DOCSLIB.ORG

Using Core and Outcrop Analogues to Predict Flow Pathways in the Subsurface: Examples from the Triassic Sandstones of North Ches

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Using Core and Outcrop Analogues to Predict Flow Pathways in the Subsurface: Examples from the Triassic Sandstones of North Ches Adv. Geosci., 49, 121–127, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-121-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Using core and outcrop analogues to predict flow pathways in the subsurface: examples from the Triassic sandstones of north Cheshire, UK Joanna Thompson, Daniel Parkes, Edward Hough, and Oliver Wakefield British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Correspondence: Joanna Thompson ([email protected]) Received: 30 May 2019 – Accepted: 2 August 2019 – Published: 19 September 2019 Abstract. Borehole core provides detailed vertical data resources such as pore space and heat extraction. Subsurface which is used to interpret subsurface sand body architec- fluid flow is relevant to the development of new, low-carbon tures, but assumptions are made on the relationship between energy technologies (e.g., geothermal systems located in sed- the lateral and vertical thickness, and the interconnectivity imentary aquifers, underground gas storage and Carbon Cap- of units. The sedimentological complexity of the Sherwood ture and Storage; CCS). In the UK, there is the potential for Sandstone Group succession in this area, passing between the development of these geological settings where there are aeolian and fluvial packages creates local- to regional-scale porous and permeable rocks that may serve as production or heterogeneities which will impact flow pathways within the storage horizons located in proximity to sources of energy rockmass. Measured thickness in boreholes might represent such as shale gas reservoirs, coal seams or renewables; op- an architectural element’s true maximum thickness or more erational viability is increased where these geologies are lo- likely, a partial thickness as a result of incision by over- cated near areas of industrial activity or areas of dense popu- lying facies types or as a result of the borehole sitting to- lation. One such area is in north Cheshire in north-west Eng- wards the margins of individual elements (e.g. tapering mar- land, where the Sherwood Sandstone Group (SSG) aquifer gin of channel elements). Length and thickness data were overlies coal measures and the Bowland shale gas prospect, measured from a suite of primary core data and secondary with thick beds of halite used for gas storage located within published outcrop studies in north-west England. The ad- 25 km. The area is also located in the “Protos” area of in- dition of outcrop studies in combination with the borehole dustry (http://thisisprotos.com/, last access: 21 August 2019), data provides a dataset from which the likely lateral extent located near Liverpool, Manchester and associated conurba- of the architectural frameworks within the Triassic sand- tions. This site has been chosen as the Cheshire Energy Re- stones can be extrapolated. The interpreted high resolution search Field Site (CERFS), part of a GBP 31 million initia- sub-seismic architecture contributes to an increased under- tive to develop technologies to decarbonise energy by the UK standing of flow pathways and the effect these may have on Government (Fig. 1). It is planned that the CERFS will com- groundwater as well as sustainable energy technologies such prise a network of deep and shallow boreholes containing as low-temperature geothermal aquifers, carbon storage and state-of-the-art monitoring equipment to measure groundwa- energy storage. ter (levels, flow, temperature and chemistry), ground mo- tion, and seismicity. The proposed boreholes will range in drilled depth from 25 m to 1200 m (below surface), produc- ing a dense dataset including down-hole geophysical and im- 1 Introduction age logs and recover more than 3000 m of new drill core in the area of interest, largely from the Triassic SSG. A thorough understanding of fluid flow in bedrock geologi- The SSG is a principal aquifer, a hydrocarbon reservoir cal units is relevant to aquifer and reservoir management, al- offshore and onshore and a potential host for CO2 stor- lowing for optimised use of increasingly stressed subsurface age and aquifer geothermal schemes. The sedimentologi- Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 122 J. Thompson et al.: Using core and outcrop analogues to predict flow pathways in the subsurface Figure 2. Architectural styles present in the Sherwood Sandstone Figure 1. Location map showing the generalised distribution of the Group, after Lawrence et al. (2006). SSG at rockhead. © UKRI 2019, British Geological Survey, con- tains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2019 [licence number 100021290 EUL]. multi-storey sand body (e.g., Henares et al., 2014; Mar- riott and Hillier, 2014). Previous studies characterising the bedrock in Runcorn, Cheshire (Lawrence et al., 2006) and cal and structural complexity of the SSG succession in this Sellafield, Cumbria (e.g., Medici et al., 2016), indicate that area, with interactions between aeolian and fluvial processes this approach is particularly successful when applied to and development of the Cheshire Basin, creates local and the SSG. Lawrence et al. (2006) proposed a classification regional scale heterogeneity which will impact fluid flow scheme whereby the sandstone architecture of the SSG was within the rockmass. In particular, the influence of deposi- split between “Layercake” and “Jigsaw” styles (Fig. 2) based tional facies on the diagenetic evolution of the units is well- on the lateral continuity of mudstones within the succession, documented (Bouch et al., 2006), and this variation in diage- and this has been used in this observational study to better un- nesis has a direct impact on the physical properties including derstand connectivity between sandbodies in north Cheshire. porosity, permeability and fracture development (Plant et al., 1999). This is especially important when reservoir sandbod- ies are the subject of porosity and permeability reducing pro- 2 Geological setting cesses such as secondary mineral precipitation and deforma- tion. As much of this heterogeneity exists on a sub-seismic The Sherwood Sandstone Group is Early to Mid-Triassic (In- scale, field-scale observations are important to understand duan to Anisian) in age and provides a preserved record of the likely scales of variability of the sandstone in the subsur- dryland sedimentation. During this time, rifting and exten- face. Aeolian units are generally thought of as having rela- sion related to the break-up of Pangea allowed thick accu- tively high porosity and permeability; however, interdune de- mulations of arenaceous sediments to develop in a series of posits can create baffles to flow, and natural fractures within actively subsiding linked half-grabens which fringed the lo- the bedrock could represent barriers to flow (e.g., deforma- cal palaeo-high of the Pennines. North Cheshire lies on the tion bands) or pathways (as in the case of some sediment- Llyn-Rossendale structural high, which separates the north- filled fractures) (Wealthall et al., 2001; Hough et al., 2006). ern part of the Cheshire Basin from the south-eastern part Estimating the dimensions and distribution of the deposi- of the East Irish Sea Basin (Fig. 3). Locally, sediments are tional elements within the sandstone will be an important over 1000 m thick in some depocentres, with younger units input parameter to detailed flow models that give better esti- overlapping interbasinal highs. Regional-scale depositional mates of transmissivity and fluid flow through the aquifer. models suggest a southerly source in the Variscan foldbelt Outcrop analogue studies can be an effective method to some few hundreds of kilometres to the south, with north- gain information that describes the scale and relationship wards draining rivers bifurcated by the Pennine High, divert- between different architectural elements within a stacked, ing sediment westwards towards the Cheshire Basin, Lan- Adv. Geosci., 49, 121–127, 2019 www.adv-geosci.net/49/121/2019/ J. Thompson et al.: Using core and outcrop analogues to predict flow pathways in the subsurface 123 Table 1. Facies scheme used to classify Triassic sandstones in borehole and outcrops in north Cheshire, this study considers only the aeolian facies. All massive sandstones have been attributed to dry interdunes but these may include minor components of aeolian dunes. Lithology Depositional environment Sandstone, low-to high-angle cross-bedded, with grainfall and Aeolian dune grainflow textures preserved Sandstone, low-angle to planar bedded; rare ripple lamination Dry interdune Sandstone, low-angle to planar bedded, rare adhesion ripples Damp interdune Mudstone, planar-laminated, with characteristic desiccation Wet interdune features Sandstone, massive Dry interdune Sandstone, with deformed lamination Wet interdune with deformed lamination due to slope failure/ liquefaction/ overpressure Figure 3. Basin structure of the study area. © UKRI 2019, British Geological Survey, contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copy- right and database rights 2019 [licence number 100021290 EUL]. Figure 4. Stratigraphic column for the study area. cashire and Cumbria, and eastwards to the Needwood Basin and East-Midlands Shelf (McKie and Williams, 2009). To the east of the Pennine High, subsidence rates are information describing the SSG has been obtained from bore- thought to have been steady, allowing for the accumulation hole material. of a thick fluvial succession (Wakefield et al., 2015). This contrasts to the succession to the west of the Pennine
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Building Stone Atlas of Warwickshire
    Strategic Stone Study A Building Stone Atlas of Warwickshire First published by English Heritage May 2011 Rebranded by Historic England December 2017 Introduction The landscape in the county is clearly dictated by the Cob was suitable for small houses but when more space was underlying geology which has also had a major influence on needed it became necessary to build a wooden frame and use the choice of building stones available for use in the past. The wattle fencing daubed with mud as the infilling or ‘nogging’ to geological map shows that much of this generally low-lying make the walls. In nearly all surviving examples the wooden county is underlain by the red mudstones of the Triassic Mercia frame was built on a low plinth wall of whatever stone was Mudstone Group. This surface cover is however, broken in the available locally. In many cases this is the only indication we Nuneaton-Coventry-Warwick area by a narrow strip of ancient have of the early use of local stones. Adding the stone wall rocks forming the Nuneaton inlier (Precambrian to early served to protect the wooden structure from rising damp. The Devonian) and the wider exposure of the unconformably infilling material has often been replaced later with more overlying beds of the Warwickshire Coalfield (Upper durable brickwork or stone. Sometimes, as fashion or necessity Carboniferous to early Permian). In the south and east of the dictated, the original timber framed walls were encased in county a series of low-lying ridges are developed marking the stone or brick cladding, especially at the front of the building outcrops of the Lower and Middle Jurassic limestone/ where it was presumably a feature to be admired.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-D Bedrock Geology Model of the Permo-Triassic of Yorkshire and East Midlands
    3-D Bedrock geology model of the Permo-Triassic of Yorkshire and East Midlands Geology and Landscape Southern Britain Programme Internal Report CR/06/091 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE SOUTHERN BRITAIN PROGRAMME INTERNAL REPORT CR/06/091 The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the 3-D Bedrock geology model of Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2006. the Permo-Triassic of Yorkshire Keywords and East Midlands Report; 3-D Model; Sherwood Sandstone Group; Mercia Mudstone Group; Sneinton Formation; Permian; Roxby Formation; Brotherton Ford, J., Napier, B., Cooper, A., Pharaoh, T., Vincent, C., Carney, Formation; Edlington Formation; J., Thorpe, S., Brayson, J. Cadeby Formation; Yellow Sands Formation; Basal Permian Breccia; Aquifer;. Front cover Model output showing faulted elevation grid for the base Sherwood Sandstone Group and the thickness of the Sherwood Sandstone Group Bibliographical reference FORD, J., NAPIER, B., COOPER, A., PHARAOH, T., VINCENT, C., CARNEY, J., THORPE, S., BRAYSON, J.. 2005. 3-D Bedrock geology model of the Permo-Triassic of Yorkshire and East Midlands. British Geological Survey Internal Report, CR/06/091. 39pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Assessment
    Lydia Clare Ellis Hill Farm Swinscoe Ashbourne Derbyshire DE6 2HH Geological Assessment: This report contains a geological description of the specified site or area. It is based on currently available 1:10 000 scale geological maps, unless otherwise stated, together with other relevant local information such as borehole records. The report includes extracts from digitised 1:50 000 scale geological maps (DigMapGB-50). The report contains the following modules: Geological Assessment (area) Geological Map Extracts Geoscience Data List Natural Ground Stability Report Id: GR_218809/1 Client reference: Search location This report describes a site located at National Grid Reference 413096, 345351. Note that for sites of irregular shape, this point may lie outside the site boundary. Where the client has submitted a site plan the assessment will be based on the area given. Search location indicated in red This product includes mapping data licensed from Ordnance Survey. © Crown Copyright and/or database right 2018. Licence number 100021290 EUL Scale: 1:5 000 (1cm = 50 m) Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database right 2018 OS Street View: Scale: 1:5 000 (1cm = 50 m) Date: 24 July 2018 Page: 2 of 28 © NERC, 2018. All rights reserved. BGS Report No: GR_218809/1 Geological Map Extracts This part of the report contains extracts of geological maps taken from the 1:50 000 scale BGS Digital Geological Map of Great Britain (DiGMapGB-50). The geological information in DiGMapGB is separated into four themes: artificial ground, landslide deposits, superficial deposits and bedrock, shown here in separate maps. The fifth ‘combined geology’ map superimposes all four of these themes, to show the geological formations that occur at the surface, just beneath the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • 8. Hydrogeology and Land Contamination
    Greenpark Energy Ltd April 2010 8. Hydrogeology and Land Contamination 8.1 Summary This chapter assessed the hydrogeological context of the proposed development together with possible impacts resulting from the development and considered the following key issues: The impact of the development on aquifers and groundwater located beneath the site; The impact of the development on nearby groundwater abstractions; Mitigation measures to be undertaken during site preparation, drilling and production and restoration of the site to prevent potential adverse impacts. This chapter also considered the current contamination status of the site and the potential for land contamination resulting from the proposed development and considers the following key issues: Potential contamination of land resulting from the proposed development; Mitigation measures to be undertaken during site preparation, drilling and production and restoration of the site to prevent potential adverse impacts. The site has variable shallow drift geology including glacial sand and gravel and glacial till to depths of between 0.9 and 2.6m below ground level. The solid geology below the site comprises strata of the Mercia Mudstone Group. The Mercia Mudstones overlie strata of the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group which comprises thick sandstones and is classified as a Major Aquifer by the Environment Agency; these strata extend up to approximately 300m in thickness in the area and are locally abstracted by Severn Trent Water for public potable supply. The Sherwood Sandstones lie unconformably above Upper Carboniferous Strata which include the Coal Measures Strata which are the target strata for the CBM gas development. The Coal Measures Strata are separated from the overlying Sherwood Sandstone by the Carboniferous Barren Measures Strata which are classified as a Minor Aquifer.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geological Aspects of Embankment Dams on Mercia Mudstone
    Engineering Geological Aspects of Embankment Dams on Mercia Mudstone Tim Blower, CEng, MICE, CGeol, FGS Outline of Presentation • Introduction • Lincoln case study • Initial studies into Mercia Mudstone • Site investigations • Research on historical dams • Observations • Lincoln case study - reprise Embankment Dams on Mercia Mudstone Introduction • Lincoln WTW Project • Promoters are ANGLIAN WATER • Forecast supply deficit of 20 Ml/d by 2035 in Lincoln area • Business Case solution is a new 20 Ml/d treatment works in the Lincoln area • To satisfy future demand growth in this area, but also to improve resilience (increasing demand further south) Embankment Dams on Mercia Mudstone Newton Cliff SAM RWR Raw water pipeline Treated water pipeline New Pumping Station Existing WTW New river intake New WTW RWR Lincoln WTW Project – Storage Reservoir • Earth fill embankment dam • Roughly oval shape • 10 days storage including outage time • Capacity 285,000m 3 • Earthworks volumes - cut & fill: 220,000m 3 Embankment Dams on Mercia Mudstone Desk Study • Project Constraints • Risk Areas • Planning the GI • Initial studies on the Mercia Mudstone • Walkover survey Embankment Dams on Mercia Mudstone General References on Mercia Mudstone • Chandler, R.J. & Forster, A (2001). Engineering in Mercia mudstone. CIRIA Report C570. • Hobbs, P.R.N. et. al. (2001). Engineering Geology of British Rocks and Soils - Mudstones of the Mercia Mudstone Group; BGS Research Report RR/01/02. • Howard, A.S. et.al. (2008). A Formational Framework for the Mercia Mudstone Group (Triassic) of England and Wales; BGS Research Report RR/08/04. Embankment Dams on Mercia Mudstone Outcrop of Mercia Mudstone 10 MM age from Mid Triassic (Anisian) to latest Triassic 9 (Rhaetian) 8 6 (241 – 205 mybp).
    [Show full text]
  • Western Link
    Western Link Ground Investigation Report 20 October 2017 Warrington Borough Council Mott MacDonald Spring Bank House 33 Stamford Street Altrincham WA14 1ES United Kingdom T +44 (0)161 926 4000 F +44 (0)161 929 8915 mottmac.com Warrington Borough Council Warrington 26-30 Horsemarket Street Western Link WA1 1XL 382900-WL-MMD-07-ZZ-RP-N-0002 https://mottmac.sharepoint.com/teams/pj-b1092/Shared Documents/12 - Geotechnics/Reports/Documents/382900-WL-MMD-07-ZZ-RP-N-0002 GIR.docx Mott MacDonald Ground Investigation Report 20 October 2017 Mott MacDonald Limited. Registered in England and Wales no. 1243967. Registered office: Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, Warrington Borough Council United Kingdom Mott MacDonald | Western Link Ground Investigation Report Contents Executive summary 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Scope and Objective of the Report 3 1.2 Description of Project 3 1.3 Geotechnical Category of Project 4 2 Existing Information 5 2.1 Topographic Maps (Old and Recent) 5 2.2 Geological Maps and Memoirs 5 2.3 Hydrology 6 2.4 Hydrogeology 6 2.5 Records of Mines and Mineral Deposits 6 2.6 Land Use and Soil Survey Information 7 2.7 Archaeological and Historical Investigations 7 2.8 Existing Ground Investigations 8 2.9 Consultation with Statutory Bodies and Agencies 8 2.10 Flood Records 8 2.11 Contaminated Land 8 3 Field and Laboratory Studies 9 3.1 Walkover Survey 9 3.2 Ground Investigation 9 3.3 Other Field Work 10 3.4 Laboratory Investigation 10 4 Ground Summary 12 4.1 Overview 12 5 Ground Conditions and Material Properties
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Merseyside
    6 Merseyside 6.1 Administrative set-up Merseyside takes its name from the River Mersey and is a metropolitan county in North West England. Merseyside came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974, after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972, and the county consists of five metropolitan boroughs adjoining the Mersey Estuary, including the City of Liverpool. Merseyside encompasses about 645 km2 (249 sq miles) and has a population of around 1,350,100 (Office of National Statistics). Number of Males Females Total Area Merseyside people per (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (hectares) hectare Knowsley 71.7 79.1 150.8 8629.3 17.48 Liverpool 212.7 222.8 435.5 11159.08 39.03 Sefton 131.3 144.9 276.2 15455.66 17.87 St Helens 86.5 91 177.5 13589.08 13.06 Wirral 147.7 162.4 310.1 15704.9 19.75 Total 649.9 700.2 1350.1 64538.02 107.19 Table 3 Demographics of Merseyside (sourced various from ONS www.statistics.gov.uk) Merseyside County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now essentially unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference. Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey Estuary: the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral is located to the west of the estuary on the Wirral Peninsula; the rest of the county is located on the eastern side of the estuary. The eastern boroughs of Merseyside border Lancashire to the north and Greater Manchester to the east, and both parts of Merseyside, west and east of the estuary, border Cheshire to the south.
    [Show full text]
  • Compartmentalisation and Groundwater
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 14 July 2020 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Wilson, Miles. P. and Worrall, Fred. and Clancy, Sarah. A. and Ottley, Christopher. J. and Hart, Alwyn. and Davies, Richard. J. (2020) 'Compartmentalisation and groundwatersurface water interactions in a prospective shale gas basin : assessment using variance analysis and multivariate statistics on water quality data.', Hydrological processes., 34 (15). pp. 3271-3294. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13795 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2020 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Received: 23 January 2020 Accepted: 25 April 2020 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13795 RESEARCH ARTICLE Compartmentalisation and groundwater–surface water interactions in a prospective shale gas basin: Assessment using variance analysis and multivariate statistics on water quality data Miles P.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandy Et Al Predictive Modelling Cover Sheet
    Newcastle University e-prints Date deposited: 1st December 2010 Version of file: Author final Peer Review Status: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Gandy CJ, Clarke L, Banks D, Younger PL. Predictive modelling of groundwater abstraction and artificial recharge of cooling water . Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2010, 43 (3), pp. 279-288. Further information on publisher website: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/index.html Publisher’s copyright statement: The definitive version of this article, published by the Geological Society of London, 2010, is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/08-093 Always use the definitive version when citing. Use Policy: The full-text may be used and/or reproduced and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not for profit purposes provided that: • A full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • A link is made to the metadata record in Newcastle E-prints • The full text is not changed in any way. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Robinson Library, Univ ersity of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne. NE1 7RU. Tel. 0191 222 6000 Predictive modelling of groundwater abstraction and artificial recharge of cooling water C. J. Gandy 1* , L. Clarke 2, D. Banks 3, P. L. Younger 1 1School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Email: [email protected] 2JDIH Envireau, The Old Vicarage, Market Street, Castle Donington, Derbyshire DE74 2JB, UK 3Holymoor Consultancy, 8 Heaton Street, Chesterfield, Derbyshire S40 3AQ, UK Abbreviated title: Modelling artificial recharge of cooling water Abstract Well doublet ground-source heating and cooling systems are rapidly becoming a popular alternative to conventional heating and cooling systems in the UK, principally due to the substantial reduction in carbon emissions which can be achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • Triassic: Seasonal Rivers, Dusty Deserts and Saline Lakes
    Triassic: seasonal rivers, dusty deserts and saline lakes Ruffell, A., & Hounslow, M. (2006). Triassic: seasonal rivers, dusty deserts and saline lakes. In P. F. Rawson, & P. Brenchley (Eds.), The Geology of England & Wales. (pp. 295-325). Geological Society of London. Published in: The Geology of England & Wales. Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:28. Sep. 2021 Triassic: seasonal rivers, 13 dusty deserts and saline lakes M. W. HOUNSLOW & A. H. RUFFELL The collision of Siberia and the Kazakstan microplate with European palaeoenvironmental signatures the eastern side of the Fennoscandia continent in the Permian amalgamated the last major continental fragments to produce The Permian witnessed the fragmentation of the core of the the supercontinent Pangaea, which persisted into the Jurassic Variscan Mountains into a number of separate areas, such as the Armorican, Bohemian and Iberian massifs (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • BGS Report, Single Column Layout
    Doncaster Geodiversity Assessment Volume 1 – Report Geology and Landscape South Programme Commissioned Report CR/07/025N BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE SOUTH PROGRAMME COMMISSIONED REPORT CR/07/025N Doncaster Geodiversity Assessment Volume 1 – Report S Engering and H F Barron The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Contributors Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2007. Keywords Geodiversity; Doncaster. Editor Front cover A H Cooper Permian Bryozoan reef, North Cliff Quarry, Doncaster Bibliographical reference ENGERING, S & BARRON, H F. 2007. Doncaster Geodiversity Assessment. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/07/025N. 139pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this report use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2007. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2007 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG The London Information Office also maintains a reference 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation.
    [Show full text]
  • Rifts, Rivers and Climate Recovery: a New Model for the Triassic of England
    Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Proceedings of the Geologists' Association Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: Rifts, rivers and climate recovery: a new model for the Triassic of England Article Type: SI: The Geology of England Keywords: Permian; Triassic; England Corresponding Author: Dr. Andrew J Newell, Corresponding Author's Institution: British Geological Survey First Author: Andrew J Newell Order of Authors: Andrew J Newell Abstract: Triassic basins of England developed under a regime of largely W-E extension and progressed from non-marine fluvial and aeolian sedimentation (Sherwood Sandstone Group), through semi-marine playa lacustrine deposits (Mercia Mudstone Group) to fully marine environments (Blue Anchor Formation and Penarth Group). A new tectono-stratigraphic model for the Sherwood Sandstone Group is proposed in which two major long-distance river systems developed under conditions of relative fault inactivity in the Early Triassic (Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds and equivalent) and Middle Triassic (Otter Sandstone and equivalent). These are separated by a late Early Triassic syn-rift succession of fluvio- aeolian sandstones (Wildmoor and Wilmslow sandstone formations) and playa lacustrine muds (Nettlecombe Formation) which show major thickness variation and localisation with hanging wall basins. The partitioning of syn-rift deposits into mudstones in upstream basins (close to the source of water and sediment) and clean aeolian or fluvio-aeolian sandstones in downstream basins is similar to the pattern observed in the underlying Late Permian. Under conditions of rapid tectonic subsidence chains of extensional basins may become disconnected with upstream basins (Wessex Basin) acting as traps for fines and water permitting more aeolian activity in temporarily unlinked downstream basins (Worcester and Cheshire basins).
    [Show full text]