IPv6 Addressing (and related matters…)
Paul Wilson Director General APNIC
1 Overview
• What is an IP address? • IPv4 vs IPv6 • How are IP addresses managed? • IP Addresses today • IP Addresses tomorrow • Conclusions
2 What is an IP Address?
3 “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…”
4 by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20) “On the Internet…” you are nothing but an IP Address!
w6w6.w18.r7e.d2h3a2t.5.c0om
w2w16w.2.g3o9o.3g9le.9.c9om w2w02w.1.a2p.2n9ic.2.n0et
w4w.1w7.1ie6t8f..o6rg w 6w6w.1.3e5b.a2y0.8c.o1m01 202.12.29.142
w6w6.w13.e5b.2a0y8.c.8o8m w2w09w.2.d1o7g.3s6.b.3iz2
w1w98w.4.d1o.3g.g4i5e.com w1w99w.1.g6n6s.2o4.o.5rg
5 What is an IP address?
• Internet infrastructure address – Globally unique* • A finite common resource – IPv4: 32-bit number • e.g. 192.131.13.3 • 4 billion addresses available – IPv6: 128-bit number • e.g. 3ffe:1a00:ff00:: • Potentially*, equal to (IPv4)4 • IP does not mean “Intellectual Property”
6 IP addresses are not domain names…
The Internet
DNS
w20w2w.1.1c2e.r0n.e4t6.cn ?
2M0y2 .C12o.m29p.1u4te2r w2w0w2..1c1e2rn.0e.4t.6cn
7 IPv4 vs IPv6
IPv4: 32 bits • 232 addresses = 4,294,967,296 addresses = 4 billion addresses
IPv6: 128 bits • 2128 addresses? = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,770,000,000 = 340 billion billion billion billion addresses?
• No, due to IPv6 address structure…
8 How much IPv6?
/0 /64 /128 Topological 128 bits Interface
Infrastructure Site
/0 /48 /64
• 264 “subnet” addresses = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 = 18 billion billion subnet addresses
• 248 site addresses = 281,474,976,710,656 = 281 thousand billion site addresses
9 The NAT “Problem”
The Internet
ISP 61.100.0.0/16
61.100.32.0/25 61.100.32.128 R NAT*
61.100.32.1 ..2 ..3 ..4 10.0.0.1 ..2 ..3 ..4
10 *AKA home router, ICS, firewall How are IP Addresses managed?
and how did we get here?
11 1981 - 1992
RFC 1261 1981: RFC 790 1991
1987: RFC 1020
1992: RFC 1366
“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, RFC 790 or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.”
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro 1993 - 1996
1993: RFC 1466
1996: RFC 2050
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro 1997 - 2001
1998: IAB asks RIRs to prepare for IPv6 allocations
1999: ICANN
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro 2002 - 2004
2003: NRO “Emerging” RIR
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro Address management today
IETF IPv4 IANA
Allocation RIR*
Allocation ISP
Assignment User
16 What are RIRs?
• Representative of ISPs globally – Industry self-regulatory structures – Non-profit, open membership bodies • First established in early 1990’s – In response to call from IETF (RFC1366) – To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs – Voluntarily by consensus of community • In the “Internet Tradition” – Consensus-based, open and transparent
17 What do RIRs do?
• Internet resource management – Primarily, IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6 – Registration services (“whois”) • Policy development and coordination – Open Policy Meetings and processes • Training, outreach and liaison – Training courses, seminars, conferences… – Liaison: IETF, ICANN, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC… – Newsletters, reports, web sites… • Projects – Various operational services and support • RIR collaboration – Represented by the NRO
18 RIR Policy Development
Need Anyone can participate OPEN
Evaluate Discuss
‘BOTTOM UP’ TRANSPARENT
Implement Consensus
Internet community proposes All decisions & policies documented and approves policy & freely available to anyone 19 IP Addresses Today
Where are all the addresses?
20 IPv4 Allocations – IANA total
multicast rirs 16 50 ietf assigned 20 41
apnic 13
arin 19 unused 79 lacnic 2 ripencc 16
21 IPv4 Allocations – IANA historical
16
14
12
10 rirs assigned 8 ripencc lacnic 6 arin apnic 4
2
0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 22 IPv4 Allocations – RIRs
2.5
2
1.5
apnic arin lacnic 1 ripencc
0.5
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
23 IPv4 Allocations – Global
DE UK CA FR KR 1.6 NL 1.7 1.0 0.9 IT 1.7 0.7 BR 0.7 CN 0.7 2.9
JP Other 3.4 8.1
US 15.5
24 IPv6 Allocations – RIRs
250
200
150
apnic arin lacnic 100 ripencc
50
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
25 IPv6 Allocations – RIRs
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
apnic 2500 arin lacnic 2000 ripencc
1500
1000
500
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
26 IPv6 Allocations – Global
UK IT NL FR 44 EU 48 31 31 KR 25 FI 67 25 SE 25
DE 91
US 120 Other 328
JP 157
27 IP Addresses Tomorrow
What is the future?
28 IPv4 Address Space Lifetime
224
192
160
128 IANA RIR BGP 96
64 2020 2022 32
0 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08 Jan-10 Jan-12 Jan-14 Jan-16 Jan-18 Jan-20 Jan-22 Jan-24 Jan-26 Jan-28
29 IPv6 - Internet for everything!
30 IPv6 Address space lifetime
31 IPv6 – Summary
• The good news… – IPv6 is available – IPv6 addresses are very easy to get • The bad news… – Complexity: significant cost and learning curve – Demand? Do users want it? – “Chicken and Egg” syndrome • The reality: A long, hard, transition – “Changing engines mid-flight” – Long process – 10+ years to complete – Critical message: Start now!
32 Finally…
(some ads)
33 Next APNIC Open Policy Meeting APNIC 18 Nadi, Fiji, 31 Aug- 3 Sep 2004
• Participate in policy development • Attend workshops, tutorials & presentations • Exchange knowledge and information with peers • Stay abreast with developments in the Internet • View multicast online • Provide your input in matters important to you • Fellowships Available 㼋㼗㼗㼓㻝㻒㻒㼚 㼚 㼚 㻑㼄㼓㼑㼌㼆㻑㼑㼈㼗㻒㼐 㼈㼈㼗㼌㼑㼊 㼖㻒㻔 㻛
34 An Invitation…
APNIC CEOs’ Meeting Nadi, Fiji, 30 Aug 2004
• First ever APNIC event for CEOs and Snr Executives • APNIC business and operating model • Global issues affecting IP addressing • Provide input into APNIC strategy and policy • Networking with peers
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35 Thank You
Paul Wilson [email protected]
36