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The Empirical Study of Flood Risk Maps to Cultural Heritages in Taiwan

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The Empirical Study of Flood Risk Maps to Cultural Heritages in Taiwan International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS) Volume 1, Issue 1 (2013) ISSN 2320–4087 (Online) The Empirical Study of Flood Risk Maps to Cultural Heritages in Taiwan Jieh-Jiuh Wang memories, and the irreplaceable human civilization, which are Abstract—Due to extreme climate change, catastrophe normality disappearing fast. has turned into a global trend. The idea of “preventive conservation” Disasters are the crucial challenges for the conservation of is now the epic of cultural preservation worldwide; many countries cultural heritages. More tools should be developed and begin to plan adaptive strategies and steps towards impacts to cultural presented for facing the rising uncertainty. Besides, we should heritage under climate change. Application of risk map has become keep following the future trends. From the perspective of the tool to predict cultural heritage vulnerabilities. However, cultural heritage preservation in Taiwan remains emphases on insect-resist, emergency management chain, the connection of risk antisepsis and structural reinforcement, fire prevention of architectural management, disaster management, and consequence heritage. Unfortunately, these limited approaches can barely confront management is very important and it is the current developing with disasters by extreme weather. This study aims first to analyze and direction of present emergency management. Risk map is explore current global approaches then try to build a domestic risk presently an important rational tool and the basic foundation for map targeted on cultural heritage combining disaster-prone area drawing up various strategies for disaster adjustment and relief. analysis in Taiwan. Analysis is made with research methods, i.e., thematic analysis, field study, in-depth interview, and focus group The risk map should not only reflect the present situation but discussions. Finally, based on cultural heritage vulnerability, actively grasp and respond to the development of future examining present cultural heritage preservation strategy, dynamic trends for lowering the uncertainty. Thus, it is our rediscovering the three aspects of “sustainable management, disaster emergent task to set up our national risk map of cultural management, climate change and adaptation” in response to cultural heritages. heritage management respectively. II. SCOPE AND METHOD OF THIS STUDY Keywords—cultural heritage, risk map, sustainable management, preventive conservation. According to Article 3 of Cultural Heritage Conservation Law, cultural heritage means the seven I. INTRODUCTION designated or registered types of heritages that hashistoric, cultural, artist, and scientific value. This study tries to find out UE to global climate change, “the normalization of advantageous,correct and disaster-reducing response measures catastrophe” has become an unavoidable trend. D when cultural heritages are facing floods. The other issue is Catastrophe causes serious damages more than ever. In how to reduce the risk when designing environmental plans. 2009, Typhoon Morakot brought heavy rainfall and caused Therefore, the objective of this study is the immovable tangible flooding and mudflow in Taiwan, resulting in massive damages cultural heritages that are hard to recover after they are and losses. According to the post-catastrophe cultural heritage damaged and their relationship with the surrounding inspection, the loss of cultural heritage reached about NTD 0.5 environments. There are five categories, including historic billion. However, as for the cultural essence it destroyed, sites, historic buildings, villages, relics, and cultural damages of at least 6 national historic sites, 11 landscapes. This study takes New Taipei City as the operation county-designated historic sites, and 14 historic buildings were example. There are a total of 29 administrative districts in New immeasurable. Even the Executive Yuan approved a NTD 280 Taipei City, with a total area of 2053 square kilometers. Based million recovery project to repair these damages, the value of on the information provided by the Cultural Affairs the genuine cultural heritage could never be duplicated. Department, there are 6 national historic sites, 57 Typhoon Morakot was not a single incident in Taiwan and municipality-designated historic sites, 30 historic buildings, 3 various climate features will become more and more severe and relics, 4 cultural landscapes in New Taipei City, adding up to frequent. Besides the huge threat of life and property, we are 100. now confronting the crisis on our spiritual level, historic Physical impacts on tangible cultural heritages caused by natural phenomena of climate changes (such as change of Jieh-Jiuh Wang is with the Department of Architecture, Ming Chuan atmospheric moisture and temperature), while indirect impact University. 5, Deming Rd., Gweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. (phone: means social and economic changes caused by climate changes +886-4-2236-6978; fax: +886-4-2236-7096; e-mail: [email protected] ) (i.e., the climate change changes the utilization of land, economic structure, and population structure). These changes 135 International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS) Volume 1, Issue 1 (2013) ISSN 2320–4087 (Online) indirectly impact the conservation, management, and operation administrative district map. In this study, the altitude of New of cultural heritages. Based on the investigation in 2007, 46 Taipei City is divided into 16 equal parts. 300m altitude is global cultural heritages are suffering from the threat of divided by the range of 20m (0~20cm; physical impact caused by the global climate change. The most 20~40cm; …260~280cm; 280~300cm) and altitude above powerful impact includes: the frequency of hurricanes and 300cm belongs to a single range. In addition, this study also storms, sea level rise, erosion, and flood. Categorized by their considers the relationships between sea levels and the level of destruction,it can be separated into three levels, which astronomical tide (tides) and storm tide (meteorological tide) arethe “macro-level, mediate-level, and micro-level.” This [3]. The relationships of sea levels are taken at the downstream study belongs to mediate-level. The main objectives are the boundary which sets as a condition of the flood simulation in possibility of one absolute destructive event or large-scale New Taipei City. Therefore, the flood-prone chart is initially destructive events. The sample category is flooding. The main set at a daily rainfall of 200mm-600mm, t with an altitude methods of research in this study are literature reviews, below 300m. After simulating the rainfall, the height of flood is geographic information systems, and field studies. then divided into five levels, setting dividing borders at 0.5m, 1m, 2m, and 3m. Literature review The literature review in this study is roughly divided into The geographic information system study subject and study method. The study subject will be This study utilizes the geographic information system (ESRI approached from two perspectives. The first is the research ArcGIS V10) for setting up layers of present cultural heritages results and applications of disaster risk management for in New Taipei City. It integrates the numerical values to handling the climate change that focuses on the conservation of simulate the flood-prone layers for various rainfalls amount cultural heritages. This perspective serves as the essence of (200-600mm) and assess the relationship between cultural cultural heritage risk assessment in our country. The other heritages and floods. Through the displaying and consulting perspective is related to studying methods and collection of functions of ArcMap, this study tries to understand related information. There are few studies related to this issue in our spatial information and present needs through the edition, country, so this study will adopt several social and scientific review, and statistic analysis of patterns and attribute studying methods for comprehensive information collection. information in these layers. This study overlays topographic This perspective tries to provide a cross-field communication chart (elevation map, or slope map) and selected points of platform and it will set up the domestic cultural heritage risk cultural heritages for understanding the dependence of cultural assessment and risk map with the help of professional heritages upon its surrounding environment. Later, identify the knowledge (such as disaster risk management) and technical initial distribution of cultural heritages in New Taipei City, tools (such as the system of geographic information)of other each impacted cultural heritages, the impact ratio of flood for fields. each district and confirm the situation through the on-site field study. Finally, the study views the distribution of parks and Flood-prone simulation green lands in each district in New Taipei City for further The rainfall analysis of the flood-prone simulation in this overlaying and chooses the spot for flood detention, which will study adopts the Simple Scaling Gauss-Markov as the rainfall be the essence for implementing non-structural mitigation in pattern. This simulation is set at a 24-hours quantitative rainfall urban planning. and the accumulated rainfall of 150~1200mm. The SSGM is a rainfall pattern in accordance with the random fractal features III. DISCUSSION and the dimensionless feature of the Gauss-Markov process. This rainfall
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