1996
    TERRORIST ASSETS REPORT (January 1997) 1996 Annual Report to the Congress on Assets Belonging to Terrorist Countries or International Terrorist Organizations SUMMARY More than 3.1 billion dollars in assets of seven state sponsors of terrorism are located within U.S. jurisdiction. Of that amount more than $3.0 billion are blocked by the U.S. Department of the Treasury pursuant to economic sanctions imposed by the United States against five of the terrorist countries. In addition, approximately $734,000 in assets of international terrorist organizations which were identified and blocked within the united States in 1995, remain blocked in 1996. BACKGROUND Section 304 of Public Law 102-138, as amended by Public Law 103-236 (22 U.S.C. § 2656g), requires the Secretary of the . Treasury, in consultation with the Attorney General and appropriate investigative agencies, to provide annual reports to the Congress concerning the nature and extent of assets held in the United States by terrorist countries and organizations engaged in international terrorism. The Department of the Treasury submitted its first Terrorist Assets Report to the Congress in April 1993. The current report, covering calendar year 1996, is the fifth successive Terrorist Assets Report. The Terrorist Assets Report is submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Finance in the Senate and to the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Ways and Means in the House. It was prepared by the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC"), which has the responsibility for administering and enforcing economic sanctions programs mandated by the President pursuant to his declaration of a national emergency with respect to particular foreign countries and non-state parties.
    [Show full text]