Tmdls for Dissolved Oxygen for White River Below Bull Shoals Dam and North Fork River Below Norfork Dam
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TMDLS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN FOR WHITE RIVER BELOW BULL SHOALS DAM AND NORTH FORK RIVER BELOW NORFORK DAM (REACHES 11010003-002U AND 11010006-001) MAY 1, 2009 TMDLS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN FOR WHITE RIVER BELOW BULL SHOALS DAM AND NORTH FORK RIVER BELOW NORFORK DAM (REACHES 11010003-002U AND 11010006-001) Prepared for Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality 5301 Northshore Drive North Little Rock, AR 72118 Prepared by FTN Associates, Ltd. 3 Innwood Circle, Suite 220 Little Rock, AR 72211 FTN No. 3013-201 MAY 1, 2009 DO TMDLs for Bull Shoals and Norfork Tailwaters May 1, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................v 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1-1 2.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 General Information............................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Trout Fishing........................................................................................................ 2-3 2.3 DO Committee..................................................................................................... 2-5 2.4 Hydropower Operations....................................................................................... 2-5 2.5 Water Quality Standards...................................................................................... 2-7 2.6 Land Use.............................................................................................................. 2-8 2.7 Nonpoint Sources................................................................................................. 2-8 2.8 Point Sources..................................................................................................... 2-10 3.0 EXISTING WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS............................................................ 3-1 3.1 Inventory of Water Quality Data ......................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Bull Shoals Data.................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2.1 Overview of Data..................................................................................... 3-1 3.2.2 DO in Wet Years Versus Dry Years........................................................ 3-3 3.2.3 DO During Periods With and Without Generation................................ 3-11 3.3 Norfork Data...................................................................................................... 3-13 3.3.1 Overview of Data................................................................................... 3-13 3.3.2 DO During Wet Years Versus Dry Years.............................................. 3-13 3.3.3 DO During Periods With and Without Generation................................ 3-21 3.4 Trout Kills.......................................................................................................... 3-22 4.0 WATER QUALITY MODELING AND TMDLS.......................................................... 4-1 4.1 Overview of Model.............................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Hydraulic Model (ADYN)................................................................................... 4-1 4.3 Water Quality Model (RQUAL).......................................................................... 4-3 4.4 Projection Simulations......................................................................................... 4-5 i DO TMDLs for Bull Shoals and Norfork Tailwaters May 1, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) 4.5 TMDL Calculations............................................................................................. 4-7 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION ALTERNATIVES....................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Role of ADEQ in Improvement of Tailwater DO ............................................... 5-1 5.2 Watershed Management....................................................................................... 5-1 5.3 Minimum Flow .................................................................................................... 5-2 5.4 Alternatives Evaluated by TVA........................................................................... 5-3 5.5 Other Alternatives................................................................................................ 5-6 5.5.1 House Unit Air......................................................................................... 5-6 5.5.2 Paddlewheel Aerator................................................................................ 5-6 5.5.3 SDOX System.......................................................................................... 5-7 5.6 Summary.............................................................................................................. 5-7 6.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ............................................................................................ 6-1 7.0 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................. 7-1 8.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 8-1 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Selected Input and Output from Water Quality Model APPENDIX B: Excerpt from TVA Study of Bull Shoals Aeration Options APPENDIX C: Excerpt from TVA Study of Norfork Aeration Options APPENDIX D: AGFC Report Describing Implementation of Paddlewheel Aerator APPENDIX E: Public Comments Received by ADEQ on Draft TMDL ii DO TMDLs for Bull Shoals and Norfork Tailwaters May 1, 2009 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 303(d) listing for the stream reaches in this report ..............................................1-1 Table 2.1 General information for the stream reaches in this report ...................................2-1 Table 2.2 General information for Bull Shoals Dam and Norfork Dam..............................2-1 Table 2.3 Land use percentages ...........................................................................................2-8 Table 2.4 Design flow and permit limits for point source discharges ...............................2-11 Table 3.1 AGFC DO readings during trout-stocking runs downstream of Bull Shoals Dam .........................................................................3-2 Table 3.2 DO statistics by year for Bull Shoals tailwater (07054501) ................................3-9 Table 3.3 Percent of normal flow for North Fork River near Tecumseh, MO (07057500) .........................................................................3-9 Table 3.4 Temperature statistics by year for Bull Shoals tailwater (07054501)................3-11 Table 3.5 AGFC DO readings during trout-stocking runs downstream of Norfork Dam.............................................................................3-14 Table 3.6 DO statistics by year for Norfork tailwater (07059998)....................................3-20 Table 3.7 Effects of different DO concentrations on trout ................................................3-22 Table 3.8 List of documented trout kills since 1990..........................................................3-23 Table 4.1 TMDLs for Bull Shoals and Norfork tailwaters ..................................................4-7 Table 5.1 Estimated DO levels and costs for alternatives at Bull Shoals Dam ...................5-5 Table 5.2 Estimated DO levels and costs for alternatives at Norfork Dam.........................5-6 iii DO TMDLs for Bull Shoals and Norfork Tailwaters May 1, 2009 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Watershed map.....................................................................................................2-2 Figure 2.2 Land use map .......................................................................................................2-9 Figure 2.3 Map of point sources and water quality stations................................................2-12 Figure 3.1 Hourly DO data at Station 07054501 in Bull Shoals tailwater from 1995 to 1997................................................................................................3-4 Figure 3.2 Hourly DO data at Station 07054501 in Bull Shoals tailwater from 1998 to 2000................................................................................................3-5 Figure 3.3 Hourly DO data at Station 07054501 in Bull Shoals tailwater from 2001 to 2003................................................................................................3-6 Figure 3.4 Hourly DO data at Station 07054501 in Bull Shoals tailwater from 2004 to 2006................................................................................................3-7 Figure 3.5 Hourly DO data at Station 07054501 in Bull Shoals tailwater from 2007 to 2008................................................................................................3-8 Figure 3.6 Diurnal DO variation for Bull Shoals tailwater .................................................3-12 Figure 3.7 Duration plot for DO in Bull Shoals tailwater (Station 07054501)...................3-12 Figure 3.8 Hourly DO data at Station 07059998 in Norfork tailwater from 1995 to 1997..............................................................................................3-15 Figure 3.9 Hourly DO data at Station 07059998 in Norfork tailwater from 1998 to 2000..............................................................................................3-16