VOLUME 15 NO. 6 r~ .... ,, .. ,4- o.J:~t-., Nov. - Dec. 1952 with cleanecl-in-place PYREX ®brand

QO [!)@QDIT)[1[3 Q l1®l!J@~~~ Glass Pipe

Eliminates corrosion problems-No sanitary piping material has the corretsi~n resistance of PYREX brand glass No. 7740. Clean­ ing with add, alkaline or chlorine solutions cannot corrode this glass pipe, discolor or impart off-flavors to the milk. In fact, this is the recommended method of cleaning glass pipe.

Cuts cleaning time in half-Dairies using PYREX pipe' find that it cuts cleaning time by at least 50%. That's because you can clean it in place ••. requires no costly takedown and hand scrubbing. Bacterial counts consistently run lower than with takedown pipe. i Lets you see that the lines are clean-The transparency of glass i enables you to visually inspect the lines-see for yourself that they are clean. You can also keep an eye on milk flow. And trans­ J~ parent glass pipe dresses up your plant-impresses visitors. What's more, PYREX brand "Double-Tough" glass pipe is cl~ exceptionally resistant to both physical and thermal shock. .. ! Easy to install and requiring no maintenance other than clean­ ing, PYREX pipe and PYREX holding tubes are available in sizes from lY:z" to 6". For full information, contact your nearest Cherry-Burrell or Creamery Package representative.

TRANSPARENT PYREX brand glass holding tubes let you visually check far underholding ••• and see the results of timing adjustments while they are being made. Now ap· proved by milk sanitarians.

CORNING GLASS WORKS, CORNING, N.Y.

~ ~ ~Ve (j'.&

RAPIO·FLO TRADE MARK OF JOHNSON & JOHNSON *;td.u-8tJ.ded FILTER DISKS

The safest, most retentive single-service milk filter disks ob­ tainable, preferred by most dairy farmers coast-to-coast. Available either without gauze or gauze--faced (to fit the needs of strainers in general use). All Rapid-Flo Filter Disks are FIBRE-BONDED, the exclusive Johnson & Johnson process that makes Rapid­ Flo Filter Disks safer, more retentive and efficient, provid­ ing an even more reliable Farm Sediment Check-Up.

THE RAPID·FLO FARM SEDIMENT CHECK-UP Your daily safeguard for Better Milk Quality and protec­ tion against possible loss of milk, endorsed by leading dairy authorities.

1 • After filtering each can of milk (I 0 gallons or less) carefully re­ move the used filter disk from the strainer and place it on a card­ board to dry. 2. When it is dry, examine the disk closely. Identify the sediment or extraneous matter, in order to determine where it I came from, so you I, ~ can prevent any more getting into milk in the future.

I !~ ' WHEN YOUR BUSINESS

IS IN ~~;pte ••. •

... why not let Cherry-Burrell help you keep it that way? With Cherry-Burrell sanitary pumps, tubing, valves and fittings handling your product, there's no chance to pick up undesirable flavors ... all the chance in the world to protect your product's purity; your customers; your business. ~ cHEcK:CifE~RY-BURRELL. 'V' FOR SANITARY PUMPS · Meet 3A Sanitary Standards Flexible design-discharge can be set at any angle Full suction and discharge size Easy to dismantle and clean Totally enclosed motors Removable sanitary rotary carbon Seal Available in portable models Flexfla Pump-six sizes to 240 G.P.M.­ Blowout-proof gasketing Motor sizes-1/4 h.p. to 10 h.p. FOR SANITARY TUBING, VALVES AND FITTINGS

Complete Line-Available in stain­ less steel or famous DiaMonD Metal (Nickel-Alloy) Maximum Interchangeability Designed to meet National 3A Standards for Sanitary Fittings

Ask your Cherry-Burrell Representative for complete informa- lion about sanitary stainless pumps, fittings and tubing. Or write your Cherry-Burrell Branch or Associate Distributor for l free bulletins. RRY-BtiRRELL CoRPORATION I 427 W. Randolph Street, Chicago 6, Ill. Equipment and Supplies lor Industrial and food Processing FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, BRANCHES, OFF!CES IOR DISTRIBUTORS AT YOUR SERVICE IN 56 CITIES

II OFFICERS Journal of President, H. J. BARNUM Denver, Colo. President-Elect, JoHN D. FAULKNER Washington, D. C. MILK and FOOD First Vice-President, I. E. PARKIN State College, Pa. Second Vice-Pres., IvAN VAN NoRTWICK Laurence, Kansas Secretary-Treasurer, H. H. WILKOWSKE TECHNOLOGYJ l Gainesville, Fla. Auditors: CLIFFORD J. GosLEE INCLUDING MILK AND FOOD SANITATION Hartford, Conn. CHARL'Es HoLCOMBE Official Publication Minneapolis, Minn. Executive-Secretary, H. · L. THoMAssoN Intematjonal Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, -Inc. Shelbyville, Ind. Board of Directors VOL. 15 NOV.-DEC. NO.6 H. J, BARNUM H. H. WILKOWSKE JoHN FAULKNER H. L. THOMASSON I. E. PARKIN K. G. WECKEL Editorials CONTENTS Page IvAN VAN NoRTWICK Publication Board Status of Dur Association Past, Present, Future ...... 249 H. L. THOMASSON J, H. SHRADER Recognition and' A~ard ...... 250 H. H,' WILKOWSKE ~ ~- t Editors Awards 251 H. L. THOMASSON, Managing Editor Box 286, Shelbyville, Ind. '39th Annual Meeting ...... 253 DR. J, H. SHRADER, Editor 23 East Elm Ave., Wollaston 70, Mass. Announcement on Award ...... 257 Associate Editors C. A. ABELE ...... Chicago, Ill. Committee Reports ...... 258 F. W. BARBER ...... Oakdale, N. Y. F. C. BAsELT ...... New York, N. Y. A. E. BERRY ...... Toronto, Canada SA Sanitary Standard for Return Tubular Heat Exchangers for P. B. BnooKs ...... Montgomery, N. Y. Use with Milk and Milk Products ...... · 277 F. W. FABIAN ...... East Lansing, Mich. C. R. FELLERS ...... Amherst, Mass. "Inhibition of Streptococcus lactis by a Quaternary Ammonium A. W. FucHs ...... Washington, D. C. J. G. HARDENBERGH ...... Chicllf'O, Ill. Compound in Cheese Milk R. W. HART ...... Kansas City, Mo...... Janet C. Curry and Franklin Barber 278 M. D. HowLETT ...... Los Angeles, Cal. C. K. JoHNS ...... Ottawa, Canada J, A. KEENAN ...... New York, N. Y. The Effect of Time and Temperature after the Addition of Folin M. E. McDoNALD .... Sacramento, Calif. Reagent in the Determination of Phosphatase J. C. OLsoN, JR., ...... St. Paul, Minn. E. H: PARFITT ...... Chicago, Ill...... Barbara C. Lang and Omer C. Sieverding 282 G. W. PuTNAM ...... Chicago, Ill. J, L. RowLAND ...... Jefferson City, Mo. Antibac-A New Type of Chlorine Sanitizer W. D. TIEDEMAN ...... Ann Arbor, Mich...... Lesl-ie R. Bacon and Alfred L. Sotier 285 K. G. WEcKEL ...... Madison, Wise. G. H. WILSTER ...... Corvallis, Ore. Farm Tank Holding of Milk with Tank Truck Pick-up

The Journal of )1i!k and Food Technology ...... C. B. A. Bryant 294 (induding ::\Iilk and Food Sanitation) is issued bimonthly beginning with the January nnmber. Each volume comprises six numbers. Publishef )!arch 3, 1879. Index to Advertisers XI

EDITORIAL OFFICES: J. H. Shrader, Editor, 23 E. Elm Ave., 'Vollaston 70,. :\Iass; H. L. Thom­ asson, Managimg Editor, P. 0. Box 286, Shelby­ ville, Ind. ders for single copi~s, etc., should be addreHMcd ::\IE~IBERSHIP DuEs: :\Iembership in the INTER­ to H. L. Tlwmasson (address above). NATIO~AL ASSOCIATION OF ~!ILK AND ·JroOD _ Manuscripts: ·Correspondence regarding manu- Subscription Rates: One Volume per year SANI1'AIUANs .. INc ... is $5.00 per year, which in­ scripts and other reading material should be clltdes annual subscription to the JoURNAL OF Iudiviclual non~members, Gove-rnmental and Com­ addressed t<> the Editor, J. H. Shrader (address l!JJ.I( A:XU l!'OOD l'ECHXUI,OGY, (in('}nding :\ln,K ab!1Ve). merciul Organization subscription, 1 yr ..... $ti.50 Public, Educational and Institutional AND FOOD SANITATION). All correspondence Bo<>klet entitled "JMFT Style-book" can be Libraries, 1 yr ...... *3.00 regarding membership, remittances for dues, obtained from the Editor for the use of con­ Single Copy ...... ; ...... 1.00 failure to receive copies of the JOURNAL .. changes 'trlbutors of papers. of address, and · other such matters should be Orders for Reprimts: All <>rders for reprints addressed t<> the Ewecutive Secretary <>f the Business Matters: Correspondence regarding sh<>uld be sent t<> the executive office <>f tho .Ass{)ciation, .ll. L. Thomasson, Box 286, Shelby business matters, advertising, subcriptions, or- Ass<>ciatlon, P. 0. Box 286, Shelbyville, Ind. ville, Indiana. CoPYRIGHT, 1952, INTERNATIONAL AssociATION oF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs ~% "I like the ~ ' perfe(f ./"' re-seal it makes"

\ I /. ·~ ~;, I ••• and they both-z3 Q tlike ~.l C{1~ the way DACRO P-38 protects ' the milk they buy!

Hotisewives all over the country ·like the many advantages of Dacro Protected milk. Dairy operators, too, find that the Dacro P-38 Capping System gives them many important savings ... a more profitable operation.

Covers the pouring lip of bottle Forms an air-tight seal Makes a perfect re-seal Dacro P-38 Lessens the danger of seepage Eliminates cap seat

CROWN CORK & SEAL COMPANY

DACRO DIVISION • BALTIMORE 3, MD.

III /\\'lv le t i ' PROTECT MILK QUALITY THREE WAYS SAVE MONEY, TIME AND LABOR WITH il'e%ect«m DUBL-CHEM-FACED MILK FILTER DISCS h ''l~::f·~·

1-THE TOP SURFACE Filters 2-THE CENTER AREA Filters 3-THE BOTTOM SURFACE Filters Only DUBL-CHEM-FACED Filter Discs provide this "Tripl­ Filtring" action .•. fast and thorough .•. at less cost ... fewer filters required • . . de­ pendable protection of milk quality is assured three ways !

NO OTHER FILTER DISCS CAN CLAIM TO FILTER MILK BETTER Milk filters generally depend solely on a single thickness of filtering cotton to catch sediment as milk passes through. In DUBL-CHEM-FACED "Tripl-Filtring" construction, however, two import­ ant "extras" are provided, because in addition to the super-thick center area of specially carded cot­ ton, the toughened TOP and BOTTOM surfaces both act as filters, too! Highest quality, low in cost, easy to use, popular with top grade milk producers ••. worthy of your endorsement. Write for samples

SCHWARTZ MANUFACTURING CQ., Two Rivers, Wisconsin Manufacturers al Perfection, Blue Streak, Elgrade, and DUBL-CHEM-FACED Filter Discs, Rolls, Bags and Tubes •.• fray-Seal Cheese Bandages and Circles ••• and a complete line of cotton goods for the Dairy Industry.

IV SARITIZIRG ~\ AGEDT .."" Measures up in every way 4 as the quaternary of choice '

In the Dairy Industry. more than any other industry, the importance of using only the best in sanitizing methods cannot be over­ In ,.ecommended emphasized. dilutions Roccal is: ·In Roccal, the original quaternary ammonium germicide, the dairy industry is offered a product that is laboratory controlled and ri' POTENT tested. The uniform quality of Roccal means uniformly good results in doing a proper m' NON-POISONOUS sanitizing job. ~ Roccal is a powerful germicide. In recom-. ) [j{ TASTELESS mended dilu~ions, it is non-poisonous, non­ irritating to the skin, virtually odorless and tasteless. 61 ODORLESS In the dairy, Roccal can be used for every sanitizing job. For tank trucks, weigh tanks, rYf STAINLESS pasteurizers, separators, bottle filling and capping machines, to keep walls and floors cs:f NON-IRRITATING sanitary. i Try Roccal for just one week and watch your 00 NON-CORROSIV·E bacteria counts go down ... down ... down! Write us for new booklet describing Roccal's uses in the dairy plant and on the producing B STABLE farm . .---USES IN DAIRY INDUSTRY----. To Sanitize: aJ o MILKING MACHINES • MILK CANS • TEAT CUPS o WEIGH TANKS o COOLING TANKS • PASTEURIZERS o TANK TRUCKS • SEPARATORS o BOTTLE FILLING MACHINES and AS HAND and TEAT WASH

Insist on ·Genuine SADITIZIDG AG'EDT

Offices in principal cities throughout the United States.

1450 Broadway. New York 18, N. Y.

SUBSIDIARY OF STERLING DRUG INC. Distributed in the Dairy Field by Cherry-Burrell Corp. and other leading dairy supply houses.

FORTIFY ALL YOUR MILK WITH DELTAXIN® THE PUREST KNOWN FORM OF VITAMIN D2 v (Crucial Points in Bacterial Control of Canco Milk Containers)

A bath in continuously filtered molten paraffin water­ Chart below.) Each container is immersed in the proofs every Canco paper milk container; and is one bath, and then drained in an atmosphere of hot fil­ • of the factors contributing to its sterility.1 (See Flow tered air. The entire operation is mechanical.

ANCO PAPER MILK CONTAINERS are made on auto­ C matic machinery, operating in rooms which meet rigid sanitary requirements. Machines print the paper, then fabricate it into blanks from which the containers are shaped. If the paper must wait be­ tween operations, it is kept in dustproof steel cabinets. The finished containers are made on ma­ chines designed by Canco engineers ... men with years of experience in designing food-packaging and handling equipment. These are some of the reasons why rinse tests reveal no bacteria at all in 80% of the finished Canco paper milk containers.2 The remaining 20% show an average of .007 organisms I per cc. ,j' 1. Bulletin 495, University of Illinois, 2-43 2. The Journal of the Texas Public Health Association, 2-50

CAN CO BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTROL AMERICAN

I CAN

'~ co.

VI

'f L_: . ;

.. i or 1 STA~MLESS

PUT THE RIGHT PIPE

IN THE RIGHT PLACE c:,

Ptanning and engineering of milk lines for in-place cleaning is a job best done by experts. Because of its specialized "know­ Tbis CP-engineered installation at Polk Sanitt11")' Milk Co., Indianapo­ how," CP is a leadi;ng supplier of both lis. Tnd., mes stainless steel tubing and PYREX "Do11ble To11gb" Glass stainless steel tubing and PYREX Pi/Je in effective combination/or eco­ nomical in-Place cleaning. Notice tbe "Double Tough" Glass Pipe for in­ CP Cylindrka/ Storage Tanks in the place cleaning lines. CP has the experi­ background. · ence needed to insure the most effective use of either stainless or glass lines-or both-whichever is best for you. ENGINEERS 807H Many dairies using such lines engineered GLASS PIPE and by CP have cut their cleaning costs up to STEEL 50%. A survey by CP will show whether you STAINLESS can re~Iize similar savings. We'll give you the TUBING to your need• facts, just as we see them. Ask your CP R~presentative. There's no cost or obligation. · MFG. COMPANY

General and Export Offices: 1243 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago 7, Illinois Branches: Atlanta • Boston • Buffalo • Chicago • Dallas • Denver • Houston • Kamas City, Mo. • Los Angeles • Minneapolis • Nashville New York • Omaha • Philadelphia • Portland, Ore. • St. louis • Salt Lake City e Son Francisco • Seattle • Toledo • Waterloo, Ia. CREAMERY PAC~AGE MFG. CO. of CANADA, LTD. THE CREAMERY PACKAGE MFG. COMPANY, LTD. 26,7 King St., West, Toronto 2, Ontario Mill Green Road, Mi!cham Junction, Surrey, England

VII 249 Editorial Notes

STATUS OF OUR ASSOCIATION PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE* .. t Forty years, nine months, and two days ago our committtfeS than ours. With this position in the field 1 thirty-five founders met in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, ·of milk and food sanitation co~es a great responsi­ representing the United States, Canada, and Austral­ bility to maintain, to improve, to continue to grow. ia. At this meeting an organization was formed which was called tbe International Association of Milk In­ Let us not rest on our laurels, let''us not believe that spectors. The name was changed later to the Inter­ we are perlect, let us not delude ourselves into be­ national Association of Milk Sanitarians, and in 1947 lieving that we have all the· answers. Rather let us this was changed again to the INTERNATIONAL AssociA­ plan and work always toward the future. Many mile­ TION OF: MILK AND Foon SANITARIANS, INc. stones have been passed, but many, many more beckon ·· to us in the distance. Allow me to enumerate some The high ideals and noble purpose of these men futui'e. objectives toward which we should bend our has continued to be our guiding light down through efforts.\ · the years. Our steady growth and the recognition we have attained throughout the world is indisputable 1. Unquestioned recognition of the milk and food evidence of the value of our beginning: We have nev­ sanitarian as a professional public health worker. This er forsaken those principles. can only be accomplished through merit, public accep­ tance, and a job done better than anyone else can do In 1937 the Journal of Milk and Food Technology it. Make no mistake, that you can legislate yourself was born and became our official publication. It is into professionalism. Such an approach will retard ac­ now world wide in circulation and second tp none in ceptance, on a professional level, many years. the field of milk and food sanitation-a publication which is a living monument to the foresight and de­ 2. Contin!led growth in membership both in num­ votion of Bill Palmer, Dr. Shrader, Paul Brooks, and ber and quality. many others who worked so hard to establish the answer to a great need. 3. An organized effort to bring about education in Today we have over three thousand, two hundred milk and food sanitation on the secondary and ele­ members who represent every state in the United mentary level. The lack of education on these levels, States and fifty-six foreign countries,. and nineteen concerning a matter so vital to the public health, is Affiliate associations representing twenty-three states. criminal negligence. We must inform the public who Our Journal has an average circulation of over 4500 we are and what we dq. So far, we have done this copies per issue. job poorly. Secondary and elementary education is the place to begin. In July a central office was established ·in Shelby­ ville, Indiana, with 11· full time Executive Secretary, 4. Monthly. publication of the Journal. This can Managing Editor, and clerical help. It is my great only be brought about by increases in membership, privilege to be your first full time executive. The record subscriptions, and 'advertising. Each of you can help, of the first year of this operation, which will be re­ each of you will gain by this. ported to you at this meeting, is one that I can point 5. A tra'{el expense budget for each of our com­ to with justifiable pride. Let me hasten to add however, I that it is a record which could never have been attain­ mittees. Committee work could be improved a thous­ ~• ed without the phenomenal support of your officers, and percent if we could become somewhat indepen­ Executive Board, and all of our members. It is your dent of requests for out of state travel. The objectives record. enumerated are by no means all, but certainly you will agree that they are worthwhile. So long as I have any­ Today the world waits upon the findings of our thing to do with this Association I pledge myself to committees with regard to all the various problems in support all well established endeavors and work to­ sanitation. Nowhere are there better, harder working word the accomplishment of all others that you may deem worthy of our labors.

<)Presidential a.:ldress of Mr. H. L. Thomasson, delivered at the Thirty-ninth Annual Meeting, INTERNATIONAL AssociATION OF MILK· AND FooD SANITARIANs, INc., held at Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 18-20, 1952. H. L. THOMASSON, President 250 AWARDS

RECOGNITION .AND .AWARD Oakite Products, Inc. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company

At long last, the Association went into action on These companies have the satisfaction of expre~sing the bestowal of recognition to colleagues who have thanks and appreciation for work well done in the l achieved well-deserved fame in the profession of milk public interest. "Peace hath her victories no less than and food sanitation (see page 251 this issue). Origin­ war." Abele and Corash have made major contribu­ ally adopted at the Jacksonville meeting of the Asso­ tions to the war against disease and confusion, and ciation in 1939, the bestowal of. recognition has had have added to our armamentaria in advancing orderli­ to wait until vision and executive ability in Associa­ ness and sound food sanitary practise. Best of all, both tion management could connect up with adequate recipients stand high as men of character and impec­ sources of revenue. This was accomplished during cable personal integrity. Here is professional attain­ this past year through the public-spirited generosity ment at its best-personnel, performance, recognition. of the· following firms: We salute them, we thank the sponsors, and we com­ mend the action of the Committee on Recognition and The Diversey Corporation Awards, through its energetic and efficient chairman, Klenzade ·Products, Inc. Dr. K. G: Weckel. · Mathieson Chemical Corporation J. H. SHRADER '\

Newly elected officers and Executive Board. Left to right­ D. Faulkner; Senior Past President: K. G. Weckel; 1st Vice­ /fil •I ~ ~· President: Harold J, Barnum~ Immediate Past President and President: I. E. Parkin; Secretary-Treasurer: H. H. Wilkowske; ' !... ' Executive Secretary: H. L. Thomasson; President-Elect: John 2nd Vice-President: Ivan Van Nortwick ~ f

I' i ~ MF 180 AwARDS 251

THE SANITARIANS AWARD

The 1952 ~anitarians Award, the citation presented annually in recognition of professional achievement ( '' as a Sanitarian by the INTERNATIONAL AssociATION OF 4 MILK AND Foon SANITARIANS, was presented to Paul ~· Corash, Chief of the Milk Division, Bureau of 'Food and Drugs, New York City Department of Health, at it~ meeting on· Friday, September 19, 1952, at Minnea­ polis, Minnesota. The Award, consisting of a Certifi­ cate of Citation and $1000, wM presented on behalf of the Association by Dr. K. G. Weckel,. Chairman of the Association's Committee on Recognition and Awards. Paul Corash has been in the service of the New York City Department of Health for 25 years, having served successively as inspector, Assistant Chief of Milk Inspection, and as Chief Milk Inspector since 1944.

The recipient of the.. Award was selected b~cause of his leadership and influence in developing and apply­ ing .sanitary standards in the handling of milk and foods in the sanitation ~ervice. Mr. Corash is respon­ sible for the safety and quality of milk and all milk products sold to over 10 millign residents and visitors in the greater New York area. The development and application of the sanitary standards under his super­ vision involve some 43,000 dairy farms and several The Sanitarians' Award is sponsored jointly by- hundred dairy processing plants. The procurement of milk in this work involves some quarter of a million 'The Diversey Corporation dairy farm people. Klenzade Products, Inc. Through the efforts of Mr. Cm·ash, development of Mathieson Chemical Corporation long term plans was brought about for self improve­ Oakite Products, Inc. ment and control by industry of the milk supplies ang processing methods. Through his efforts consum­ The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing er groups have been appraised of the ser\rice of the Company Sanitarian in providing quality milk and related foods I at modest cost. Among the leading contributions of ,J' Mr. Corash in the milk and food sanitation service have been the early application of concepts of sanitation visory committees on ordinances and regulations, and as employed for milk to frozen desserts, in the utili­ has acted on consultant and lecturer to various pub­ zation of thermoduric tests for quality evaluation of lic health agencies and consumer groups. pre-pasteurized milk, in the application and general adoption of the phosphatase test, and in application The certificate accompanying the Award presented of cryoscopic procedure. He has pioneered standards to Mr. Corash reads as follows: "For distinguished for bulk milk dispensers and washers for bulk milk service in contributing to the public health welfare tanks. In the field of professional .relations he has of the community he serves; for personalizing the served on committees in the development of sanitary ideals of the Sanitarian; for his contribution toward standards and design of food-handling equipment, ad- public recognition of the profession of the Sanitarian." 252 AWARDS

../ i 1

i \

THE CriATION AWARD tee and the U. S. Public Health Service. The de­ velopment of the SA Sanitary Standards and their The Citation Award, for distinguished service to widespread adoption by industry throughout the the INTERNATIONAL AssociATION OF MILK AND FooD country is heralded as one of the major contribu­ SANITARIANS, was presented to Charles A. Abele at tions in the history of food industry sanitation reg­ · its Annual Meeting, Friday, September 19, at Min­ ulations and procedures. neapolis, Minnesota. The Citation was presented to The Certificate of Citation presented to Mr. Mr. Abele on behalf of the Association by Dr. K. as Abele is as follows: "Able worker, overseer, and G. W eckel, Chairman, Committee to Citation and observer in many phases of public health activities; Awards. who has graciously given of his knowledge, exper­ Mr. Abele, who has been engaged as sanitarian iences, and abilities to fellow sanitarians; wisely I in civic, industrial, military, and public 'health ser- c,ounselled a long line of officers of the organization; J' . vice, has participated as a member and chairman outstanding leader a8 chairman of various commit­ of various committees of the INTERNATIONAL As­ tees; and as an officer, successful coordinator on be­ sociATION OF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANS, and in half of the Association in the development of sani­ correlating work with other public health organiza­ tary standards for dairy equipment which has bene­ tions. He is a past president of the Association, and fitted everyone; through whose affable disposition for 10 years has seryed as chairman of its Commit­ and exemplary behavior all became friends, this tee on Sanitary Procedure, which participates in Citation iS presented for Distinguished Service to the development· of the SA Sanitary Standards for the INTERNATIONAL AssociATION OF MILK AND FooD dairy equipment with the Dairy Industry Commit- SANITARIANS." 39TH ANNUAL MEETING 253

THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING A GREAT SUCCESS The Thirty-ninth Annual Meet­ ing of the International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc., i held at Minneapolis, Minnesota, '.{ September 18-20, 1952, made sani­ 1 tation history. The registration, ran up to 486, with 311 present at the banquet. Registrants came from 33 states, England and Canada. Fifty­ three ladies registered, but many more were in attendance and partic­ ipated in the tours. The Minnesota Milk Sanitarians Association held a special luncheon with attendance of 250. The program was arranged so that general sessions were followed by divisional meetings devoted to the discussion of problems in sani­ tation technolqgy related to milk and food respectively. This gave variety, and served the speciai in­ Presentation of the Sanitarians Award for outstanding achievement as a Sanitarian terests of the members, and yet left to Paul Corash the whole in unity. New features were the joint meetings of commit­ briefed us on the new develop­ gram of Beatrice Baxter, directed tee chairman with the Executive ments in the operation of the As- · to women televiewers. He informed Board, the television broadcast over sociation (see address on page 249, them what the Association is and KSTV-TV by Ken Weckel, the ci­ this issue). The number of affiliate does, how milk is protected by cov­ tations and honor a-wards, and the members is 2451 and the direct ered caps and pouring lip design contagious spirit of optimism and membership is 793, making a total (actually shown on the screen), progress. of 3244. The Journal circulation and exMbited sanitary pipe, smooth Tliis note set the tone of the averages a little over 4500 copies. welding jobs. sanitation guide meeting. President "Red" Thomas­ Ken Weckel broadcast a televi­ books, and paper containers. The son (who also serves as our genial sion program arranged by the Min­ emphasis was on show, not on talk. and efficient Executive Secretary) nesota Milk Sanitarians, on the pro- At the banquet, the Committee on Recognition and Awards inaug­ erated its program of recognition for distinguished service. The Cita­ tion Award went to C. A. Abele for distinguished service to the Associ­ ation (see page 252) and the Sani­ tarians Award, a citation and purse of $1000, was presented to Paul I ~' Corash (see page 2.51). This Award was made possible by the genero­ sity of the Diversey Corporation, Klenzade Products, Inc., Mathieson Chemical Corporlltion, · Oakite Products, Inc., and the Pennsyl­ vania Salt Manufacturing Co.-ad­ ministered by Ken Weckel, Chair­ man of the Committee of Recogni­ tion and Awards. The many papers presented ap­ pear in this and in forthcoming is­ General Group at Rostrum sues of this Journal. 254 39TH ANNUAl. MEETING

Fifteen door prizes were awarded 9. Box Citrus Fruits, Marmalade The Land 0' Lakes Creameries, to the holders of the successful Donor-Florida Assn. Inc., treated us royally. A tour of numbers given for attendance at Winner-C. H. Holcombe, Minn. their great plant revealed thl(lt they the op~nings of the respective ses­ Dept. Agriculture, St. Paul, Minn. did an eighteen million dollar bus­ sions. iness in supplying machinery and i, 10. 2 yr. Subscription to Connecti­ equipment, and handled approxi- i cut Circle mately 276 million units of milk t products to an amount of $115,000- PRIZES (DOOR} AWARDED Donor-Connecticut Assn. 000. Then came an excellent beef AT MEEnNG Winner-Clarence Luchterhand, dinner, served to about 500 guests. Dept. of Health, Madison, Wis­ Ben Zakariason was the genial 1. Desk Set of Thermometm & consin master of ceremonies. In the ac­ Humiguide companying picture, we see how Donor-N. · Y. State Assn. 11. 6 ( 10 oz.) boneless, Prime Cut, he got up a fine set of "choir boys" Winner-W. R. Johnson, Lubock, Top Butt steaks -and how they did sing! Dr. W. E. Texas Donor-Illinois Assn. Petersen delivered a thought-pro­ Winner-Raymona--.P.ruchaska, Min- voking address (see excerpts on neapolis, Minn. -, page 256). Harris Nelson - that 2. One 10 lb. Washington Salmon "dumb Swede"-put on a good clean Donor-Washington Ass~. 12. 1 canned Boneless Ham show. The picture shows him ready to play three trumpets at once- a Winner....,.Dr. J. C. Olson, Dairy Donor-Iowa Assn. Div. Univ. of Minn. Union Farm one-man trio. St. Paul, Minnesota Winner-C. Barfknecht, Winthrop, The annual meeting of the Asso­ Minnesota ciation next year will be held at the Michigan State College, at East 3. Case of Phillips 66 Motor Oil 13. Rocky Mt. Trout Lansing, at the end of August or Donor-Oklahmpa Assn. Donor-Colorado Assn. (Rocky · the first week in September. Winner-Ben Arnold, Minneapolis Mt.) The ladies' entertainment was Health Dept,., Minne~polis, Minn. Winner-Ken Weckel, Madison, particularly successful. Under the Wisconsin chairmanship of Henry Healy, the 4. Choice Kansas City Steaks Women's Entertainment Commit­ Donor-Missouri Assn. 14. Cheese Assortment tee consisted of: Winner-Lee Hill, Twin City Milk Donor-Wisconsin Assn. Mr. Walter A. Carlson, General Producers Assn., St. Paul, Minn. Winner-Jerome H. Mueller, She- Mills, Inc. boygan Health Dept., Sheboy­ Mrs. Ben Zakariason, wife of gan, Wis. chief chemist at Land O'Lakes. 5. Choice of 2 box seats Indiana 500 mile auto races or Desk Set. Mrs. Carl Mattson, wife of qua­ 15. Tie Clasp lity . control supervisor- of Land Donor-Indiana Assn. Donor-South Dakota Assn. O'Lakes. Winner-T-om Bauer, Rochester Winner-F. E. Seyfried, Creamery Mrs. Ruth Brand, director of Dairy, Arkansaw, Wisconsin Package, Chicago, Illinois Twin City Dairy Council.

6. Carrom GaiQe Board Donor-Michigan Assn. Winner-Dr. Harold Richie,.,Swift & Co., Chicago, Illinois

7. Traffic View & Cigarette Light- er. Donor-Michigan Assn. Winner- W. U. Andrist, Minn. Dept. Agriculture, Brainerd, Minn ..

8. Duplicate of #7 Donor-Michigan Assn. Winner-A. P. Hove, Des Moines, Mr. and Mrs. Harold· Richie, Chicago, Illinois, and Mr. and Mrs. Mills Garrison, Ada, .Iowa • Oklahoma, show typical expressions of enjoyment at festivities. ,· ' 39m ANNUAL· MEETING 255

Splendid hospitality in lavish ·western" (I write this from Bos­ tionl ) style provided by The Hamm Brewing Company The Gluck Brewing Company '.i Kraft Foods, Inc. 4 I t· Land O'Lakes Creameries Minneapolis Brewing Company Schmidt's Brewing Company Norris Dispensers The Dairy Industry of Minne­ sota General Mills

Fifty-five ladies attended the luncheon at the White Pine Inn, sponsored by Monarch Cleaning Chemicals, and sixty-five lunched Harris Nelson at the Radisson Hotel as guests of St; Paul Ice Cream Manufacturers. Then there were the bus tour over the Red Wing pottery factories. out costing me a cent, they won't the surrounding countryside and There were many complimentary believe me." t the twin cities, the famous St. expressions and one lady from ver­ Anthony Falis, the colored slides mont expressed her feelings thus: Joe Olson and his associates did at the University of Minnesota Mu­ "When I go back and tell my a splendid job in handling the • seum, and souvenir plates from friends what I saw and did with- local entertainment features.

I

~'

Governor Anderson of Minnesota, wel­ Owen Owens, President, Minnesota Milk Joe Olsen, Jr., Secretary-Treasurer, Min­ comes members and guests to Minnea­ Sanitarians Association, extends greetings nesota Association and Cliairman .of the polis. and welcome. Local Arrangements Committee: ~- ·' 256 39TH ANNUAL MEETING

EXCERPTS OF ADDRESS AT LAND O'LAKES the line from the time that the milk is picked up at the farm until it is deliver­ w. E. PETERSEN ed to the consumer in the cities and towns be cut down to the very minimum Everyone interested in the dairy bus­ in mind. Cows must be milked and fed that is necessary. Any time that new "in­ at least twice daily every day of the week. ventions give pt'omise of improving effici­ iness should register some concern for I its 'future. Comparing it to other enter­ With all the advances that · are being ency anywhere along the entire line pre­ prises, the dairy business has not fared made in the field of agriculture there is sent themselves, they should be given so well in·recent years. Since 1946 there nothing on the horizon to give the dairy every encouragement for the fullest de­ have been big retreats in cow numbers, farmer any hope that he can escape long velopment. largely because ~any have found· it rel­ days and seven day weeks. While the pro­ I want to just call attention to one very atively unprofitable to inilk cows com­ ducer has achieved a lot in getting bet­ important cost item-that of housing dairy pared to other agricultural enterprises. ter cows that produce more efficiently, cattle. It has recently been shown 'that The total per capita consumption . of growing crops that would yield more wh(1n the cow was asked the question, she dairy products has declined largely be­ milk per acre of land, and arranging the did not want the warm barn and she cause of the loss of the largbutter markets to substitutes, and substi­ per unit of milk produced, he still has into it and she does not appreciate the· tutes for other parts of milk are being a long way to go before his end will be alleged comforts that such conventional developed and in some places promoted brought up to the highest efficiency. structures afford. There are certain other in direct competition to dairy products. Cows that have t!Ie inheritance for high­ things that she appreciates far more, one er and more efficient production must be of them is the freedom that she may have In order to meet these problems it is bred and here the recentfufjroduction of in structures where she may go in and necessary that we face facts. One of the artificial insemination bids w~ll to speed out as she sees fit. The low temperature first fund~mentals that one must consid­ up the attainment of this &sirable ob­ maintained in this climate is not at all e~, if he is genuinely interested in main­ jective... disliked by the cows . . . All that the cow taining the healthiest dairy ii;~dustry, is cares for in the way of housing is a dry that the consumer is price-conscious. The potentiality 'If lowering costs bv bed . . . and then to be protected against Everyone knows that the decrease in the having better cows that are better fed direct draft, dampness. In 'other words consumption of butter is a mere question and managed is well illustrated by what loose housing with infinitely less expen­ of price. No one would consume butter has happened in Minnesota during the diture· in the building structure than is substitutes if good butter were obtainable last several years; during which the milk­ required by the conventiona.). barn, is at the same price . . . The composition of ing cow population decreased by 300,000 more satislactory for the performance of this product is vastly different from a yet the total milk production was un-. the cows than is the conventional expen­ chemical standpoint than any of the so­ altered. That meant for the same pro­ sive bam. i called substitutes. Here, I think, the duction there were 300,000 less cows to The same unbiased inquiry should be stimulating of competent people in the milk, feed, and house. made all along the line to ascertain research field to investigate more thor­ whether or not that have oughly the profitable nutritional advan­ requir~ments . . . It has been widely demonstrated that been considered as essential are necessary tages .of butterfat over other fat should rough feeds can be made of such a qual­ ... We must be careful that we do not ~ pay big dividends to the dairy industry.' . ity that they will supply all of the nu­ encumber the cows with unnecessary re­ I should like to emphasize the need trient requirements for even the highest quirements that will make it impossible for improved efficiency all along the line producing cows. In this particular area, for her to do this job as efficiently as is that milk and other dairy products .. may by introducing simple pasture manage­ necessary. . . Remember, too, that it be delivered to the consumer in the high­ ment procedures, pounds of milk per makes little difference in what part or est possible quality and at the lowest · acre of land that is pastured can easily phase of the great industry in which we possible price that is consistent with rea­ be doubled. may be interested, our welfare is depend­ sonable return'S for the labors extended all ent upon the welfare of the dairy industry alohg the line. To · attain .this end it is The cost of producing milk on the as a whole, and therefore, it is to the going to require concerted' effort by all farm is only part of the cost of milk and interest of each one of us to see that in all of the various branches of this great dairy products to the consumer. Many every effort is made to improve this effi­ industry. are the producers, that have claimed ciency all along the line, and to have no that they are getting entirely too small hesitancy in asking questions about the The producer, who is the key to this a proportion of the consumer's dollar. It necessity for the existence of any require­ whole industry, must constantly be kept is equally important that efficiency along ment that increases cost. ANNOUNCEMENT oN AwARD 257

ANNOUNCEMENT OF the field of milk and food sanita­ to co-workers when deemed advis­ CONTINUATION OF THE tion to the public welfare of a able. Membership in The Interna­ SANITARIANS AWARD county or municipality, in the Unit­ tional Association of Milk an~ ed States or Canada, and shall be Food Sanitarians is not a requisite it is a real pleasure to be able to currently employed by a county or of eligibility. No individual shall .l . announce that The Sanitarians municipality as a profess~onal receive the Award more than once. t Award, cbnsisting of a Certificate Dairy or Food Sanitarian or both. A nomination for the Award may ~ of Citation and a cash award of The work on which the Award is be sent to the Executive Secretary $1000, will again be offered at the to be based must have been com­ of the Association by any member next annual meet-ing of the Associa­ pleted during the five-year period of the International Association of tion, at East Lansing, Michigan, in immediately preceding January 1 Milk and Food ''Sanitarians, except September, 1953. The Award is of the year during which the members of the Committee on Rec­ administered by the Committee on Award is to be made. Under spec­ ognition and Awards. Nominations ial circumstances, a consideration Recognition and Awards., It is must be accqmpanied by: sponsored jointly by The Diversey may be given to related work ac­ complished by a nominee during 1. A brief biographical sketch Corporation, Klenzade Products, of the nominee Inc., Oakite Products, Inc., Penn­ a period not. to exceed ~ven years sylvania Salt Manufacturing Com­ previous to the. time the ~ward is 2. A resume of the work and to be made. ., pany, and The Mathieson Chemical achievement for which recognition is proposed Corporation. In judging the contribution of Complete information on the the nominee, special consideration 3. Supporting evidence· of the rules of selection of the candidate shall b~ given to originality of activities of the nominee ' for The Sanitarians Award is ava~l­ thought, mode of planning, and 4. Where possible, reprints of able from the Executive Secretary technique~ employed in carrying any publication relating to these ef­ of The International Association of out the work, its comprehensive forts. Milk and Food Sanitarians. Every nature, and its relative value to the No member. may offer more than member of the Association is re­ community. Consideration shall be one nomination in any given year. quested to give consideration to given to the efforts of the nominee Solicitation on the part of any indi­ serving as a nominator for that in­ in establishing professional recog­ vidual or institution on behalf of dividual whose service and contri­ nition in the community in which any nominee will be ·looked upon bution as a milk and food sanitar­ he served, to research and develop­ with disfavor by the Committee. ian have been outstanding. In ment, administration, and educa­ All nominations and supporting evi­ brief, the essential points in the tional achievements. · dence must be in the hands of the procedure· and rules for selection Anyone is considered eligible Executive Secretary on or before of a nominee as a candidate for the May 15. The .Executive Secretary A ward are as follows: who is a living citizen of the United States or Canada and who at the will transmit all nominations as re­ time of nomination is actively en­ ceived to the Chairman of the Com­ ELIGIBILITY gaged in the line of work for which mittee on Recognition and Awards. To be eligibl~ for The Sanitar­ the Award is made. There are to H. L. THOMAssoN, Chairman ians Award, a nominee shall have be no restrictions as to race, sex, Committee on Recognition made meritorious contribution in or age. The Award may be made and Awards

The banquet and entertainment will be long remembered by all those in attendance.

.j ·~

258 CoMMITTEE REPORTS

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN 3A SANITARY STANDARDS soaiation be accorded the pnvi­ lege of attending meetings of this ANNUAL REPORT COMMITTEE ON SANITARY PROCEDURE Committee, as an observor and consultant. Since successive joint­ 1952 meetings of the three participating .agencies are held in different sec­ , . The Committee on Sanitary Pro- . has been advanced. Most of the tions of the country, and usually at l cedure met in joint session with the time at joint meetings, however, Annual Meetings of the Association, U. S. Public Health Service Milk has been devoted to discussion of it should be possible for every Af­ ' and Food Branch, and the Sub the details of sanitary standards for filiate representative to participate Committee on Sanitary Standards C.I.P. pipeline installations, and for in Committee deliberations from of the Dairy Industry Committee, farm tanks. Task committees have time to time. in Evanston, Illinois, on April 29 under consideration initial or early and 30, 1952. Three members of the drafts of sanitary standards for The Council approved this pro­ Committee also took part in a dis­ clarifiers, separators, fillers, for· the posal, and invitations to Affiliate cussion of tentative sanitary stand­ installation and operation of HTST Association to appoint such a rep­ ards for C.I.P. sanitary pipeline in­ pasteurizers, · batch pasteurizers, resentative will in due course, he stallations, and for farm bulk milk evaporators, heat excRa~.gers (cab­ forthcoming. holding and for cooling tanks, at inet and surface type), ll:jak-protec­ Davis, California, on June 26. And tors plug valves, hose and gasket Every Annual Report of this the Committtee has reviewed the materials, and a code governing the Committee, since and including the most recent tentative drafts of these minimum radii of plane junctions one presented at the Milwaukee latter two sanitary standards dur­ under various· conditions. Meeting, in 1947, has made refer­ ing the current meeting. ence to plans or efforts to register Committee Reports of recent with the U.S. Patent Office the 3-A Since the 1951 Annual Meeting years have made reference to the symbol which has been employed of the Association, those 3-A Sani­ desirability for the organization of in connection with this project of tary Standards have been published the Committees in Affiliate Associ­ the development of sanitary stand­ I in the Journal. ations, to keep their memberships ards. It is, therefore, with a sense abreast of developments; and to These are: of accomplishment and a feeling of provide the Committee on Sanitary pride that the announcement is ~~ 3~A Sanitary Standards for Plate­ Procedure with current experience made that on August 26, 1952 the. ! Type Heat Exchanger for Milk and in the field. Thirteen such com­ symbol in question was registered Milk Products, in the January-Feb­ mittees have been organized prior on the Principal Register of the ruary, 1952, number, page 14; to the 1951 Annual Meeting of the United States Patent Office, in the Association. 3-A Sanitary Standards for name of the INTERNATIONAL Pumps for Milk and Milk Products It has not been difficult to make ASSOCIATION OF MILK AND (Revised to include the design for available information and reprints FOOD SANITARIANS, Inc., and shaft threads where necessary), in of 3-A Sanitary Standards for the that we have a signed and sealed the May- June number, page 115; use of these committees but the me­ document to that effect. This certifi­ and chanics for providing them with ad­ cate remains in force for twenty vance knowledge of the potential years, and is being transmitted to Supplement No.2 to the 3-A San­ or probable form of tentative .sani­ the Executive Board for safe keep­ itary Standards for Fittings Used tary standards has failed complete­ ing. This symbol may be used on on Milk and Milk Products Equip­ ly mainly because of the time ele­ Receptacles, which includes weigh ment, and Used on Sanitary Lines ment. The interval between re­ cans, receiving tanks and storage · Conducting Milk and Milk Prod­ ceipt of tentative' sanitary stand­ tanks, automotive transportation ucts ( 13 SH Hex Nut), in the July­ ards and joint-meetings is usually tanks which conform to 3-A Sani­ Augu~t number, page 173. too short to permit their distribu­ tary Standards. The 3-A Sanitary Standards for tion, consideration, and receipt of Return Tubular Heat Exchangers replies from Committees of Affili­ Proprietorship of this 3-A symbol presents the Association with a will be published in an early num­ ate Associations. a Pandora's box of problems. We ber of the Journal (Ed. note-this In order to maintain the much­ own it. Those who wish to use· it, issue page 277). to-be-desired liaison between the if any, must obtain our permission Some progress has been made in Committee on Sanitary Procedure to do so. We must, therefore, for­ the formulation of sanitary stand­ and Parallel Affiliate Association mulate the conditions prerequisite ards for can washers, and agree­ Committees, it has been proposed to the granting of such permission. kil·.· ment on sanitary standards for con­ to the Association Council that a This involves questions not answer­ ~~ ventional type milking machines representative of each Affiliate As- able in a twinkling, and it must

, I COMMITTEE REPORTS 259

PROPOSAL FOR AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL the standard procedure for the in­ PROCEDURAL HANDBOOK* vestigation of milk-borne and food­ borne disease outbl'eaks as spon­ REPORT o~ THE CoMMITTEE oN CoMMUNICABLE DisEASEs AFFECTING MAN sored by the INTERNATIONAL Ass~­ CIATION OF MILK AND FooD SANI­ EALIZING the importance of epi­ 3. To improve reporting of such i TARIANs; INc. . demiological investigation in a outbreaks in order that suffic~ent ' . R ~ well-balanced milk and food sanita­ data will be available for use by By means of this report, we wish 1 tion program and realizing that local, state, and federal agencies to request the members of this As- many of 'the states and municipali­ and industry in milk and food san­ ,sociation to 'send to either the ties do not have .a manual of epi­ itation program planning. Chairman or a member of this demiological P,rocedures for the in­ Committee, or the Secretary of this vestigation of milk-borne and food­ To date the Committee has pre­ Association, material considered borne disea'se outbreaks, your Com­ pared an outline for this proposed pertinent to this project. Due ac­ mittee on Commm;ticable Diseases procedure and has reviewed mate­ knowledgment will, of course, be Affecting Man has undertaken· the rial pertaining to this project as given to the sources of material sizable task of formulating for prepared by several state and lo­ used. adoption by the Association such cal agencies. It is the'Rlan of the a procedure. The tlrree principal Committee to present to\this As­ R. J. HELVIG, Chairman ob)ectives in undertaking this pro­ sociation at its 195.'3 Annual Meet­ L. E. BURNEY s. L. HENDRICKS ject are as follows: ing a draft of the proposed pro­ RAYMOND FAGAN C. H. MADER cedure for the purpose of obtain­ R. G.·FLOOD [. A. MERCHANT 1. To provide sanitarians with ing the comments and recommen­ JoHN H. FRITZ E. R. PRI€E a procedure to guide them when dations of the Executive Board and confronted with milk-borne or the members of the Association. food-borne disease outbreaks; The final :phase in the develop­ 2. To stimulate an active inter­ ment of this procedure will be to <)Presented at the 39th Annual Meet­ present it in completed form to the ing of the INTERNATIONAL AssoCIATION est on. the part of all sanitarians in oF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs, INc., the epidemiological aspects of Association in 1954 with the rec­ Minneapolis, Minnesota, September 18, their programs; ommendation that it be adopted as 1952.

be recognized that we are faced There is basis for the assumption .zation for control of the use of 3-A with a ·grave responsibility. that manufacturers of equipment symbol can be presented to the As­ It is not here inferred that the which conforms to .'3-A Sanitary sociation in its next Annual Report. Association was precipitate in ap­ Standards will, sooner .or later, wish plying for registration of the sym- to make use of the registered 3-A C. ·A. ABELE, Chairman . bal. Action was taken, approximate­ symbol to identify such equipment. ly five years ago, to forestall ac­ In anticipation of that development, H. E. BREMER M. D. HowLETT, JR. quirement of this symbol-very ap­ discussions concerning the mechan­ PAuL CoRASH H. L. THOMASSON propriate for our use-by other in­ ism of licensing and control have al­ M. R. FISHER IvAN VANNoRTWICK terests, before we could attain posi­ ready been held with manufactur­ tion to make use of it.. Its use has ers of equipment. The Committee I. E. PARKIN HAROLD W AINESS now been assured to us. is hopeful that a complete organi- J. A. MEANY c. w. WEBER

3A Sa11itary Standards Booth at the Chicago Dairy Show September 22-27, 1952

.?'; 260 COMMITTEE REPORTS

SANITARY CONTROL OF FROZEN FOODS* centrations of microorganisms in the fruit-flavored than in the con­ (REPORT OF CoMMITTEE ON FROZEN FooD SANITATION) ' centrate-flavored varieties. This has l . ' . raised the question as to whether . -· HIS past year your committee for fruits and/or nuts to be used in ~ it might be desirable for the Des­ continued its investigations the manufacture of ice cream and ,. T serts Sanitation Committee of the dealing with regulations for frozen other frozen desserts? The follow­ .. fruits, 'flavors, etc. for use in ice ing returns are reported: ' INTERNATIONAL AssociATION oF ·~ MILK AND Fooo SANITARIANS to de­ 1 cream. This was a continuation of Undeliverable for various reasons .. 5 velop miCJ.;o-biological standards for the survey reported on last year Detailed replies ...... 7 fruits for frozen desserts, a:Q.d to rec­ which dealt .with the processing No answer ...... 85 ommend them to those who market treatment given to fruits for use ---:r7 fruits to the ice cream industry. in ice cream. It is obvious that the manufac­ A new phase of study has ·dealt turer of ice cream in the United Dr. M. L. Speck, Chairman of the with regulations governing sanita­ States is extremely reticent on this Frozen Desserts Sanitation Com­ tion or roadside stands dispensing subject. The alternative, of course, mittee, appointed Dr. Raymond N. · frozen desserts. There has been is to believe·that the letter was not Doetsch to investigate this matter considerable feeling that regula­ properly framed fo;-·g~od response. further. At Dr. Doetsch's sugges­ tions concerning this aspect of pub­ Of the seven replies, ~e may sum­ tion, many fruit suppliers and ice lic health have been neglected. marize as follows: cream manufacturers have been so­ Such legislation effective in Canada licited for their opinions. This mem­ is reported herewith and it would Mold counts on fruits ...... l orandum summarizes observations be desirable to have such informa­ Ultra-violet irradiation...... 1 from a cross section of New Jersey tion for the United States. Mr. No standards ...... ! ice cream manufacturers. Ghiggoile' s report from California F. D. A. standards ...... 2 and Mr. Howe's report from Cana­ U. S. P. H. S. standards ...... 2 1. Microbiological Quality a :la give some suggestions for reg­ It seems that there is little or no Function of Code Definition and ulations whereby the sanitation of worry over standards here. The Enforcement: Practical, clearly de­ roadside stands can be controlled average plant manager feels that if fined, regularly and impartially en­ more effectively. these ingredients are added after forced regulations can be met by ( . the fruit-flavored ice creams of No further report is being made pasteurization they cannot be high­ ly contaminated. In view of the manufacturers desirous of obtain• at this time concerning regulations ing and keeping a market. Exam­ effective in the various states deal­ equivocation existing on just what significance molds, coliforms, etc. ple: the federal requirements of ing with frozen foods. Mr. King's "not more than 50,000 colonies per work with this phase has not been in fruits is, perhaps this view is not too extreme. One thing is certain: gram, by standard agar plate meth­ discontinued, however, and pos­ od, and not more than 10 coliforms sibly further information on this most of the manufacturers seem to be satisfied with the status quo. per gram, which levels shall not be study will be available in the next exceeded by more than one of four committee report. It is the opinion of this member samples taken on different days" The detailed reports on the above that further activities of the com­ have not caused hardship from fruit subjects are submitted to the As­ mittee be directed into other chan­ ice creams even when successive ·I sociation for its consideration. nels. batches are sampled daily. They have promoted intelligent, efficient, aseptic processing plant practices. REPORT ON A SURVEY OF ICE CREAM SHALL MICROBIOLOGICAL MANUFACTURERS REGARDING STANDARDS BE DEVELOPED FOR I STANDARDS FOR FRUITS AND NUTS FRUITS FOR FROZEN DESSERTS? 2. Blanket Specifications Could • Not Obtain: ~ RAYMOND N. DoETscH DAVID L~VOWITZ In an effort to determine some­ Examination of frozen desserts Fruits are available in so many what the attitude of ice cream man­ sampled in markets where maximal different styles (unripe; ripe; fresh; ufacturers regarding possible sani­ permissible total bacterial and coli­ frozen; cold-packed; hot-packed; tary standards for certain ingredi­ form levels per gram are not de­ sterilized; preserved; dried; can­ ents added terminally to pasteur­ fined or enforced, has generally died; etc.), and so many different ized ice cream mix, 47 ice cream demonstrated much higher con- varieties of fruits must be consid­ manufacturers were asked the fol­ ered that applicable standards lowing: What sanitary (chemical "Presented at the 39th Annual Meet­ would have to be extremely cum­ and bacteriological) specifications ing of the INTERNATIONAL AssociATION bersome if they were to begin to would you like to see the state and oF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs, INc., specify any thing other than local health departments establish Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 18-20, 1952. "wholesome . 1:

COMMI'ITEE REPORTS 261

3. Costs Would Be Unnecessar­ microbiological concentration lev­ In looking over copies of public ily Increased: els. There was unanimity in the sen­ health regulations enforced by the Fruits are presently grades. timent that it would be most benefi­ six provinces mentioned in para­ Adoption of microbiological stand­ cial if the requirements for frozen graph ( 2) above, it was fotmd th:rt ards for "Fruits for ice cream and desserts themselves, in all adjacent . "cuunter freezers", "frozen des·­ other frozen desserts" would mul­ markets and ultimately nationally, serts", and terms of a similar nature '. tiply the number of grades already be made uniform. The present reg­ were not specifically mentioned. t f existing, and could only increase ulations, changing as they do at In other words, it would appear that prices. every municipal boundary, do not places where _ice cream and allied expedite efficient processing. and products are made and sold are 4. Plant Handling Still a Prime distribution. considered in the general category Factor: of restaurants and are required to Fruits 'Supplied in heat-sterilized, LEGISLATION )N CANADA GOVERN­ meet regulations prescribed for hermetically-sealed containers are ING SANITATION OF ROADSIDE such places. Many of these regu­ not going to remain sound, if the STANDS DISPENSING FROZEN lations are, of course, quite suit­ freshly opened contents of the con­ DESSERTS able for restaurants, but not re­ tainer are contaminated. by careless strictive enough for highly perish­ S. R:-How' able products such as frozen d<;Js­ handling, and the storage period '1 between contamination and ulti­ In order to secure up-to;date in- serts. mate utilization entails tempera­ formation • regarding the · subject The dairy commissioners refer­ tures which encourage microor­ under review, the Dairy Commis­ red to above were also asked to ganism metabolism. sioner for each province in Canada outline their views concerning the was asked to supply information as pros and cons of legislation under 5. How C auld Standards Be to the legislation now in force in review. Their comments can be Enforced? his respective province covering summarized as follows: the operation of roadside stands The short fresh-fruit season and 1. There should be very def­ particularly from a sanitary s.tand­ the short supply of harvesting la­ inite sanitary standards for road­ point. He was also asked whether bor forces some ice cream. manu­ side stands or any place where ice such legislation was enforced by facturers to purchase certain fruits cream and other frozen or semi­ provincial or municipal authorities. "on the vine". Fresh fruit purchas­ frozen products are made and sold. ed at the market by frozen desserts ' Replies received from nine com­ 2. The sale of pre-packaged processors must be screened, and missioners indicated the following: products should be encouraged, due culls must be removed before the to unsatisfactory conditions whicli balance is to be considered a 1. Only one province has regu­ are often prevalent in the dispen­ "batch." A fair standard should be lations which have been written sing of bulk ice cream. applied equally, to all; why should specifically to control the operation those who purchase fruits for pro­ of countel' freezers. . 3. All mix should be pasteur­ cessing and resale be given either 2. In six provinces, sanitary con­ ized. Particular attention should be extra penalties or extra privileges? trol of roadside stands serving fro­ given to persons who make their zen desserts is undertaken by the own mix. These operators are usu­ 6. Who W auld Enforce The ally located at country points. Standards? provincial depa1tment of health, although in the case of larger cit­ 4. Regulations should be writ­ Standards, without enforcement, ies, the inspection and enforcement ten in language that is concise and would be meaningless. Who would are controlled by municipal author­ can be readily understood by oper­ be in a position to enforce the ities. ators. They should be printed to­ standards on the various types and gether and not inserted or inter­ varieties? Consider the perishable 3. In one province, there is no mingled with regulations dealing nature of many regularly employ­ provincial legislation governing with other foods, in order that re­ roadside stands from the stand­ ed, commercial forms of fruit; prints can be easily made fof distri­ where ·would qualified inspec­ point of sanitation, cleanliness, or bution by inspectors. tional personnel be obtained? equipment. The inspection is en­ tirely the responsibility of the mu­ 5. Provisions should be made nicipal departments of health under for licensing stands where ice SUMMARY their own local by-laws. cream, sherbet, etc. are actually made, and it should be mandatory The majority of ice cream manu­ 4. In one of the smaller pro­ that such places cannot operate facturers solicted for opinions feel vinces, there is no inspection of without a license. It is felt that'this that present laws which require the such stands, due to the fact that provision would be of assistance utilization of wholesome fruits need there are very few operating there to inspectors in the enforcement of not be strengthened by defining at the present time. legislation. · 262 COMMITTEE REPORTS

REGULATIONS_ GOVERNING SAl-UTA­ The frozen product which con­ openings should be properly screen­ TION OF ROADSIDE STANDS DISPEN­ tained from 2 to 8 percent of milk ed, including outward self-closing ING FROZEN DESSERTS fat was of inferior quality, and high doors. bacteria counts were the rule rath­ (· 0. A. GmGGOILE Sufficient light to be provided. in er than the exception. each room equivalent to not less Roadside stands dispensing fro­ A survey of these establishments than one 50-watt electric light per zen desserts, particularly stands clearly indicated the necessity for 100 square feet of floor area reason­ where products are manufactured proper control and supervision. and dispensed in the form of pac:k­ ably and efficiently distributed. Each room must be adequately ven­ aged goods, milk drinks, and cones, Today, in m'any ·sections of the tilated. This c.an be accomplished should be controlled in the same country, the small installations are by the installation of wall ventila­ manner as other milk products under the same control and super­ tors near the floor giving one square plants. They should be subjected to . vision as any other milk products foot of floor space and by ceiling the same regulations and stand­ plant and are so classified by law. vents leading to roof ventilators. ards. From both a public health If existing legislation is inadequate Hot and cold wate.r to be made and an economic viewpoint, there for the ··proper control of these available in the processing room; is no difference between a small roadside stands, ame'hdment to ef- ,. such water to be properly located plant and a large J?lant. feet the desired results'.·';Should be and easily accessible. Before . these so-called roadside made. Most of the operators of road­ stands, now commonly referred to The products should be manu­ in many sections as counter-freezer side stands purchase prepared ice factured in a separate room which cream mix which is , perishable. installations, were brought under is not used for any other purpose. Provision must, therefore, be made I control, there was much to be de­ The floor must be constructed of I sired. They were installed and op­ on the premises for the proper stor­ concrete or other impervious mate­ age of the mix. I erated in places of questionable rial and be watertight and sloped. I sanitary surroundings. They were A common practice at these road­ I All drainage will flow to drains I installed at resorts and at roadsides which are properly trapped and side stands is to serve direct from with no consideration being given CODJ1ected to a sewer line that will the freezer a soft frozen product I to proper care and sanitation. The convey refuse water and milk to a similar to an ice cream cone as well machines were often constructed in point at least 100 feet from the as milk drinks. To guard against such a manner that they could not plant. Wails and ceilings should be possible contamination from flies ~ be properly washed. and sanitized, tight, sound, and cleanable, and and dust, the pass-out or service and in some instances were so walls constructed of non-absorbent window should be of a size htrge crude that the equipment could not material sufficiently above the floor enough to meet the need. An open­ .be taken apart. to take care of any splash and to ing of 180 square inches as a max­ imum is sufficient for this purpose. Facilities for washing and saniti­ prevent the Rowin~ or seepage of zing equipment were not. provi.ded. water or other fluids underneath or When not in use, it must bB kept W as.hing and sanitizing consisted between the walls and floor and closed at all times. of 'running some warm water supporting members. All equipment should be elevated I j through the machine. Where kitch­ off the floor and installed far 'I ens were maintained, the equip­ Suitable toilet with self-closing enough from walls to permit prop­ ment was washed in . the kitchen doors and lavatory facilities, includ­ er cleaning of all walls and floors. ing soap and clean towels, must be and stored on shelves, subjecting One great problem concerning it to contamination by dust and provided for employees. The toilet is not to communicate directly with these stands is when they are lo­ grease. Rooms wen~ often so· small cated in areas where they do not and crowded that proper working any room used for handling prod­ I have access to a city sewer system. ~' space was not available which ucts or with any room used for the washing, sanitizing, and stor­ Provisions must be made for a sep­ made it almost impossible to clean tic tank large enough to accom­ the floors and walls. age of containers and supplies. 'Proper hand washing facilities are modate the plant waste. This prob­ Poorly constructed wooden floors to be provided in the processing lem is aggravated where the re­ were found in some of the process­ room. frigeration system is water cooled ing rooms allowing water and and the condenser water is allowed other liquid to seep through. Drain­ Two rooms, in addition to· toilet to go down the. drain: In many age was not provided, and it con­ faciliti~s, should be required .for cases, the septic tank has proved· sisted of letting the water through proper operations. One room used inadequate to handle the volume ·a door or through a · pipe in the exclusively, for processing and the of water involved. Careful consid­ wall to the outside where it was other for washing, sanitizing, and eration should be given to this allowed to stand, thereby creating handling of equipment and for the problem when installations are a hazard. storage of supplies. All outside made under this circumstance. CoMMITTEE REPORTS 263

To avoid extensive alterations or ( i) Meeting point of walls and U.S.P.H.S. WEEKLY COMMUNI­ rebuiJding, each person, before en­ B.oors: to be properly coved with gaging in the manufacture of prod­ two inch radius. CABLE DISEASE SUMMARIES DR. PAUL BROOKS ucts, should be n!quired to file an ( j ) Buildings to be located free .f application and fee and to sub­ This sketchy comment is based from any contaminating surround­ i mit · detailed plans or blueprints ings. on review of summaries for a six­ . . showing the nature of the construc­ weeks period, starting with the ~ tion' or alterations and receive ap­ ( k) Adequate light efficiently week ending August 30.. In that t proval in writi:Q.g. This · will give distributed 1n each room. · period there 'Yere reports covering regulatory agencies an opportunity ( 1) · Adequate high and low ven­ approximately 18 food-borne or pre­ to make corrections before con­ tilatimi in each room. sumably food-borne outbreaks. In struction begins and to inspect the ( m) Facilities for the proper 7 of these, investigations were in­ site or location for possible contam- washing al).d sanitizing of equip­ conclusive: not too bad an average. jnating surroundings, proper drain­ ment. kgain no milk-borne outbrt:Jaks age, and· SI!Jwage disposal. were reported. That could mean, ( n) Hot and cold running wa­ an increase tn pasteurization or de­ With the rapid increase of r()ad­ te.r in pro<)~ssing room. cline in -investigations. side stands for the manufacture and The most spectaeulttr outbreak, dispensing of frozen desserts, it is ( o) Storage space fur~ mix and supplies. ·.,, reported· from Oregon, ran into apparent that proper supervis,on large numbers. There were about and control should be maintained ( p) · Equipment elevated off 400 cases 'of gastroenteritis among in the interest of public health. the floor. from 10 to 15 thousand persons at­ There should als.o be a fairly uni­ ( q) Clean clothing for employ­ tending a picnic. Ham in ham sand­ form set of requirements recom-· ees. wiches, appeared to be the vehicle mended to all state authorities so ( r) Adequate toilet and lava·­ and Staphylococcus aure~s the ()r­ the requirements from one state to tory facilities. ganism. The latter was found, in large numbers, in the ham and, in another do not vary too greatly. ( s) Hand wash basin in pro­ smaller numbers, in other things, In this way, an operator moving cessing room. from one state to another will be including mayonnaise. 2 food han­ familiar with what is to be expected ( t) Employees to be free of dlers were found to have staphy­ if he goes into the business in anoth­ communicable disea:es and not in lococci in their noses and throats. er state. '=!ondition to disseminate the Rui:ming second in numbers was germs of any communicable dis­ an outbreak in gastroenteritis re­ SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ease. ported from Minnesota. Two hun­ ( u) Adequate water supply dred cases occurred among 535 (a) There must be at least two persons who ate lunch at a high­ rooms. properly 1ocatj:)d, easily ·accessible, and protected. ·Bacteria quality school. The evidence pointed to (b) Processing room to be used standards to conform to standard staphylococcus poisoning, and po• for no other purpose. for puolic supply of drinking water. tato salad was suspected. Of 3 wom·­ men who prepared the salad, one ( v) License qr permit system. (c) All doors and openings to gave a history of recent upper res- be properly screened. ( w) Satisfactory inspection re­ . piratory infection. (d) All doors to outside to open port before issuance of license or While staphylococcus enterotoxin outward and be self-closing. permit. predominated as the cause of the ( x) Blueprints or plans sub­ outbreaks reported, one of 7 cases (e) Floors to be constructed of mitted for approval. of gastroenteritis · (salmonellosis) . concrete or other approved imper­ reported from Maryland was of I ~' . vious material. Any comments ·on this report interest. The victims drank eggnog and suggestions whereby our future and b,ecame ill from 7 to 22 hours (f) Floors to be watertight and activities may be· made more effec­ later. Salmonella (type to be deter­ sloped. so that ~ll drainage 'flows to tive· will be welcomed by your mined) were· found in the eggnog. trapped drains connecl!ed to sewer Committee. The probable s·ource: the eggs. line. MARVIN L. SPECK, Chairman Persons having colds or other ( g) Walls and ceilings to be RAYMOND N. DoETSCH "upper respiratory infections" ·not sound, tight, and cleanable. 0. A. GHIGGOILE. infrequently have hemolytic sbip­ hylococci in their nose and throat S. R. HowE (h) Walls for a distance of at secretions. These may be transmit­ least 18 inches from the floor to be }AMES A. KING ted· to food by talking, coughing, constructed of concrete or other DAVID LEVOWITZ sneezing, dripping, · or via their approved impervious material. H. D. McAULIFF hands. 264 CoMMITTEE REPORTS

FOOD EQUIPMENT STANDARDS* ed for 60 days or longer, during (REPORT OF CoMMITTEE ON Foon EQUIPMENT F,oR THE YEAR which period each committee mem­ ber and consultant will have an ENDING SEPTEMBER 17, 1952) opportunity for review and ~final Your Coll).mittee on Food Equip­ lege are being continued and should comment. ! ment Standards is pleased to re­ supply the information needed to . ' Standards in task committee are ~ port some real and tangible pro­ conclude this standard. A design 1 gress during the year. This progress standard alone may not be ade­ to be considered at the October is particularly gratifying as it was quate. It may have to be supple­ 17-18, 1952, meeting and are as accomplish~d under exceedingly mented by a 'performance stand­ follows: difficult working conditions. With ard and tests. The Foundation is Ingredient water coolers the membership scattered 'through­ proceeding with plans for a testing out the country, not a single meet­ labotatory and one of its many po­ Ingredient containers ing was held and all work, recom­ tential services would be to test Mixers, vertical mendations, and exchange of ideas and approve dishwashing machines. Mixers, horizontal had to be carried on by correspond­ Dividers and rounders ence. Undoubtedly your committee CooPERATION Wr~ THE BAKING Pans could more effectively service the INDUSTRY SANITATION:, STANDARDS Proof box, bread coolers, and Association if some means ·could be CoMMITTEE! fermentation room worked out whereby the members could meet collectively in several The Baking Industry Sanitation Pan greasers sessions during the year. Standards Committee is diligently Spindle mixers, and enthu~iastically promoting From this imposing list of equip­ CooPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL their program of improvements in ment sanitation standards it should SANITATION FouNDATION sanitary design of all equipment used by that industry through the be obvious that a tremendous Your Committee has continued developmeHt of sanitary standards. amount of time and effort must be to cooperate with the National San­ Your committee has been pleased devoted by each committee member itation Foundation through its to continue to serve as a consultant if sound, practical sanitary stand­ Joint Committee on Food Equip­ to this sanital(\on committee of the ards are to be forthcoming which ment Standards. Baking Industry. Your chairman will result in marked improvement attended two meetings of this com­ in the sanitary quality of the bak­ Standard Number 1, Soda Foun­ mittee during the year, one at· Chi­ ing industry products; tain an~ Luncheonette Jtquipment, cago and one at New York City. was published and released in July The next meeting is scheduled for The B.I.S.S.C. has offered to in­ 1952. All participating committees October 17 and 18 at Chicago. terested sanitarians a single com­ ·have approved this standard. Cop­ plimentary copy of each publish­ ies can be purchased ·from the N a­ Early in July of this year the ap­ ed standard, and additional copies tiona! Sanitation Foundation, Ann proved sanitation standard on flour may be obtained for twenty-five Arbor, Mich., for fifty cents per handling equipment was printed cents. This may be obtained from copy. and released. This is the first ap­ Mr. Raymond J. Walter, Executive proval of a series of standards un­ Standard Number 2, Food Ser­ Secretary, B.I.S.S.C., 511 Fifth Ave­ der development.· The standards vice Equipment, has been approved nue, New York-17, N. Y. for dough troughs and mechanical and is being prepared for the print­ proofers were approved, printed, We wish to point out that the er and will be available in the near and released on August 1, 1952. The standards approved by the N.S.F. future. standard for pan, rack, utensiL and the B.I.S.S.C. have not been en­ Considerable difficulty has been washers, and industrial sinks has dorsed by this Association. The encountered in the standard for been approved subject to editing standards adopted' by the N.S.F. · Spray Type Dishwashing Machines. md will be ready for release in the . have been approved by your Com­ It is far more difficult ·to write a near future. mittee on Food Equipment. The sta:qdard for equipment which is standards adopted by the B.I.S.S.C. The standard for cake depositors, required to perform a sanitary func­ have been acc~ptable to y~ur com­ fillers, and icing machines was ap­ tional operation upon other equip­ mittee but because they serve in proved on September 9. In accord­ ment or utensils than to write a the capacity of consultants, they ance with established policy these sanitary design standa~d for con­ have not been formally approved two standards will not be publish- tainers. A sound standard must be by your 'committee. The published · predicated upon estabiished perfor­ B.I.S.S.C. standards state that the "'Presented at 39th Annual Meeting of ,(',l • mance data. The performance stud­ chairman of your committee has ~.: the INTERNATIONAL AssociATION OF MILK ies on dishwashing machines being AND FooD SA!'liTARI..\Ns, INc., Minnea­ served. as consultant. Your commit­ carried on at Michigan State Col- polis, Minn., Sept. 18, 1952. tee believes that they . should . be COMMITTEE REPORTS 265

l

Ladies attendance record was broke~1 and the womens Activities Committee provided a grand time for all.

vVomens Activities Committee: Mary Specht, Mrs. Carl Mattson, Mrs. J. C. Olsen, Mrs. J. J. Jeseski, Mrs. Ben Zakarison, Mrs. Ruth Brand

Its plain to see that the ladies were en­ joying one of the swell luncheons pro­ vided · them. authorized to approve the B.I.S.S.C. standards if in their opinion they are acceptable. Standards as written documents have no value. Their value lies in acceptance and application. We en­ courage every member of our Asso­ •I ciation to study each standard care­ ~ fully; give it a fair trial, and if it prove:; to be sound, practical and progressive to recommend endorse­ ment by the ehtire association.

C. W. WEBER, Chairman -LEWIS DODSON MAJ· F. H. DowNs

D. E. HARTLEY E. B. CARROLL

W. R. McLEAN J, H. MILLAR

JEROME TRICHTER DAROLD w. TAYLOR 266 CoMMITTEE REPORTS

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON DAIRY FARM METHODS* COLOSTRUM IN MARKET MILK It is reported that the presence T IS RECOGNIZED that specific dairy being done to effect a procedure of colostrum in market milk1 is a I farm methods application and in plant pipelines which can be ac­ problem in the east where the Jen­ i acceptance is considerably influ­ cepted but as yet conclusions have sen Dipper Test is used for the de­ . ' enced by geographical location. not warranted general official. ap­ tection of flakiness but is not con­ t This influence is more noticeable proval. The type of soil found on sidered a serious problem in other 1 as we move from north to south the hot lines in plants differs some­ sections of the country. The colo­ than is the case in moving from what from that of the farm instal­ stmm problem, while not serious, · east to west. Climate plays· the im­ lations and for this reason may has increased in certain areas with portant role. Certain methods are call for a different method of ap­ the advent of the farm tank and used to meet the conditions of one proach. tank truck hauling from farm to area yet must be varied in their ap­ milk plant. The usual market milk plication to some other area. In the case of farm pipelines some factors affecting efficiency of inspection techniques do not de­ Barns and milk houses in the cleani11g are: ( 1 ) types of pipe: tect the presence of colostrum. northern section must be of tight steel, glass or plastj.c; ( 2) joints: Some local inspection departments and plants make routine centrifuge constmction to protect ·from the ground or gasket; ( ~) system of cold while many barns in the mild­ cleaning; ( 4) pressu&s and tell}­ examinations which give indication er climates are open on one or more peratures of solutions used together of colostrum as well as being help­ sides in order that better ventila­ with recirculation; and, ( 5) per­ ful in locating bloody milk. If this tion may be obtained with resulting haps the most important; the oper­ condition becomes more of a prob­ greater comfort to the cows and ator. Where the dairy has sufficient lem the need for a ·field test to de­ the workers. Pen type barns are production to make it practical to termine the presence of colostrum being increasingly used in the north provide at:nple facilities, the chance is indicated. and have proven to be most practi­ of obtaining successful cleaning re­ cal; however, the more cheaply sults may be good, but until some HosiNG DowN Cows constmcted shelter sheds, to pro­ more simple method is proven suc­ The washing of cows with water tect animals fl:om rain, very well cessful it is doubtful that the aver­ under pressure from a hose is a supply the needs of the south. age farm operator will do the job in a satisfactory manner. One mem­ common practice in a number of Manure storage and disposal ber reports, "I have seen a number states which enjoy a mild climate poses a much- greater problem and where the cows are milked in of installations and have found that where long periods of sub-freezing the milking parlor type of barn. fittings are often offenders. I ob­ temperatures prevail than in the served recirculation systems in use This procedure will not in itself warmer areas where the ordinance on the west coast and at this point produce a clean cow or clean milk. provisions can ,he throughout . ~et I am inclined to believe that if in­ Experience has shown that water the year. In some areas fly control place cleaning is to be generally pressure should not exceed 30 to is not necessary during the late fall 35 pounds for an effective job and satisfactory, this method will pre­ and winter months; screens may be that the udder should receive hand vail. The amount of cleaning ~olu­ removed from the milk ·houses and tion, the temperature, and the washing and be wiped dry. stored manwe is not a•fly-breeding length of application are prime hazard. In other areas, however, The~retically it would seem that factors, and only recirculation in fly-control measures must be prac­ hosing the udder with cold water my opinion can fulfill these require­ ticed twelve months of the year. or water under high pressure might ments." Some authorities recom­ have an advers"e effect on udder Fortunately most methods can be mend that sanitizing of the lines health. There seems to be little ' ' standardized and be accepted -al­ after cleaning should be accom­ evidence in support of this. With ~• most universally. Tradition and in­ plished by the circulating of hot reference to the managed milking dividual practices play an import­ water through the system until the technique, it is important that the ant part in individual and area ac­ temperature of the water at the udder be massaged with a warm ceptance. outlet is found to be 200°F. This bactericidal solution regardless of I would require quite an outlay of the temperature of the water used heating facilities and would not be in hosing the cow. SANITIZING FARM DAIRY praCtical in the average operation. PIPELINES IN PLACE The need for hosing cows is de­ batable in the minds of some au­ Wide differences of opinion thorities. Our group contends that,, "'Submitted at the 38th Annual Meet­ from a quality production view­ exist among sanitarians relative to ing of the International Association of accepting this method of cleaning Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc., Glen­ point, the brushing of the flanks and sterilization. Much research is wood Springs, Colo., Sept. 26-29, 1951.. before washing the udder will be COMMITTEE REPORTS 267 of as great an aid as hosing. The lishing the greater number of such He asked if it would be practical opposite group support hosing pro­ routes. In areas where small vol­ to maintain these in a dust-tight cedures by contending that dust is umes per producer is the rule, this refrigerated compartment when eliminated to a greater degree by type of transportation is less prac­ not in use. He also asks wheth~r the use of water under pressure and tical or even impractical. The ac­ the conventional type of sanitary that less effort is needed to get the cessibility of producer farms to piping should be used or would i job done. good highways is an important fac­ the so-called white dairy hose tor. be acceptable. These and other REFRIGERATED TANKS FoR questions, such as every other . This type of farm storage and CoLLECTION oF MILK AT day delivery, ~an be answered only movement of farm supplies to pro­ PRODUCER FARMS after enough experimental routes cessing plants eliminates many de­ are maintained''to furnish the nec­ This subject was discussed briefly fects in the present system; how­ essary data .. in last year's report of the com­ ever, it does add some new prob­ lems. Procedure of sampling\) and mittee. There is a very definite FARM LABC>R trend in· some areas toward this sediment testing will have to be type of transportatio~ of milk from revised and in doing this the load The labor factor on farms and farm to plant. T:Q.is is e':'idenced by on control personnel:-.._no doubt, particularly labor on dairy farms is the increasing number oi experi­ will become greater. Re\(ision of becoming more important each mental routes reported. cooling methods is a distihct pos­ year. Labor cost and its influence sibility. In many areas much of the on the economics of milk produc­ One area, where such routes are milk is now cooled by placing the tion has reached the point that being initiated, reports some inter­ cans in mechanically refrigerated more attention to all means of effi­ esting data and observations: wet storage. Where unrefrigerated ciency in the use of such labor is ''Eighteen-hundred gallon tank storage , tanks are used, surface necessary. trucks are being used and the size coolers :will be necessary. In this storage tanks used at the farm are type of ~ystem one area reports the The ability of the farm worker 2, 3, and 400 hundred gallon. The use of insulated storage after cool­ to produce food has changed to a farm installation of this unit in­ ing over direct expansion surface great degree over a period of years. cluding refrigeration is . costing coolers. This was because all farms One source of information reveals about $3,000.00 The trucks are were already equjpped with surface that in 1830 it took 76 percent of ·costing from 10 to 12 thousand dol­ coolers and was a matter of econ­ the population to produce the food lars. With large ship,pers this omy. This method may present necessary for the needs of the na­ seems to be a practical arrange­ problems in cooling, depending tion. Today the nation's needs are ment. We will start using this meth­ upon the capacity of the cooler. adequately supplied by 18 percent od about September 1st with two Where inadequate temperatures of population. Another report indi­ trucks, however, from the interest were obtained, this was solved by cates that today each farm worker shown we expect this to grow very recirculating the milk over the cool­ in .theUnited States on an average fast. It will also be of benefit er ·until the desired temperature basis produces enough food to in unloading the milk at the was reached. Where refrigerated feed fourteen other Americans be­ dairy plant in which, due to storage tanks are used the cooling sides himself; in 1910 the average the large gross of· milk handled by procedure is quite simple. It seems was less than eight besides himself the plant, we are having trouble­ reasonable that the refrigerated In 1910 it took more than 12,000,000 some delays in getting·canned milk tank would prove' ·to be the inost farmers and helpers to feed the dumped prQmptly when the farm economical type of cooling instal-. population of 92,000,000. In 1950, truck arrives. We are hoping that lation.· The- time and labor saved it took approximately 10,500,000 this tank pick-up will aid materially should be enough to offset the add­ workers to feed a population of in unloading as well as make for 151,500,000. The use of science and I ed initial cost. ~' more efficient operation at the mechanization made possible this farm." Referring to the collection tank­ improvement in production per I worker. From the information at hand it er, one member is concerned rela­ would seem that the two most im­ tive to the protection given the From the above it is apparent pump and piping between usage. portant factors t~ consider in the that the number of farm workers development of hink-collepting is on the decrease. The decrease routes are the size of the producers is recognized in ·the case of dairy­ and their accessibility. The influ­ ( I)Editor:s note: since writing the farm labor and will become more ence of size is evidenced by the in­ above, Mr. N. E. Watson, Tulare, Cal., acute in .the immediate future as terest shown to date. California has published his method of using hb more young men are called upon new sediment pump for farm tanks. This and some eastern states areas where Journal, January-February, 1952, page to· supply the needs of the Armed dairy volumes are larger are estab- 43.) ·Services. We are not so far removed 268 CoMMITTEE REPORTS from the experiences of World War labor of washing udder cloths each That interest in this subject con­ II that we can fail to visualize the day. tinues to exist is indicated by a potential labor shortage. Keep ample supply of all types letter received by President Weck­ In view of the fact that the sup­ of brushes in good repair. This el from the Washington State~ De­ J1ly of dairy labor is limited, it means a better job of cleaning and partment of Health and forwarded seems that the time is opportune to saves labor. to our committee: "The subject of stress the importance of the effici­ Have proper tools such as scrap­ cleaning milking machines has at­ ent use of the labor that is avail­ ers, shovels, . push brooms and tracted considerable interest in the able. Some items worthy of con­ hand brooms which will encourage State of Washington recently. We sideration ar<;J as follows: keeping buildings cleaner and have a need for uniform recom­ Have walls and ceilings of the saves time in cleqning. mendations . for procedure which bam and milk house smooth as an Have hot and cold water in the can be recommended by such agen­ aid in keeping them clean. milk house and water outlets in cies as th(;l Experiment Station, and the State Departments of Agricul­ ;Have milk houses conveniently the bam. ture and Health. In searching for located to ·save time and effort in Proper size equipment in the carrying milk from bam to :llilk a method which would meet with milk house and water outlets in the general approval, we have met the house. bam. ' ~ problem of divergent opinions as. Have milk houses of ample size Proper size equiprn'l(nt . in the regards a recomm-ended standard­ making it easier to handle milking milk house aids in the-. production ized procedure. This apparent di­ equipment. of better quality milk and saves vergency of opinion is further Have floors properly graded and time in handling milk. borne out in material recently re­ drained so that they may be readily Have sufficient units of milking ceived from J. L. Foley, of the Uni­ and easily deaned. machines· so that milking can be versity of Massachusetts in a clean­ . Provide drains in gutters of barns done in the shortest possible time. ing survey study, with which you as an aid in cleaning. One subject on the committee are undoi1btegly familiar. ! Have sufficient, both natural and agenda this year was "Causes of "We are therefore of the opinion artificial, light which facilitates all !viilkstone on Producer Dairy Uten­ that this subject could well be a .I " work and tends to save time. sils." Not enough data was ob­ project for either the committee Provide concrete runway en­ tained to render a report but we on dairy farm methods or the com­ trance lanes to barns which will believe that the subject is of suf­ mittee on sanitary procedure of the materially aid in keeping cows clean ficient interest to warrant further INTERNATIONAL AssociATION oF and aid in preventing dirt being study by next year's committee. MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs. The carried into the bam on hoofs. The subject of "Cleaning of recommendations of such a com­ These concrete lanes 'are labor sav­ :!viilking Machines" was a part of mittee could then well serve as a ers. last year's report of the committee. basis for greater uniformity of rec~ Keep cows clipped. This saves In it we stated, "This problem has, ommended procedure than appar­ time in cleaning flanks and udders. no doubt, been discussed ,among ently exists at the present time." Experiment!} show cleaner milk is milk control officials more than that obtained with resulting lower bac­ of any other production equipment; DR. R. G. Ross, Chairman teri~l counts. yet, there still exists wide differ­ J, C. FLAKE CHESTER F. BLETC:H The use of .single service.'paper ences of opinion relative to the best MILTON E. HELD DH. F. L. ScHACHT towels in washing udders saves the method of . procedure." J. E. DoLAN

I •l'

I ··t.· )i ~~ i Representatives of Companies sponsoring Sanitarians Award. CoMMITTEE REPORTS 269

CHANGES IN MILK REGULATIONS* delivered within two hours after REPORT oF ADVISORY CoMMITTEE ON ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS the completion of milking. The Agricultural Code of Cali-t T the Thirty-First Annual bus­ ity of such changes. During the fornia pertaining to milk and milk A iness meeting of the INTER­ year, we therefore requested the products has been amended to de­ ..l NATIONAL AssociATION oF MILK state health departments to inform fine Milk Inspection Service more ·~ SANITARIANS, October 31, 1942, the us of recent changes in their. state adequately and to clarify the au­ 1 following motion was carried: r~gulations. The response was grat­ thority of the Pirector of Agricul­ ifying. Replies were received from "That the president appoint a ture. Further amendments establish 41 states and the District of Co­ definitions for p!jtsteurized concen­ committee of from 5 to 7 members lumbia. The replies are summar­ trated milk, imitation milk products, of the Association, to study milk ized as follows: ordinances and regulations which and yogurt. Conditions are set forth under which colored oleomargarine it considers fairly representative of STATE MILK REGULATIONS those in effect throughout the U.S., may be used in charitable or penal institutions. and to formulate a set of standards and requirements covering produc­ Delaware; Illinois, Indiana, Ken­ The State of Florida has added tion and handling of raw milk for tucky, Louisiana, Maine;~ Massa­ definitions for fresh milk concen­ sale and use in the raw state; raw chusetts, Michigan, Montana, Mis­ trate, a blend of milk and cream, milk for pasteurization and the pro­ souri, New Jersey, North Dakota, chocolate milk drink, and cottage cess of pasteurization, including in Oklahoma, Kansas, Tennessee, cheese. such standards and requirements Texas, West Virginia, and Wyom­ ing indicated that no major chang­ Iclaho has made slight ,changes only those which the committee regarding health of cows, milking considers essential and necessary es had recentlY been made in their ordinances. stables, floors, animals, and cooling. to insure a safe product of accept­ It now requires all milk delivered able quality." Colorado, Idaho, Minnesotff, and to the pasteurizing plant after 10 No attempt will be made to re­ Wisconsin have recently adopted am and 8 pm to be cooled to 60°F view the accomplishments that re­ ordinances closely patterned after or lower. After January 1, 1955, all sulted from the above resolution. the U. S. Public Health Service milk and milk products for pasteuri­ Conditions have changed since its Ordinance and Code, and Nebraska zation shall be from herds acknowl­ passage. The need for regulati0ns has been authorized to use the edged by the State. Bureau of Ani­ governing the sale of raw milk for Public Health Service Ordinance. mal Industry as following Plan A use in the raw state have greatly Arkansas is in the process of re­ approved by the Federal Bureau of diminished. The personnel of the vising its ordinance, Washington Animal Industry. (Brucellosis). committee changed several times. is writing regulations relating to Iowa made changes pertaining All members endeavored to fulfill bulk milk handling by farm tanks, to animal health, bacterial counts, the purpose of the resolution. This and the District of Columbia is transportation, and the coloring of was not accomplished. Opinions as making some changes d~aling with reject milk. Grade A raw milk must to what constitutes essential items farm sanitation and dairy plant be produced by brucellosis-free in a milk ordinance are so varied regulations. herds. that complete agreement, even · The Alabama regulations have The principal change made in among committee members, was been changed from a degrading the Mississippi regulations is the never obtained. The final report of type of ordinance to a permit sus­ inclusion of a definition for half­ thjs committee was, therefore, made pension type. The dating and the and half. Some changes were also at the Annual Meeting in Septem­ placing of a time limit on retail made in the labeling requirements. ber 1951. The president of our As­ milk, as well as placing the per­ sociation, in cooperation with the The Nevada regulations now mit number on the bottle cap or committee members, instigated a state that raw milk shall not be sold carton, may be required. The bac­ change and reorganized the com­ or made available to the consumer terial requiremel\.t for Grade A mittee as the "Advisory Commit­ as raw milk, cream, or milk. Chang­ milk for pasteurization has been tee on Ordinances and Regula­ es have been made relating to the lowered to 100,000 per ml, and tions." Its duties are to inform the inspection of the dairy barn and that for Grade A pasteurized milk Association members of changes milkhouse, and to milking and the to 20,000 per mi. A program for the made in ordinan· us ·and regula­ handling of milk. control of brucellosis in herds pro­ tions and the effect and advisabil- ducing milk for pasteurization is in­ New Hampshire has promulgat­ cluded. The width of dairy barns, ed sanitary regulations for milk dis­ ,.Presented at the 39th Annual Meet­ pensing units. ing of the International Association of depth of gutters, etc. are specified. Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc., Min­ The cooling temperature of all milk North Carolina has included a neapolis, Minn., Sept. 18-20, 1952. has been changed to 50°F unless definition for skim milk with added· ,i 270 CoMMITTEE REPORTS I

.. o1ids and amended its definitions Vermont now permits only one ed all grades of milk except Grade for chocolate . milk and chocolate grade of pasteurized milk in addi­ A pasteurized. drink. Ordinance also amended to tion to certified pasteurized. The section on definitions ~f the require that all animals which are Virginia has enacted a bill pro­ Salt Lake City, Utah, ordinance infected with bruc<::llosis or Bang's ( now defines: Milk fat or butter­ disease, or which are officially moting the sale of Grade A skim­ .. fat, cream, half-and-half, skim classified by the state veterinarian med milk with vitamins A and D ·~ milk, modified skim milk, nonfat or his authorized agents as Bang's added and Grade A skim milk with milk, modified nonfat milk, modi­ reactors, shall be permanently re­ added solids and added vitamil).S ' A and D .. fied skim' milk or modified nonfat moved from dairy herds, producing (Vitamin A-2,000 USP units per graded fluid II).ilk for human con­ CITY MiLK ORDINANCES AND quart, Vitamin D-400 USP units per sumption, either raw or pasteur~zed. REGULATIONS quart), milk or .skim milk bever­ age, buttermilk, cultured butter­ Changes hav~ been made in .the No attempt was made to deter­ Oregon regulations to assure the mine the recel;lt changes in city milk, yogurt, and milk products. free movement of milk in the state milk ordinances and regulations. Permits are now required to oper­ and to prevent duplication of in­ However, af the time we wrote the ate pasteurizers. Cooling require­ spection. Conditions u;nder which state health office;s;- .,we requested ments are now 70°F or less, pro­ the privilege of using grade design­ information concerning major vided milk is delivered within' 2 ations may be suspended have been changes that had come to their at­ hours after completion of milking cMrified. The Act now requires that tention in city. ordinances within and 55°F or lower if not delivered all milk sold or offered for sale as their respective states. As a result, within 2 hours. The section on fees Grade A shall ·be ·Hom brucellosis we report: has been revised to- establish in­ diseased-free herds. It permits a spection fees and methods of col­ Montgomery, Alabama, changed direct opening from the milking lecting them,, and reciprocal in­ its milk ordinance to conform with spection with the state or local stable to the milkhouse in case of the State Board of Health. pipe line milker systems. Require­ health departments is provided for plants located more than 20 miles ments for the farm tank method of The milk ordinance adopted by from the corporate limits of Salt handling milk have been added. local communities in Georgia was Lake ~ity. revised in 1951 and is essentially South Carolina has changed its the 1952 U. s: Public Health Ser­ Wyoming legislature has made a ordinance to permit milk contain­ vice milk ordinance with minor re, provision whereby. the city dairy ing not less than 3 percent fat to be visions to comply with state reg­ inspection programs will be the sold by producers· to pasteurizing ulations. same as the rules, regulations, and plants. The definition for milk or laws of the Wyoming Department skim milk beverage has been chang­ Moscow, Idaho, raised the butter of Agriculture. ed to require it to contain not less fat standard for fluid milk from than 8 percent milk solids-not-fat 3.25 percent to 3.5 percent. * * * and not less than 2 percent fat. Indian~ cities are revising t_heir Milk Ordinance and Code Recom­ The definition for reconstituted or ordinances to comply with the mended by the U. S. Public recombined milk and cream has 1952 edition of the U. S. Public Health Service been clarified. No milk or ·milk Health Service· Ordinance. products may be sold to the final Changed to: consumer or to restaurants, etc., Portland, Maine, no longer re­ MILK ORDINANCE AND CODE, 1952 except Gra.des A, _B, and C raw; quires the dating of milk. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PUBLIC ,. A and B pasteurized, and certified. Some cities in Michigan because HEALTH SERVICE The ordinance now provides. for of coqrt action, have. eliminated The most significant changes are: either a degrading or revocation the requirement th~t milk must be 1. The 1952 edition is a compul­ type of permit. · pasteurized within a specified dis­ sory pasteurization ordinance; however, for the benefit of those Tennessee has· added a reguia­ tance from the city. communities which still. find it nec­ tion reJating to fountain ?airy Three cities in Montana have essary to permit the sale of raw drirlks and a state law oq ,cultured adopted the state regulations with milk, ·there is presented at the end buttermilk, recombine~ and r~·con­ a few· minor revisions. The state of the ordinance proper a list of stituted milk, cottage cheese, and regulations are based on the U. S. changes to be made if the sale of ice milk. Public Health Service Ordinance. "Gnide A Raw Milk" is to be per" Utah has revised its ice cream Billings, Montana; has adopted mitted under Section 8. compulsory pasteurization. ·regulations to comply with the reg­ 2. Both a "degrading" and a ulations on modified and. fortified Charleston County and Colum­ "permit suspension" form of the skim milk that have been adoP-ted. bia, South Carolina, have eliminat- ordinance are presented. l j COMMITTEE REPORTS 271

3. The code portion of the 1952 that placards showing the grades 14. Under Section 11, milk and edition has been simplified and of milk sold be displayed in restau­ milk products from distant points clafi:fied. by the transfer to appen­ rants, soda fountains, etc. may be accepted if the sources rate dices of most of the detailed ex­ 9. If adopted locally, a footnote 90 percent or more, or if the sani,t: planatory and instructional mate­ to Section 5, permits official accep­ tation compliance rating is equal to l rial. The code is now limited to tance of industry inspection ?f pro­ or above that of the local supply. '. material which relate~ only to ducer dairies as a supplement to Changes have also been made in 4 "satisfa~tory compliance." official insl?ection, provided such requirements governing Grade A 1 . 4. ·Definitions are included in inspections are checked periodical­ raw milk for pasteurization and in I I Section 1 for such milk products ly and found satisfactory. requirements for Grade A pasteur­ i as concentrated milk, concentrated 10. Section 6 provides that the ized milk. ., .I milk products, half and half, whip­ results of industry laboratory ex­ The committee has been advised ped cream, nonfat milk, skim milk aminations of raw milk for pasteuri­ that this ordinance will not he avail­ I'll solids, nonfat dry milk solids, dry zation may be accepted, provided able for distribution prior to Jan­ milk, flavored milk, flavored drink, such results are "checked periodi­ nary 1953. cultured buttermilk, cultured milk, cally and found satisfactory. Time has not permitted the com­ cottage cheese and creamed cottage 11. Only plate coun~ or direct mittee to prepare comments on the rl cheese. Except for skim milk solids, microscopic counts are ree-9gnized advisabili.ty of any of the changes nonfat dry milk solids and dry milk by Section 6 of the new edition, but reported. It is recommended that Iii these products are now subject to by adoption of footnotes the use of this be done during the coming !'I! grading. However, cottage cheese reduction tests is authorized. In this year. An appendix to this report is II and creamed cottage cheese may be connection, the reduction test available. It gives the .i'eported I exempted from gradirig by those sta-ndards specified in the footnote changes in greater detail. Members communities not, in position to re­ have been changed somewhat from of the Association are urged to quire grading of these products at those cpntained in the 1939 edi­ study the changes set forth in the this time. tion. appendix and to submit their com­ 5. Reconstituted milk or recon­ 12. Section 6 permits the use of ments to the chairman of this com­ stituted skim may be used in the a compliance standard of 3 out of mittee. It is also recommended that manufacture of cultured products, 4 samples as an alternate to the the Committee continue to report such as cultured buttermilk, cul­ logarithmic or arithmetic average changes in ordinances and regula­ tured milk, cottage cheese, and methods. Communities wishing to tions. Your cooperation in bringing creamed. cottage cheese, without use this method are required to such changes to the attention of the the htbeling of these products as make the necessary changes at the committee will be appreciated. reconstituted. time of adoption by insertion of our Committee thanks the mem­ 6. Milk haulers are defined in wording contained in a footnote. bers of the Association for their Section 1, and are required under cooperation in making this report IS. Section 10 permits milk serv­ possible. Section 3 to obtain permits. ed at hospitals and institutions, as 7. Section 2 authorized the sale well· as milk used for mixed milk Respectfully submitted, of ungraded pasteurized milk dur­ drinks, to be poured from quart or C. J. 'BABcocK, Chairman ing an emergency. 2-quart containers packaged at a H: S. ADAMS JoHN D. FAULKNER JoHN ANDREWS • N. 0. GUNDERSON. 8. Section 4 no longer requiJ;.es .milk plant. 0. A. GHIGGOILE STEVEN ]. WoLF

PURDUE OFFERS fOUR TEN-DAY 4. Ice Cream & Sherberts .... Feb. 16-27 Students who successfully com- . COURSES IN DAIRY The students may come to Pur­ plete the entire Dairy Manufactur­ MANUFACTURING due for any one of the four ten-day es Program from January 5 to Feb­ ruary. 27 will receive · a certificate. Purdue University is offering an courses. They. may also enroll for option!.ll plan of short course train­ any combination of the courses of­ The registration fee tor· each of ing in dairy manufactures in 1953. fered. Th!Js, the prospective short. the four dairy manufactures short Four separate and complete ten­ course student can decide upon a course will be $3, including a med­ day· courses are offered during the minimum of ten days for one ical fee of fifty cents. There will be eight weeks period January 5 to course up to a maximum of forty an additional charge of $12.5G for February 27, 1953, as follows: days for four courses. eacn course for out-of-state stl,ld­ ents. COURSE DATE Many dairy plant operators 1. Market Milk ...... Jan. 5-16 need the 'specific training offered . For further information regard~ 2. Cottage Cheese & Buttermilk in these courses. Those who can­ ing the above courses, write to Pro­ ...... Jan. 19.-30 not leave their job for an extended fes-sor H. W. Gregory, Head of 3. Tech. Control of Dairy· Products one or more of the short courses Dairy Department, Purdue Uni­ ...... :...... Feb. ·2-13 offered . versity, West Lafayette, Indiana. ~------~------

272 COMMI'ITEE REPORTS

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN LABORATORY METHODS * is also scheduled for presentation at the annual meeting of the APHA 5 1 REPORT OF THE APPLIED LABORATeRY METHODS CoMMI'ITEE by Nathan Mantel • It is proposed £'·;, ~'" that three staining procedures ~-· which gave maximum counts re­ ouR CoMMrtTEE again has re­ ing media, the objective being first place in the lOth edition of Stand- i, Y viewed progress made or to obtain on each, essentially iden­ ard Methods those staining pro- 4 studies under way during the past tical productivities with that ob­ cedures now in the current edition. i tained on the currently approved year in various phases of laboratory A sequential procedure for grad­ media and then to recommend at methods that should be of interest ing milk by microscopic count6 was to milk or food sanitarians. the proper time their substitution published in the Journal of Milk and for the two milk-containing media Food Technology, January-Febru­ identified above." STANDARD METHODS FOR THE ary 1952. This publication gave EXAMINATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS The studies referred to one milk­ tables developed for three grades The ma:r'mscript for the lOth edi­ free plating media are scheduled to of raw milk which would permit tion of Standard Methods is now be reported by Leon Buchbinder3 decisions to accept or reject milk being reviewed, and it is anticipat­ at the 80th Annu&.! Meeting of the or to continue the examination as ed this will be published during APHA in Cleveland0.phio. each microscopic field is counted. Where numerical reporting of 1953. A summary of the changes in­ At the 79th Annu~l Meeting of cluded in the lOth edition, prepared 4 counts is not required and grading the APHA, L. A. Black reported limits per milliliter are 100,000, by members of the Joint Editorial on "Determining the pH of Culture 1 200,000, 300,000 or, 400,000, it is Committee appears in the Sep­ Media." This report discussed er­ tember American Journal of Public understood that the next edition of rors· in pH readings partially due Standard Methods will permit the Health. The directions for sampling to failure to adjust the pH meter milk and cream have been revised optional use of the sequential an­ each time with suitable buffers at alysis procedure for assigning sam­ and will include directions for sam- · the temperatures of use, some pos­ pl~s to grades. piing from large portable or station­ sibly due to dilution in various ary tanks or vats. Material has been proportions with· distilled waters of 'The Smith 0.01 ml syringe which included on the detection of bacter­ unknown pH, and some obviously has been used exclusively by the ial growth inbfpitors including due to inaccuracies in the tempera­ California Department of Agricul­ chemicals and antibiotics. Milk­ ture compensator of some pH me­ tural since January ·1949 was de­ free plating media will become ters. The wide variations of pH de­ scribed in the May-June 1952 Jour­ standard for the agar plate count. terminations of the laboratories co­ nal. of Milk and Food. Technol­ For the Direct Microscopic Count operating in the study of plating ogu7. The use of such a transfer directions will be given for use of agars sponsored by the APHA in sy~inge will be encouraged in the a mechanical transfer syringe equal 2 1950 , · rangin~ up to 0.9 pH, has next edition of Standard Methods. in accuracy to the present 0.01 ml emphasized the need to standardize A discussion of variations in di­ pipette, ·and the use of delineated procedures for pH determination round sq. em. areas will be encour­ rect microscopic counts as related of plating agar, particularly where ·to techniques of sampling and lab­ aged. Procedures for the determin­ the theoreticaliy more accurate ation of ther.rpoduric bacteria have oratory examination by L. A. Black electrometric methods are used. and R. P. Myers8 is scheduled for been clarified. Those interested are Accordimdv the lOth edition of referred to the American I ournal of presentation at the Twenty-Ninth Standard Methods will include di­ Annual Conference of the New Public Health for a record of the rections for standardizing this pro­ proposed changes. York State Association of Milk cedure. San~tarians.

BACTERIAL PLATE COUNTS DIRECT MICROSCOPIC 'EXAMINATION DYE REDUCTION TESTs· In last year's Committee report Our Committee report last year A very thorough study of the re­ reference was made to a manu­ made reference to an APHA com. sazurin test has been carried out in script reporting the results of ·an parative study then •under way of Denmark by Hemplar8, who con­ :! APHA comparative study of six six staining procedures. The re­ firms previous reports that the "one· plating media. This was published sults of this study have been sub­ hour" test is of limited value. The by Pessin and Robeitson2 in the jected t9 a statistical analysis' which reduction to pink correlated very May-June 1952 Journal. of Milk dosely with methylene blue reduc­ and Food Technology. As indicat­ tion. The "triple reading" test was i i ed therein "Plans are to make ad­ "'Presented at the 39th Annual Meet­ found· to be the most useful, giving ing of 'the INTERNATIONAL AssociATION ditional comparismilks in 195225 by a member er. His death soon thereafter has tee, P. R. Elliker, report's that stud­ of our Committe!:\, C. K. Johns, have delayed the publication of articles ies by Furlong and himsel£36 on an 274 CoMMITTEE REPORTS

improved procedure for determina­ bacterial cell rather than to speci­ in judging whethe,r solutions of tion of quaternary ammonium com­ fic effect of pH on activity of the free iodine still possess their sani­ pound in milk and water solutions, QAC molecule. tizing strength." have been completed. The · milk method is based on extraction of Publications on other .germicides A general discussion of iodine as i QAC from milk with tetrachloro­ include "A Final Report on Germi­ a germicide presented at the Chem­ ethane followed by precipitation of cidal Rinse in Dishwashing," by ical Specialties Manufacturers As­ QAC with eosin and final titration Fair and Chang38, which reports sociation, December 4, 1951, by with standard anionic surface ac­ work on Chloromelamine done un­ Terry an.d·Shelanski, has since been tive agent.' The new method repre­ der contra~t with The Quarter­ published in Modern SanitationY sents a distinct improvement over master General, U. S. Army. This paper· indicated that by dis­ previo\].sly published ·procedures. solving iodine in a specific-non­ The procedure for extraction of ionic, many of its disadvantages of The Subcommittee on Food Sup-. QAC from milk is simple, and once high toxicity, skin irritation, and ply of the Committee on Sanitary this extraction is carried out, the skin staining effects have been ov­ Engineering and Environment of same procedure as is used for wa­ ercome. Laboratory and field tests the National-Research Council pub­ ter solutions of QAC can be ap­ of such iodine compounds either lished a report entitleq "A Germici­ plied to the tetrachloroethane ex­ as such or combined with deter­ dal Rinse Compound for Field Use gents have indicated their effective­ tract from milk. In determinations 9 of the Armed Forces.:l " This re­ on four different QACs in whole ness in sanitizing dairy equipment. port recommended military charac­ milk, recoveries of three com­ teristics of a germicidal rinse com­ pounds were practically 100 per­ At the 38th Midye~r Meeting of pound for washing vegetables and cent· and the fourth about 70 per­ the Chemical Specialties Manufac­ rinsing mess kits based on use of a cent complete. The method will turers Association, June 9, 1952, a halogen compound or compounds. determine about 1 ppm of QAC in panel discussion was held on This report reviewed work on chlo­ i milk and can be modified to de­ ·:Germit!ide Evaluation - What romelar:pine, chlorinated hydantoin, i i tect less. It will determine as little Test Method?" The proceedings of and compounds containing elemen­ as 0.2 ppm of certain QACs in wa­ this 38th Midyear Meeting are tal iodine. ter solution and will detect 0.1 ppm. scheduled for publication early in 44 It also can be used to determine September 1952. · QAC content of detergent sanitizer In an appendix to this report solutions. Morse and· Feder,40 of the Army As a part of its program of pro­ Medical Service Graduate School, viding Standard Methods for vari­ modified the Weber and Black test­ ous laboratory procedures pertain­ Studies by Soike, Miller and El­ ing procedure in a standardized ing to public health, the American liker37 on the effect of pH on Qua­ method for the determination of Public Health Association has ap­ ternary Ammonium Compound ac­ the bactericidal activity of germi­ pointed a Subcommittee on Anti­ tivity have indicated that the type cidal compounds containing halo­ microbial Agents (Disinfectants) of organism has a marked effect on gens for use under specific condi­ to review and properly set up variation in QAC action at different tions peculiar to the Armed ser­ standard methods for the evalua­ pH levels. In general a thermoduric vices. tion of antiseptics and disinfec­ micrococcus, M. caseolyticus, show­ tants. Invitations have been extend­ ed high resistance to QAC in the A final report on Bactericidal, ed to various Associations to attend range of pH 6 to 7 and was rapidly Chemical, and Physical Properties a conference to be held next month ·destroyed at higher levels of pH. of Chloromelamine Formula 96P at the time of the annual meeting of the APHA. Two members of Escherichia coli appeared to be re­ · has recently been prepared by the I 41 your Committee on Applied Labor­ sistant at levels below pH 6, then Public Health Service • ~' became more susceptible at about atory Methods ( L. A. Black and C. pH 6 to 7, and exhibited a second In a report on lpdine as a Sani­ K. Johns) are members of the peak of high resistance at about tizing Agent for Food and Eating APHA Subcommitte on Antimicrob­ 42 pH 8. Pseudomonas aeruginose Utensils , it was reported that "So­ ial Agents. seemed to be most susceptible at lutions of free iodine of sufficient low pH levels and showed highest strength to be used safely in food NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL resistance above pH 7. The varia­ utensil sanitization were observed PROJECT tions in resistance of different or­ to range in color from yellow to ganisms in general were similar for deep amber, while solutions too di­ In our report last year a bdef the four QACs studied. The results lute to inhibit the growth of the description was given of the lab­ indicated that the marked variation test organism were very pale yel­ of the National Research Council in effect of pH was due to some fac­ low. This change in color can be study on "Milk Quality and Milk tor or factors associated with the used to advantage by the layman oratory tests being made as a part COMMITIEE REPORTS 275

Regulations." It is understood tha, a curity Agency, Environmental 15. Eddison, R. T., et al. Keeping final report ·of this Committee on Health Center, Cincinnati 2, Ohio. Quality of Raw Milk Grading. II. The It Effect of Storage on the Results of Keep­ Milk Production, Distribution, and is recommended that the sani­ ing Quality & Dye Tests. f, Dairy Res. Quality, entitled "Sanitary Milk tarian and laboratory worker be 18 43, ( 1951). t Control and Its Relationship to the alert to the possibility of heat treat­ 16. Provan, A. L. and Rowlands, A. i Quality of Milk" is scheduled for ed or chemically treated milk and The Development of Dye Reduction publication late in 1952. 45 that they undertake appropriate Tests for Pasteurized Milk. Proc. 12th tests as needed. Int. Dairy Congress, Vol. 2, 586 (1949).

INTERSTATE MILK SHIPMENT AND L. A. BLACK, Chmrman 17. Rowlands,•.A., et al. Keeping Qua­ lity & Raw Milk Grading. Dye Tests As LABORATORY APPROVAL Measures of the Keeping Quality of Milk. REFERENCES A third conference on interstate f. Dai-ry Res. 17, 15'9 ( 1950). milk shipment was held at St. Louis 1. Proposed Changes for the Tenth 18...... and Hosking, Z. in June 1952. With reference to Edition. Standard Methods for the Ex­ Keeping Quality & Raw-Milk Grading. animation of Dairy Products. Amer. I. III. Comparison of Keeping Quality Tests laborato~y procedures, the follow­ Public Health, 42, 1131 (1952). & Dye Test in Milk Control. ]. Dairy Res. ing were approved by the Confer­ 42, 1131 ( 1952 ). 18, 166 ( 1951). ence. 2. Pessin, Vivian· and Robertson, A. H. Observations on the Co~y.. Produc­ 19. Garvie, E. I. and Rowlands, A. "Samples of milk, which is pick­ tivity of Six Milk Plating Media:' J. Milk The Role of Micro-organisms in Dye­ ed up from farm tanks by tank and Food Tech., 15, 104 ( 1952): Reduction and Keeping Quality Tests. f, Dairy Res., 19, 1.'33, ( 1952) . truck, may be collected by industry 3. Buchbinder, Leon. Critical Studies personnel if such personnel is offici­ on Milk-Free Plating Media. ( Prese:1ted 20. McBride, C. A. and Golding, N. ally designated for this purpose by at 80th Annual Meeting of the APHA S. A Study of Resazurin Requction in in Cleveland, Ohio, October 1952). Freshly Drawn Mastitic-like Milk. f. the supervising agency. A non­ Milk and Food Tech., 14, 27, ( 1951). transferable permit should be is­ 4. Black, L. A. Determining the pH sued by the. supervising agency if of Culture Media. Presented at Joint '21. Schonberg, F. Usefulness of Tet Session of Laboratory Section and Co­ razolium Salts for the Reductase Test in the existing state regulations do not ordinating Committee on Laboratory Milk. Lebensmitteltierarzt. 2, 52 ( 1951). provide for the collection of milk Methods, 79th ·Annual Meeting of the samples for bacteriological analysis APHA, San Francisco, California, No­ 22. Henningson, R. 'vV., Silverman, ember 1, 1951. G. J, and Kosikowsky, F. V. Antibiotics by persons licensed as milk and in the Fluid Milk of New York State. cream testers. 5. Mantel, Nathan. A Comparison of Six Stains for the Direct Microscopic 25th Ann. Report. N. Y. State Assoc. Milk Sanit., 15, (1951 ). "Similar acceptance of industry Method of Determining the Bacterial sampling is recommended for tank Count of Milk. (Presented at 80th An­ 23. Kosikowsky, F. V., Henningson, nual Meeting of the APHA, Cleveland, truck and tank car interstate ship­ R. W. and Silverman, G. J. The Inci­ Ohio, October 1952). dence of Antibiotics, Sulfa Drugs & ment of Grade A raw milk for pas­ 6. Morgan, ~1. E., et al. An Im­ QACs in the Fluid Milk Supply of New teurization. proved Procedure for Microscopic Grad­ York State. J. Dairy Sci., 35, 533 (1952). ing of Milk Intended for Pasteurization. "Inquiries were made at both the f, Milk and Food Tech., 15, 3 (1952). 24. Silverman, F. V. and Kosikowsky, 1951 and 1952 conferences relative F. V. Systematic Testing of Inhibitory 7. Newman, R. W. The Smith 0.01- Substances in Milk. ]. Milk and Food to tests for the detection of ( 1 ) ml Syringe in the Microscopic Grading Tech., 15, 120 (1952). reconstituted milk; ( 2) flashing of Milk. Ibid. 15, 101 ( 1952). milk; ( 3) antibiotics; and ( 4) qua­ 8. Black, L. A. and Myers, R. P. 25. Johns, C. K. (Unpublished re­ ternaries. Methods for the detec­ Some Causes of Variation in Direct Mi­ sults, 1952.) croscopic Counts. ( Presented at 29th tion of reconstituted milk presum­ Annual Conference of New York State 26. Claybaugh, G. A. and Nelson, F. ably are being worked out by the Association of Milk Sanitarians, New E. The Effect of Antibiotics in Milk: A A.O.A.C. Referee for reconstituted York, N. Y., October 1, 1952.) Review. f. Milk and Food Tech., 1", 155, (1951). milk. Experimental work has been 9. Hempler, P. Resazurin as Indica­ carried out, but not published, on tor in Reduction Tests of Milk. A/S Carl 27. Schipper, I. A. and Petersen, W. detection of admixtures of raw and Fr. Mortensen, KobeRhavn, 1950. E. Assay of Aureomycin in Milk by Use heated milks; results indicate the 10. Chetham, A. W. G. Ice Cream of Methylene Blue. Vet. Med. 46, 222 and the Methylene Blue Test. Dairy Ind. (1951). tests will be satisfactory. Tests for 16( 5) 464-5, (1951). antibiotics and quaternaries will be 28. Friedmann, Rose and Epstein, 11. Statutory Rules & Orders, No. 10, C. J. The Assay of the Antibiotic Nisin included in the next edition of the H. M. Stationary Office, London, 1946. Standard Methods. Requirements by Means of a Reduction ( Resazurin) 12. Clegg, L. F. L. Temperature Test. I. Gen. Microbial., 5, 830, ( 1951). for precautions in collecting sam­ Compensated Tests for Raw Milk Sup­ ples of tank truck milk also will be pliers. Proc. Soc. Appl. Bact. 69 ( 1949). 29. Krienke, W. A. ADSA Program for Control of Antibiotics in Milk. Can. outlined in the next edition of 13. Ibid, 79, ( 1949) Dairy Ice Cream ]. 30 ( 10) 44, (1951). Standard Methods. Information of 14. Clegg, et al. Ibid. Temperature such tests and requirements may Compensated Tests for Raw Milk Sup­ 30. Johns, C. K. and Desmarais, J. G. be obtained from the Federal Se- plies .. 87 ( 1949). (In press.) ,):'. 'I.,

I I!, 276 COMMITTEE REPORTS

31. Johns, C. K. and Katznelson, H. 39. A Germicidal Rinse Compound Manufacturers Association, Boston, Mass., J. Penicillin and Dye Reduction Tests for Field Use of the Armed Forces. A June 9, 1952. Proc. 38th Midyear Meet­ for Milk Quality.]. Milk and Food Tech., report to the Subcommittee on Food Sup­ ing. C.S.M.A., September 1952. 1!,""-1,., 12, 133, (1949). ~ .... \] ply of the Committee on Sanitary Eng­ 45. Dahlberg, A. C., Adams, S. and Environment, National Re­ tll. in~ering and Held, M. E., (Committee on Milk 32. Rowlands, A. The Effect of Pen­ search Council, 10 January 1952. l icillin on the Methylene Blue Reduction Production, Distribution and Quality, . ' Time and Keeping Quality of Milk. Proc. 40. A Standardized Method for the National Research Council.) Final re­ l Soc. Applied Bact. 14 (I) 7, ( 1951). Determination of Bactercidal Activity port on Sanitary Milk Control and Its t Relationship to the Quality of Milk, 33. Speck, M. L., Grosche, C. A. and of Germicida~ Compounds Containing Halogens. Appendix to the above report scheduled for publication late in 1952. Lucas, H. L. (Personal commun!cation.) by Morse, Maj. W. C., MFC and Feder, 34. Tobias, J. and Tracy, P. H. Con­ June C., Department of Bacteriology, tinuous Pasteurization of Ice Cream Mix­ Army Medical Service Graduate School es. Ice Cream Trade ]., 48, 9 116-118, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, September 1952. Washington, D. C.' 3. Barber, F. "\V. ·BacteriolOgical As­ 41. Final "Report on Chloromelamine pects of the Evaluation of Adequacy of Formula 96P - Bactericidal, Chemical Pasteurization. ]. Milk and Food Tech., and Physical .. Propetties. Research and P. R. Elliker 14, 170-172 (1951). Development BrancA,. Environmental Health Center, Public' Wealth Service, 36. Furlong, T. K and Elliker, P. R. Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1952, for USAF­ ~. (cq/(}J- ' An Improved Method of Determining Air Materiel Command. · Concentration of Quaternary Ammoni­ ---c-:T:~~ um Compounds in Water Solutions and 42. Gershenfeld, Louis and Witlin, In Milk. 1952. (In press.) Bernard. Iodine as a Sanitizing Agent for 37. Soike, K. F., Miller, D. b. and Food and Eating Utensils. Amer. ]. of Elliker, P. R. Effect of pH of Solution on Pharmacy, 123, 87-99, ( 1951).,. Germicidal Activity of Quaternary Am­ monium Compounds. ]. Dairy Sci., 35, 43. Terry, D. H. and Shelanski, H. 9, 764-771, ( 1952). A. Iodine' As A Germicide. Modem San­ itation, 4, 1 & 2, page 61, January 1952 38. Fair, G. M. and Chang, S. L. and February 1952. A Final Report on Germicidal Rinse in Dishwashing Under Contract DA-44 44. Germicide Evaluation - What Luthsr A. Black, Chairman -109-qm-193, The Quartermaster Gen­ Test Method? Panel Discussion, Disin­ eral, U. S. Army, Harvard University, fectant and Sanitizers Division, 38th September 1951. Midyear Meeting, Chemical Specialties

HOWARD M. WEINDEL Kansas. In 1942 he was advanced tion and Awards for the Interna­ to County Sanitarian for the Kan­ tional Association of Milk and Food Howard M. Weindel was born sas State Health Department. Sanitarians. August 4, 1913 in Manhattan, Kan­ sas. He passed away in Lawrence, In the fall of 1949 he moved to Mr. Weindel is survived by his Kansas, on September 27, 1952, Denver, Colorado, where he be­ wife, Edna, and two small daught­ where he had gone for an operation came Training Officer for the Train­ ers, Jewel and Constance. His fam­ ten days before to relieve a linger­ ing Branch of the Communicable ily will continue to live in Denver. ing illness. Disease Center, U .. S.P.H.S. In Oct­ ober . 1951 he was advanced to Public Health and Sanitation has Mr. Weindel was graduated from Training Officer iQ. Charge of the suffered a severe loss in the death the University of Kansas in 1936. Rocky Mountain Training Center. of Howard M. Weindel. He was His major course was bacteriology. particularly adept in teaching Mter graduation he was quality Mr. Weindel was Secretary­ young sanitarians and inspiring control man for a year in a local Treasurer of the Kansas Association them in their work. His knowledge dairy. In 1937 he became Social of Milk Sanitarians for five years. of the profession and his ability to Case Worker with , the Douglas He was elected Secretary-Treasur­ impart that knowledge made . his County Welfare Administration. He er of the newly formed Rocky counsel highly regarded. His circle remained in this position until 1941 Mountain Association of Milk and of friends was large. His dealth at which time he became City San­ Food Sanitarians. He was a member leaves a void which will be difficult itarian for the City of Lawrence, of the 1952 Committee on Recogni- to fill. ,, I l,i ,,J'' 277

.3A SANITARY STANDARDS FOR INTERNAL RETURN 6. The mm1mum diameter ·of TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR USE WITH MILK heat exchange tubing used shall be 0.902" I.D. AND MILK PRODUCTS

Formulated By c. OPENINGS .. ~ INTERNATIONAL AssociATION oF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs, INc. 1 UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 1. Product inlet and outlet con­ nections shall conform to 3A Sani­ THE DAIRY INDUSTRY COMMITTEE tary Fitting Standards.

Approved April 29, 1952 D. HEADER GASKETS It is the purpose of IAMFS, US- . b. All outside surfaces shall PHS, and DIC in connection with be smooth and easily cleanable. l. The header design shall be the develop~Uent of the SA Sanitary such that single service gaskets or Standards program, to allow and 2. Exteriors of structuNl_l parts removable rubber type gaskets, encourage full freedom for inven­ not in- contact with the product which can be easily cleaned, may tive genius m new developments. shall be of corrosion resistant ma­ be used. Internal Return Tubular Heat Ex­ terial with a smooth finish; or shall changer specifications whic,h are be rendered corrosion resistant or 2. Header gaskets shall be of a developed and which so differ in painted, and shall be so co~structed removable sanitary type or of 'a rub­ design, material, construction, or as to be easily cleanable. ber-like material bonded to the sur­ otherwise, so as not conform to face so as to be smooth and readily with the following standards, but cleanable. which in the opinion of the manu­ B. CoNSTRUCTION facturer or fabricator or equiva­ 3. Gasket material shall be of a lent or better, may be submitted 1.1 1. All milk contact surfaces type that is smooth, nontoxic, rela­ at any time for consideration of shall be accessible for cleaning and . tively fat resistant, and non-absorb­ IAMFS, USPHS, and DIC. inspection. All exterior surfaces ent. shall be self-draining. Approved by: 2. Tu]:>es shall be properly sup­ ported to prevent sagging. SA SANITAiiY STANDARDS FoR INTER­ NAL RETURN TuBULAR HEAT Ex­ 3. If legs are used, they shall be CHANGERS W!THOUT AGITATORS, smooth with rounded ends and no HAVING 0.902" I.D. OR LARGER exposed threads. Legs made of C, A, Abele, Chairman - CSP of-. IAMFS TuBES, FoR UsE WITH MILK AND hollow stock shall be sealed. The MILK PRODUCTS minimum clearance between lowest part of frame a~d floor shall be six inches. A. MATERIAL a. Bases, when used, shall have smooth exterior surfaces. l, Product contact tubes shall I b. Bases, which because of ,J• be constructed of stainless steel or size or type cannot be mounted nickel. All other exchanger parts on legs, shall be ?esigned for having any surface contact with grouting and sealing. the product shall be constructed of stainless steel, nickel alloy, or 4. Threads shall not be used in H. S, Fielder, Chairman- Tech, Committee equally corrosion resistant material contact with the product. that is non-toxic and non-absorb­ DISA ent. 5. All surfaces in contact with the product shall have rounded and a. All milk contact surfaces smooth inside corners as large as shall be finished to an equiva­ practical for proper operation and ~ent of not less than 120 grit fin­ shall be readily accessible for Ish properly applied. cleaning. 278 MILK and FOOD SANITATION

"INHIBITION" OF STREPTOCOCCUS L.ACTIS BY A. QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND IN CHEESE MILKS JANET c. CURRY AND FRANKLIN w. BARBER National Dairy Research Laboratories, Inc. Oakdale, Long Island, New York

Further work on this problem in­ The inhibition of lactic acid bacteria dicated that low concentrations of by quaternary ammonium compounds the quaternary did not destroy that in milk has been shown to be an ef­ fect on acid production and not upon organism but had an inhibitory ef­ growth. Lactic acid production is af­ fect on acid production. The pur­ fected by concentrations of 2.5 - 10 pose. of this paper'is.,to., report these ppm, while growth i:s not affected un· findmgs. ' less the concentration is 25 - 50 ppm.

ExPERIMENTAL

INTRODUCTION A modification of the oval-tube VER SINCE Domagh's ( 1935) de­ technique (Barber and Harris, E scription of the germicidal 1948) was developed for the deter­ Miss Janet C. Curry obtained her A.B. degree in biology from Middle­ activity of dollecyldimethylbenzyl­ mination 'of concentrations of deter­ bury College, Middlebury, Vermont ammonium chloride, quaternary gent-sanitizer needed to kill lactic in June 1949. Since that time, she has ammonium compounds have been acid bacteria. Increasing concentra­ been employed in the Division of studied extensively and used tions pf detergent-sanitizer were Microbiology of National Dairy Re­ throughout industry as germicidal added to the test solution tubes search Laboratories, where she is now an assistant scientist acting as group agents. The dairy industry also has containing sterile distilled water. or leader for bacteriological problems. 1[, ·I been intetested in the use of such sterile reconstituted whole milk. She has specialized in research on the I' compounds for the sanitization of Yeast extract "N-Z-Case" agar bactericidal activity of sanitizing II dairy farm and plant equipment. ( YENZ) ~ was used as tl)e culture agents. Although improvement in milk medium and incubation was at 21 o quality has been shown (Barber C for 48-72 hours. propriate detergent-sanitizer stock 1949; Elliker, 1949) in areas where solution or sterile distilled water these compounds have been used as All stock detergent-sanitizer sol­ utions were prepared at ten times r~sulting in concentrations of 0, 2.5, sanitizing agepts, there has been 10, 25, and 50 ppm quaternary, doubt in the minds of many dairy the desired concentration so that a final series were tempered to 30°C. men as to the possible· adverse ef­ of 0-8 ppm of the qua­ fects of residual sanitizer in the ternary was obtained by the addi­ ( 2) At "0" time these bottles inilk on lactic organisms used in the tion of 1 ml of stock so~tion to 9 were inoculated with 2 ml ( 1 per­ manufacture of cheese and ferment­ ml of diluent. In milk, the series cent inQculum, of an 18-hour milk ed milks. Very little has been re­ included the effect of 0-50 ppm and culture of Streptococcus lactis 100-1000 ppm~ ported on the effect of quaternary ( SL2 ). Stock cultures in sterile re- . ammonium compounds on lactic Viable cell counts and the de­ constituted skim milk were trans- , acid bacteria. velopment of acid in the presence £erred weekly and' the tertiary of increasing concentrations of transfer from this stock was used Early work reported by this lab­ as the test culture. oratory (.Barber, Hodes, and quaternary were studied in the . Dunne, 1949) showed a definite following manner: The 1 percent inoculum was also inhibitory effect on lactic acid pro- ( 1) Screw-cap bottles, contain­ compared to 2 and 3 percent inocu­ . duction by concentrations of qua­ ing 180 ml of sterile reconstituted la to determine any changes ternary as low as 3 ppm. More sig­ whole milk and 20 ml of the ap- brought about by increased num­ nificant decreases in lactic acid bers. The results showed no appre­ were noted with 5-10 ppm; 25-50 ciable differences on the over-all ppm showed marked decreases and ~Yeast extract 1 gm. KH,PO, 0.1 gm. effect, so a 1 percent inoculum was "N-Z-Case" 0.5 gm. Agar 1.5 gm. 100-200 ppm completely inhibited Glucose 0.5 gm. Dist.water 100 mi. used for the majority of experi­ the cultures. K,HPO, 0.1 gm. pH 7.0 ments. INHIBITION STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS 279

( 3) Immediately a.fter inocula­ and Leiwonostoc paracitrovorum Dunne, 1949) with three quater­ tion, and at hourly intervals for 15 were compared. The 3 aroma-form­ nary ammonium compounds and hours, samples were taken for oval­ ers were included because of a three detergent-sanitizer formul~­ ·i tube counts, direct microscopic recent report (Lundstedt, 1950) tions had shown this quaternary : counts and acidity measurements. that these starters were more. sen­ and detergent-sanitizer to be the Regular plating methods were not sitive to the bactericidal activity of most effective bactericidally. The .. ~ used throughout the experiments quaternaries than the lactic cul­ results of the preliminary runs were 1 due to the ·greater ease afforded by tures. The poor growth of S. cre­ plotted on a line graph in typical using 0.01 and 0.001 ml loops and moris and L. paracitrovorum rend­ · asymptotic cutves. The detergent­ sampling into oval tubes even ered it difficult to obtain satisfac­ sanitizer was found to be more uni­ though counts made in this man­ tory end points. L. citrovorum and form in its killing power at the ner were uniformly higher than S. lactis showed good growth but various concentrations, and more standard plate counts. Acidity was the former proved to be more re­ effective, than the quaternary alone. determined by titration with N/10 sistant to the detergent-sanitizer Since the detergent-sanitizer would NaOH and phenolphthalein and than the latter. One buttermilk cul­ probably occur more often in prac­ expressed as percent lactic acid. ture, containing . both lactics and tical use, and because of its uni­ aroma-formers, ·was c~pared to· formity and efficiency, it was se­ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION S. lactis, but the latter ptpved to lected as the test compound for be more sensitive, rendering it the further work. Sensitivity in distilled water. better culture for these studies. S. lactis is highly sensitive to this The modified oval-tube techni­ One quaternary, alkyldimethyl­ detergent-sanitizer in aqueous so­ que was utilized for the determina­ benzylammonium chloride, and one lutions. Figure 1 shows average end tion of the time required for in­ detergent-sanitizer, containing the points, effecting 99.9 percent de­ creasing amounts of quaternary am­ aforementioned quaternary, were struction, from ' 2-8 ppm, ranging monium compounds in distilled tested against S. lactis. Earlier from 8 and 1/2 minutes exposure water to kill 99.9 percent of the studies (Barber, Hodes, and time ( 2 ppm) to < 1/4 minute, test culture..

Both broth and slant cultures of THE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND MILK DILUENTS Stmptococcus lactis were studied, but the latter. were used for a ma­ UPON THE BACTERICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF jority of the runs to eliminate any A DETERGENT-SANITIZER CONTAINING interference of quaternary action ALKYL DIMETHYL BENZYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, by the organic matter of the broth AGAINST S.LACTIS itself. By transferring 0.2 ml of a broth culture to, and spreading over 10 the surface of a slant, sufficient sur­ face growth developed in 24 hours 9 to give a satisfactory cell suspen­ O-M ILK O••.... AQUEOUS (DISTILLED WATER) sion. Two washings, totaling 5 ml 8 '\ of sterile distilled wa:ter;were used I to wash the growth from the slant. ~ The resulting suspension was treated in the same manner as out­ __J_._ ~ lined in the oval-tube technique. I Control tubes were taken from ~. dilutions of the culhue to deter­ I mine the count at "0" time and thus r\ : I i a 99.9 destruction ~nd point could I I ' I be determined in the same manner \. ' as when this method was used for testing bactericidal efficiencies. I i\ I I Several different test organisms I ~.... Were evaluated by th~ oval-tube ( ·~ 'i~··· .... , ' ...... ~. technique to obtain the most sen­ I i sitive, and thu~ the most satisfac­ IN WAT£R 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 tory, culture. Broth cultures of IN MILK 600 700 800 900 /000 Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus PPM D!=T£RG£NT- SANITIZ£R cremoris, Leuconostoc citrovorum, FiGURE 1 280 INHIBITION STREP'I'OCOCCUS- LACTIS

( 8 ppm). The results for 1 ppm are omitted, since no end point was reached within 30 minutes of THE AVERAGE LOGARITHMIC COUNTS THROUGH A 15-HOUR GROWTH exposure. PERIOD OF S:-LACTIS-INOGULATED MILK SAMPLES WHICH HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED TO VARYING AMOUNTS OF A DETERGENT-SANITIZER Sensitivity in milk. ( . ' In these studies sterile reconsti­ ~ tuted whole milk replaced distilled KEY 1 II water as the diluent )n the test 0 PPM (')...... II 2.5 PPM 0------solutions. The final quaternary con­ 5 PPM centration seriel! included 100-1000 10 - 10 PPM b.- ppm at 100 ppm invervals. Ten 25 PPM ·-- I minutes was the. maximum expo­ sure time and it was not until the sample c~ntained 600 ppm or more that notable destruction occurred. At these levels the end points were similar to those obtained with the low concentrations needed when 5 distilled water was used as (he di­ - .20 luent, thus allowing superimposure ------8 10 12 13 14 of graphic results (figure 1 ) . This organic interference with a TIM£ OF INCUBATION, IN HOURS quaternary had been noted by FIGURE 2 ma~y other investigators (Barber, 1949; Glassman, 1950; Johns, 1950; concerning the apparent "inhibi­ The determination of the possible Kuhn and Bielig, 1940). However, tion" of starter cultures in cheese mode of action of a quaternary this dramatic difference -definitely milk which contained concentra-. detergent-sanitizer upon S. lactis illustrates the probable linkage or tions of 5-10 ppm quaternary. This in milk. tie-up of the cationic 'quaternary problem involves the question of A comparison of actual counts with something in the milk, rend­ whether there is an inhibition of and titratable acidity was made ering the quaternary bactericidally the multiplication of the culture or throughout a 15-hour period of inactive. an inhibition of an enzyme system, growth in samples containing 0, The high concentration of qua­ essential in the production of lac­ 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 ppm quater­ ternary needed to kill S. lactis in tic acid, by increased concefttra­ nary. The counts of the samples milk immediately raised a question tions of quaternary. would indicate any growth inhibi­ THE AVERAGE TITRATABLE ACIDITY CURVE THROUGH A 15HOUR tion or destruction of the culture. GROWTH PERIOD OF S. LACTIS-INOGULATED MILK SAMPLES At the same time, the titratable WHICH HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED TO VARYING AMOUNTS OF /J acidity data would indicate any ef­ DETERGENT-SANITIZER fect on acid-production. 12 The res\1lts summarized in figure

/1 2 show that the oval-tube counts follow each other rather closely for

10 quaternary concentrations up to and including 25 Pl?m. The curves o ~:ME_Y;;...... ~j all pass through the rectangular 2.5 PPM 0-··--- 5 PPM . area designated as the coagulation 10 PPM.!;- area, or "activity rectangle". This 25 PPM o-~-. zone represents the average acidity 50 PPM ·-- and cour~t data at the time of co­ agulation when no quaternary is present in the milk. Contrary to this, the results in figure 3 summar­ ize the titratable acidity values, and much greater differences are detect­ ed. Only 2 of the samples, 0 and

2 2.5 ppm, always fell within the T/ ME OF INCUBATION, IN I-lOURS 1 "activity rectangle." Samples con­ FIGURE 3 taining 5 ppm evidently were on INJUBITION STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS 281

acid bacteria by concentrations of THE LOGARITHMIC COUNTS, AND TITRATABLE ACIDITIES, 2.5-10 ppm quaternary in milk has OF S. LACTIS-INOCULATED MILK SAMPLES AT THE TIME been shown to be an effect on acid OF CONTROL CURDLING FOR EACH OF 6 RUNS .. production and not upon growth. l: -PERCENT ~ LOGARITHMIC COUNTS An explanation of this action is the

.46 possible block of an enzyme sys­ tem essential in the development .40 of lactic acid by concentrations of the quaternary ;which are too low to de~troy the bacterial cell. Note: Since this paper was pre­ pared studies conducted by Wil­ liam M. Connors of this laboratory

10 have shown that the lactase en­ zyme obtained from yeast is ex­ I 23456 123456 123456 123456 tremely sensitive to low concentra­ 766776 766776 766776 1 ·6-·6 1 1 ·s 766776 tions of quaternary ammonium 2.5 10 25 PPM DETERGENT- SANITIZER compounds. Lactase activity was FIGURE 4 completely inhibited by 8 ppm of quaternary while 2.6 ppm resulted th borderline since they did not forming bacteria as being more in 22 percent inhibition of the en­ I e ays fall within this area. The resistant to the action of quater­ zyme. a w pill samples coagulated but nary than S. lactis when measured 10 ~red a longer incubation time. by destruction tests. REFERENCES requt2 5 ppm samples were much 'fhe ctive and the 50 ppm samples SUMMARY Barber, F. W., Laboratory Evaluation of less a . Cleaner-Sanitizers for Use on Dairy inactive. These studies have shown that, Farms. ]. Milk and Food Tech., 12, were in aqueous solutions, lactic cultures . 257-266 ( 1949). 'fhe results within the "activity are destroyed within 10 minutes by Barber, F. W., and Harris, E. K., The t ngle" are summarized in fig­ concentrations of less than 10 ppm Bacteriological Evaluation of Several i ! ' I rec a 4 and 5 which compare the active ingredient of a detergent­ Germicides as Determined by the Oval ~re!table acidities and logarithms sanitizer containing a quaternary Tu~e Method. Bact. Proc., 27, ( 1948 ). b:r tual counts for each of 6runs. ammonium compound. On the 0 Barber, F. W., Hodes, H. P., and Dunne, ~efinite decrease in titratable other hand, in milk,.concentrations A. M., The Effect of Quaternary Am­ I i 'd'ty is evidenced in this ·way, monium Compounds on Lactic Starter .A 1 greater than 600 ppm are require~ ~ decrease in acid production for the same degree of destruction. Cultures. Ibid. 56, ( 1949). e d here has been observed by The reported inhibition of lactic (Continued on page 299) no~e experimenters and the effect ot erded as inhibition of culture THE AVERAGE LOGARITHMIC COUNTS AND TITRATABLE ACIDITIES OF S.. LACTIS-INOCULATED MILK SAMPLES rtll~ker, 1950, 1951; Rueke, 1950). : ', 1 I' ( h e results would indicate an AT THE TIME OF CONTROL f.URDLING. ! ' '!' ::esting phenomenon of meta­ - PERCENT LACTIC ACID ~ LOGARITHMIC COUNTS tntlic interference, where low con­ 10 .46 bo t ations .of quaternary ( 0-25 cen r) do not interfere with the 9 .40 (/) VERAGE CURDLING pptn th and multiplication of the .36 0 !z 8 ---coNoi116Ns) __ _ I :;) 0 groW re but do block an enzyme 0 <( • cultu.., essential in the production u ., ~ u .30 u systel" 'd i= u of lactic act . ~ 6 <( 1- ..J ir This theory of an enzyme block <( ·.l.z (!) .20 w I ;,., concentrations of quaternary 0. u 0 ..J 0: w bY: t well explain the observation a. ~t ndstedt ( 1950) that as little as 0 .10 uill of quaternary "knocks out" ! : 1hP~roma-forming bacteria needed ~ e ottage cheese and cultured 0 2.5 5 10 25 50 tn . ~ 'fhis is especially true in PPM DETERGENT SANITIZER 1 1 ' ~ 0f the fact that the work re­ vteWt d here indicates the aroma­ FIGURE 5 P?r e 282

THE EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE AFTER THE ADDITION OF FOLIN REAGENT IN THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATASE 0MER c. SIEVERDING, B.S., Chief, Division of Chemistry and Physics i BARBARA G. LANG, B.S. Senior Sanitary Chemist, Bureau of Laboratories Connecticut State Department of Health Hartford, Connecticut sity of filtering the sample It was nol:ed that· during ihe summer months the phosphatase results on (first filtration, paragraph milk samples frequently were higher 11.14). A second deviation than normally expected. Those resuUs from the Gilcreas-Davis modi­ also tended :to be higher when the fication is the addition of 2 per­ examinations 'were performed by tem­ porary summer assistants. lnvesl:iga­ cent of Calgon° to the 14 per­ :tions showed that increases in the am­ cent sodium carbol\ate solu~ bien:! temperature :to which the tubes tion. The Calgon prevel}ts pre­ were exposed following :the addition cipitation of calcium arid pro· of the Folin-CiocaUeu reagent and be­ duces a clear solution' which fore the time the tubes were immersed in boiling water, or an increase in the can be read directly on a length of time the tubes were exposed photoelectric colorimeter with­ Mr.. Orner C. Sieverding. was grad­ :to the elevated temperature. would out the necessity of· the second uated from the University of Iowa raise :the final readings. Control of the filtration required by para­ in 1928. After graduation he worked :time-temperature exposure at this for a short time with the City of point eliminated the error. graph 11.14. A Klett-Summer­ Milwaukee then transferred to the son colorimeter employing a Connecticut State Department of ACH SAMPLE of pasteurized milk blue filter is used to make the Health where he has been employed final reading. The standard for the past 22 years. He is at pres­ or cream received at the Bur­ E curve, figure 1, for this instru­ ent Principal Sanitary Chemist in eau of Laboratories of the Con­ charge of the Division of Chemistry ment is prepared from known necticut State Department of and Physics in the Bureau of Labor­ concentrations of phenol which Health is tested by the phosphatase atories of the Connecticut State De­ are carried through the regular partml'mt of Health. method to determine whether or phosphatase technic. not it meets the requirements of the State of Connecticut for pas­ This study began when it was noted that routine phosphatase re­ teurization. The number of sam­ °Calgon is a trade name for a sodium ples tested daily varies greatly but meta phosphate sold by Hall Labora­ sults appeared to be higher than tories, Pittsburgh, Pa. expected during the warm sum- often exceeds 100 samples per day. i CURVE FOR PHOSPHATASE READING ON COLORIMETER The method used is based upon i the Gilcreas-David modification of a:: the Kay-Graham technic also known w 1000 1- w as the New York State Method. ::;: a: 900 That method is given in paragraphs 0 -' 0 BOO 11.10 to 11.16, inclusive, in Stand­ 0 ard Methods for the Examination z 700 0 en of Dairy Products, 9th Edition, a:: I w 600 American Public Health Associa­ ::;: ,j• ::;: ::::J tion. For use in Connecticut, this en 500 '! method has been modified, as fol­ ?- 1- w 400 , I lows, to eliminate some of the lab­ -' or involved when large numbers z"' 300 of samples are examined. 0 I en 200 i "'z Following the addition of 0 <( 100 the Folin-Ciocalteau . reagent, w a:: the samples are centrifuged to 0 produce a clear supernatant 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 liquid and 5 ml of this super­ natant are drawn off with a MILLIGRAMS OF PHENOL pipette 'to eliminate the neces- FIGURE 1 PHOSPHATASE DETERMINATION 283 mer months. A careful check of re­ INCREASE IN COLORIMETER READINGS WITH A 15° RISE IN TEMPERATURE agents and technic failed to dis­ close any clear-cut reason for these 0 apparently high results. It was 0 0 noted, however, that the results l tended to be higher when the test 0 0 0 0 0 (.) 0 0 was made by inexperienced assist­ 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 ants hired for vacation relief even "' 0 0 though the teclinic of the inexperi­ !;:; 0 00 enced workers seemed faultless. en 0 0 z 0 0 After considerable investigation, it "' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 became apparent that both tem­ w 0 0 "'0:: 0 0 0 perature and the length of time 0 0:: 0 w 0 elapsing between addition of the 0 1- 0 w 0 Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and im­ :;; 0 0:: mersion in boiling water had con­ g 0 siderable effect upon the final read­ (.) ings. It was found that .an eleva­ tion in the ambient temperature or 40 50 60 70 80 90 an increase in the length of time COLORIMETER READINGS AT 70° C the tubes were allowed to stand at FIGURE 2 summer temperatures would raise ' the final reading. The inexperienced three portions of each sample was ues for all samples using the color- personnel tended to take longer to placed in each of three different imeter readings at one tempera­ complete the test. This resulted in water baths which were maintained ture as abscissa and those at a sec­ elevated readings due to a longer at temperatures. of 7G°F, 85oF, and ond temperature as ordinates period of contact between the re­ 100°F, respectively. The time ele­ should fall (with minor deviations) agents and the sample following the ment was not varied, and covered on a straight line at 45° from either addition of the Folin reagent. a 45-minute period between the axis beginning at the origin. How­ time of removal of the samples ever, if an increase in tempernture To ascertain the extent of the ef­ from the 35°C incubator and their does produce higher readings, then fect of temperature and the magni­ immersion in boiling water, as re­ such a plotting of values obtained tude of the errors involved, a group quired by paragraph 11.14 of at two different temperatures with of 100 s.amples were examined in Standard Methods. the high temperature plotted as triplicate by the phosphatase pro­ ordinate should show a significant cedure. After incubation for 24 If temperature change is not a proportion of values falling above hours at 35°C ·and addition of the factor in the magnitude of the the 45° line. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, one of readings obtained, the plotted val-

INCREASE IN COLO~IMETER READINGS WITH A 30° RISE IN TEMPERATURE Figure 2 shows a comparison be­ 0 tween colorimeter readings on the 0 0 0 samples held at 70°F and 85°F. 0 0 0 0 Each point on the chart rep~;esents 0 0 one sample, and the distance above 80 0 0 0 0 the diagonal line indicates the in­ 0000 0 0 0 000 0 0 crease in number of colorimeter (.) 000 o go 0 0 0 units with a 15° rise in tempera­ 1:> 0 o o gogo 8oo o !2 0 70 0 0 0 0 ture. It will be noted that this in­ 0 0 0 00 !;:; 0 0 0 crease varied with the sample and 0 en 0 8 go 0 00 ranged from 0 to 26 colorimetric ~ 0 0 "' 0 0 00 00 0 units which means that the phenol 60 0 w 0 0 "'0:: 0 value could be increased by 0.02 0 0:: to 0.03 mg of phenol with a 15°F• w 1- w increase in temperature above 70° ::; 50 a: I.?. This increase in the colorimetric '3 0 V'alues continued when the temper" (.) tture was raised an additional15°F. rhe increase in phenol values with 40 50 60 70 80 90 m increase in temperature from 7Q 0 COLORIMETER READINGS AT 7o• C <' to 100°F is shown in figure 3. FIGURE 3 Figure 4 shows an average increase 284 PHOSPHATASE DETERMINATION

AVERAGE UNIT INCREASE IN READINGS WITH INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE pies falling into the 11 - 20, 21 - 30, and 31 - 40 unit increase 30 groups was progressively gre!lter until all but 12 percent of the sam­ en ------CREAM t: MILK ples tested had increased over 21 z :;) units after two hours exposure at

a:: 100°F or in terms of mg of phenol, w 20 1- had increasf1d from 0.02 to 0.06 mg. w ::;; 0:: g CoNCLUSiON 0 (.) High ambient temperatures and ~ 10 prolonged exposure to such temper­ w tures following the addition of Fo­ w"' "'a:: lin-Ciocalteu reagent and prior to (.) ~ placing tubes in boiling water as directed· in' paragraph 11.14 of the 0 ~~----~------r------~ 9th Edition of Standard Methods 70 80 90 lqo for the Examination of Dairy Prod­ TEMPERATURE DEGREES CENTIGRADE ucts may result in high readings for FIGURE 4 the Gilcreas-Davis modification of the Kay-Graham phosphatase test. m colorimetric units with increase the samples increased only from 0 High temperature alone exerts some in temperature for milk and for to 10 units during the 30 minutes influence on the test but high tem­ cream. exposure and only 6 percent show­ perature is not in itself a source. of ed a 21 unit increase. However, serious error if the time interval be­ A second group of 100 samples during the 60 minute and 90-min­ tween removing samples from the of milk was examined by the phos­ ute exposures, the percent of sam- (Continued on page 299) · phatase test with temperature con­ stant and time varied. Each sample TABLE 1- CHART SHOWING NuMBER oF SAMPLES FALLING INTO EAcH was divided into five portions · and UNIT-INCREASE GRoUP FoR EAcH SucCEEDING 30 MINUTES OF ExPOSURE each portion was treated as a sep­ arate sample. After incubation for To A TEMPERATURE oF 100°C. 24. hours at 35°C and addition of Time Increase in units Folin-Ciocalteu reagent four por­ in min. 41-60 tions from each sample were placed 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 in a 100°F-water bath - one por­ 30 58 41 5 1 0 tion for 30 minutes one for 60 min­ 60 26 44 22 7 1 utes, one for 90 minutes, and one 90 6 24 40 26 4 for 120 minutes. A fifth portion was 120 1 11 80 43 15 placed in a 700F-water bath and run in a routine manner as a con­ AVERAGE UNIT INCREASE IN READINGS WITH INCREASED TIME OF EXPOSURE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES trol. These respective time intervals ----~ ~-· cover the period between the addi­ tion of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the immersion in the boiling water 120 bath after the -addition of the car­ Ul w f- bonate solution (paragraph 11.14). :;) z The average increase in colori­ ~ 90 meter unit readings with the in­ ~ w creased time of exposure at a tem­ 0: :;) perature of lOOoF is shown in fig­ Ul a.0 ure 5. wX 60 0 u.. Table 1 divides the colorimeter 0 w reading increases into 'units of ten ::;; and indicates the number of sam­ r= ples falling into each grouping for 30 each "Succeeding 30 minutes of ex­ 0 10 20 30 40 posure to a temperature of IOO•F. INCREASE IN COLORIMETER UNITS It will be noted that 53 percent of FIGURE 5 285

ANTIBAC- A NEW TYPE OF CHLORINE SANITIZER* LESLIE R. BACON AND ALFRED L. SOTIER Research and Development Division Wyandotte Chemicals Corpo1·ation, Wyandotte, Mich,

alkaline solutions. Two practical The germicidal performance of Anli­ bac. a newly developed preparation considerations have dictated this re­ based on the active agent 1.3-dichloro- quirement: first, improved storage 5. 5-dimethylhydantoin. has been tested stability of the product to provide by several methods. The activity is of longer shelf life; and second, di­ the same order as shown by hypo­ chlorite preparations. and is superior minished corrosive ·activity of the under the ·adverse conditions of organ­ solutions toward metals. Unfortun­ ic loading. Preliminary data are given ately, the bacteria-killing potency for the effects of temperature and pH of chlorine solutions is sa~ificed as adjustment on performaJ1.ce. and on the pH level is increased. P..,plish­ storage stability and action on metals. 1 Antibac shows great promise for gen­ ed reports by Tilley and Ch~pin, 2 eral disinfection and sanitation service. Johns, Rudolph and Levine, 3 and and in view of its combination of high Charlton and Levine, 4 indicate that germicidal activity and excellent re­ pH of the sanitizing solution is of sistance to depreciation may be used utmost importance, and is indeed .to advantage in fields hitherto domin­ Dr. Leslie R. Bacon received his ated by hypochlorites, of greater importance than concen­ tration of available chlorine, pro­ B. S. in 1924 from the University of New Hampsbire, and Ph.D., 1927, viding of course that an adequate New York University. Research Chem­ INTRODUCTION minimum of available chlorine for ist and' Chemical Engineer, 1927-31, HLORINE-LIBERATING germicides the specific job is present in the so~ American Doucil Co., Philadelphia, lution. This appears to be tme ir­ Pa., ( base-exchange water treatment), C are the most widely used class respective of the form of the parent 1931-39, Philadelphia Quartz Co., of sanitizers in the food and bever­ Philadelphia, Pa., (soluble silicates chlorine compound. age, and particularly the food ser­ and detergent§); 1939 -, Research Supervisor, Wyandotte Chemicals vice . and dairy industries, and al­ The organic chlorine liberating Corp. (food industry and household though the quaternary ammonium chemicals, with the exception of detergents, sanitizing agents and germicides are finding expanding the Chloramines T and B, have not germicides). Member: American uses it is probable that the chlor­ met with acceptance for germicidal Chemical Society, American Public ine-liberating products will con­ use for one or more of the follow­ Health Association; INTERNATIONAL AssociATION oF MILK AND FooD SAN­ tinue to be the most widely used. ing reasons: high cost, slow rate of ITARIANs, Institute of Food Technolo­ solution, limited solubility, lack of gists, and others. This paper consists mainly of lab­ stability, inadequate sources of sup­ oratory data comparing the per­ ply, and limited knowledge of the formance of Antibac, a new chlo­ charactetistics of the compounds. a limited extent to the Armed Ser­ rine type sanitizer, with that of the vices, in the form of a compound­ commercial hypochlorites. The complex organic chlorine ed germicidal formulation for the liberating chemicals, generally rinsing of mess kits and other uten­ Until very recently, the commer­ speaking, have certain advantages cial chlorine liberating germicides sils, and related services, in the over the inorganic chemicals, in field. The material proved to be have consisted of calcium or sod­ that they release chlorine more ium hypochlorites, formulated mix­ successful, but had serious limit­ slowly, and so prov~de for a longer ations, the chief of which was its tures containing Chloramines T or solution life, and apparently they B, or chlorinated trisodium phos­ slow rate of solution. Following are less depreciated germicidally the war, extensive study of 1,3-di­ phate. Such products as azochlora­ by foreign organic matter. mide, succinchlorimide, chlorinated chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin for­ hydantoins, and chloromelamines During World War II, 1,3-dichlo­ mulations has led to a completely have been suggested, but usually ro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin received new preparation known by the as experimental products, and cer­ much study, and was furnished to trade name of Antibac. · tainly without wide acceptance. 0 Presented, at the 38th Annual Meet­ · As sold, the commercial products ing of the INTERNATIONAL AssociATION generally contain alkaline salts, and, OF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs, INc., in the case of some hypochlorites, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, September even free alkali, so that they yield 27, 1951. '---y-1 !

. ;

286, ANTI3AC

ANTIBAC- WHAT IT Is such, it should be of the greatest rite have done an excellent job. At interest to the food hap.dling and Antibac is a mixture containing 30 ppm available chlorine, the low­ servicing industries generally, and est concentration tested, sodium hy­ 25 percent of. 1,3-dichloro-5,5-di­ to other industries, hospitals, in­ methlhydantoin, plus neutral inor­ pochlorite has done slightly better stitutions, and individuals charged than Antibac. Additional tests nm ganic salts, a stable .wetting agent with public health responsibilities. similarly at 60 and 70 ppm gave and an acidic agent. ·The product '' contains 16 percent available chlo­ zero counts without exception for 4 ( rine and provides solutions usually ExPERIMENTAL both Antibac and sodium hypo­ chlorites. withi11 the pH range of 5.8 to 7.0, II depending upon the alkalinity of BASIC GERMICIDAL EVAL\IATIOH I I the water supply and the strength STUDIES C. Fabric Disc Test of the solution. Distilled water so: A. The Food and Drug Adminis­ A third type of test that has been lutions have a ·slightly ·lower pH . tration Test range. extensively used as one of the gov­ The FDA Test,5 while not recom­ taument h1.boratories but which has The objectionable solubility char­ mended for chlorine type germi­ not been published, consists of im­ ac~eristics of the chlorinated hydan­ cides, is still the oflicial germicide pregnating discs of one square inch tom have been overcome by special 1;est method in the Un.ited States. area of Indian Head sheeting with mechanical processing and improv­ This method was used ··to evaluate a 24-hour broth culture of the or­ ed formulation, making Antibac Antibac and a very popu'lar sodium ganism, .draining, and introducing very quickly and completely solu­ hypochlorite solution, side by side. three such discs into a medication ble even in cold water in concentra­ Table 1 presents the data for this tube holding 20 ml of the germicid­ tions up to about 1,000 ppm of test, showing the 5 and 10 minute al solution under test,' maintained available chlorine. exposure results. In this test results at 25°C. The discs are removed aseptically after 1, 2, and 5 minutes Antibac is a whit~, free-flowing were obtained for the two products of exposure. An unexposed disc powder of low density. The dry against M. pyogenes var. aureus serves as a control. On removal storage characteristics are excel­ and ·Es. coli at 20°C. from the medication tube, the discs lent at temperatures up to 120°F, B. The Weber and Black ( USP are placed separately into tubes beyond which the formulation loses HS) Test holding 10 ml of an appropriate chlorine slowly. As an active chlo­ neutralizer. After. all fabric discs rine composition, however, it should Weber and Black6 have propos­ of a series have been exposed to the not be allowed to mix with sawdust ed a test that employs · very short germicide, the neutralizer tubes and paper, oils, or similar exposure periods, neutralization of combustibl~ contents are shaken on a shaking materials. the germicide after the exposure machine for 5 minutes, and 1.0 ml Antibac solutions 'display a mod­ periods, and :6.nally, plating and volumes of the fluid plated with erately strong odor of chlorine, and, counting to determine the number TGE agar. Plates are counted like hypochlorites, 'will bltJach color­ of survivors. Data for the same after 48 hours of incubation. With ed fabrics. In fact, Antibac solu­ germicides cited above follow in chlorine-liberating germicides, tions are in a number of respects· . table 2. . when used at 200 ppm of available very 'similar to hypochlorite solu­ chlorine or less, the neutralizer is tions, and for sanitizing operations _From table 2 it will be seen that sodium thiosulfate, used at 400 ppm are used in exactly the same way. even with such short exposure peri­ concentration. Data obtained by Antibac however appears to be ods as 15 seconds and at very low superior to the usual sodium or concentrations of the germicides, using this test .. are presented in calcium hypochlorites in that its so­ Antibac and the sodium hypochlo- table 3. lutions are far milder on the skin. This, it is felt, can be correctly at­ TABLE 1- F;DA TEST OF ANTIBAC AND SomuM HYPOCHLORITE I ,j• tributed to the absence of alkaline agents and a resultant pH level of M. pyogenes v. Av. chlorine aure.us: 20°C. Es. coli: 20°C. the solutions quite similar to that Germicide Ppm. 5 min.- 10 min. 5 min. 10 min. of the skin, which normallv is mildly acid. Antibac 200 150 It is anticipated that the devel­ 100 50 + + opment of Antibac will ful:6.11, to a 25 + + + + very ~reat extent, a long standing ~emand by public health authori­ Sodium 200 hypochlorite 150 ties for an organic cplorine sanitiz­ 100 ing germicidal agent capable of 50 25' + + rap~d and certain killing action. As + + + + ANTIBAC 287

TABLE 2- WEBER AND BLACK TEST oF ANTIBAC AND SomuM HYPOCHLORITE

M. pyop,enes v. aureus 25"C. Es. coli: 25"C. Vol. Ppm. plated 15 30 60 120 300 15 30 60 120 300 Germicide av. Cl. in ml Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. i Antibac 50 1.0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . ' 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 40 1.0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 1.0 2304 320 192 0 0 384 12 0.. 0 0 0.1 1920 290 160 10 0 370 10 0 0 0 Sodium 50 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 hypochlorite 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 1.0 0 0 .o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 1.0 20 0 0 0 o· 15 0 0 0 0 0.1 10 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0

TABLE 3- FABRIC Drsc TEsT oF ANTIBAC AND A,~omuM HYPOCHLORITE GERMICIDE ~ M. pyogenes v. aureus: 25° c. Es. coli: 25"C. Ppm Germicide ' av. Cl. 1 min. 2 min. 5 min. 1 min. 2 min. 5 min. Antihac 200 4,030 5,180 130 3,660 2,880 18 100 11,520 5,760 600 6,910 2,500 21 50 100,000 .100,000 4,030 100,000 100,000 46 Sodium 200 28,800 17,280 820 10,900 8,060 32 hypochlorite 100 100,000 25,920 3,460 100,000 100,000 410 50 100,000 34,560 43,200 100,000 100,000 100,000

TABLE 4 - RESULTS oF TESTS WITH SoLUTIONs oF CoMMERCIAL CHLORINE TYPE GERMICIDES MADE UP To CoNTAIN 200 PPM AVAILABLE CHLORINE AccoRDING To THE CoMPOSITION CLAIMED, IN UsE-DILUTION TEsTs UsiNG MicRococcus PYoGENEs VAR. AuREus AT 2o·c.

Out of 20 Cultures Ppm av. chlorine After 10 min. Carrier Carriers exposure of pH of wash solution after washing Type of product Carrier solutions No. showing growth No. showing growth NaOCl Soln. 238 10.4 0 13 NaOCl Soln. 2i7 9.8 0 11 NaOCl Soln. 228 10.4 1- 12 NaOCl Soln. 215 9.9 0 11 NaOCl Soln. 221 9.2 1 3 NaOCl Soln. 212 9.9 0 10 NaOCL Soln. 220 10.0 0 7 NaOCl Soln. 230 10.1 0 9 NaOCI Soln. 219 10.8 3 16 NaOCI Soln. 192 10.4 0 5 Ca ( OCI), Powder 196 11.2 13 14 Chlorimide Powder 200 5.0 0 3 I

~' TABLE 5- REsULTS oF TEsTs WITH SoLUTIONS oF REPRESENTATIVE CoMMERCIAL CHLORINE TYPE GERMICIDES . ' MADE UP To CoNTAIN 200 PPM AvAILABLE CHLoRINE AccoRDING To CoMPOSITION CLAIMED, IN UsE-DILUTION TEsTs UsiNG SALMONELLA PULLORUM AT 20°C.

Ppm. Out of 20 Cultures av. chlorine after 10 min. Carrier Carriers Type of exposure of pH of wash solution after washing - product carrier solutions No. showing growth No. showing growth· NaOCl Soln. 220 9.1 0 19 NaOCl Soln. 222 10.8 0 15 Ca ( OCl) • Powder 199 11.2 0 4 Chlorimide Powder 196 5.0 0 3 288 ANTIBAC

The fabric disc test is very paper, are given in table 6. Again The FDA method was used in prin­ severe, and zero counts are not to the superior performanc-e of the ciple. A few minor irregularities ap­ be expected. It will be seen that chlorimide powder is revealed. pear. Preliminary data are sho'fn in Antibac has done a somewhat bet­ table 9. ter job than sodium hypochlorite. DEPRECIATION STUDIES USING FOOD­ From table 9 it is possible to STUFFS AND DETERGENTS compile tables listing the miniraum D. Proposed USDA Test Method During t,he sanitizing of eating concentrations expressed as parts In studies on the improvement of and drinking utensils, the depreciat­ per million of available chlorine re­ quired for' 100 percent kills at the methods for the evaluation of chlo­ ing action of food residues and un­ rine germicides the U. S. Depart­ rinsed detergent left on the uten­ different temperatures for the dif­ ferent exposure times. This has ment of Agriculture included a sils can be of serious consequence, been done for a 2-minute exposure chlorimide powder employing the and it is important to know to what same active agent as used in Anti­ extent such depreciating agents can time in table 10. hac in comparative tests along with affect the germicide. In an effort to numerous commercial sodium and learn how Antibac compares with EFFECT OF PH ON GERMICIDAL 7 calcium hypochlorites • The "use­ other chlorine-liberating germicides ACTIVITY dilution" test method employed in­ in this respect, si&-..~y-side com­ As previously stated, Antibac pro­ volved carefully standardized con­ parisons were made between Anti­ vides a use solution slightly on the tamination of hollow stainless steel hac and sodium hypochlorite, using acid side of neutrality, and this cylinders at a level of about 2,000,- a modified FDA technique and add­ 000 organisms per cylinder .in ·the acid reaction contributes signifi­ ing common foodstuffs and deter­ cantly to the germieidal perfor­ case of S. pullorum or 812,000 with gen~ likely to be encountered. The mance of the product. In an M. pyogenes var. aureus. The sus­ ef­ foodstuffs and detergents were used fort to learn how the active agent pension of organisms was dried on at 0, 0,.02 and 0.1 percent, solids the rings at· 37°C for 10 to 30 min­ in Antibac and sodium hypochlo­ basis, and exposure times were 1 rite respond to pH adjustment, com­ utes. One such contaminated car­ and 5 minutes at 25°C. The sani­ parative tests were undertaken HS­ rier was then transferred to each tizing solutions were made up at of 20 ten-ml aliquots of the selected ing 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydan­ . 200 and 100 ppm of available chlo­ toin and sodium hypochlorite ad­ chlorine germicide for a 10-minute rine strength. The data fo.r M. pya­ justed to similar pH levels. Adjust­ exposure at 20°C. The carrier was genes v. aureus are given in table ment of pH was made with N aH­ transferred then to a wash of nu­ 7 and for Es. coli in table 8. S0 or Na HP0 , using a Beckman trient broth containing sodium 4 2 4 thiosulfate, shaken 30 seconds and A study of tables 7 and 8 shows pH meter. In these tests, which were conducted at 25°C, 10 ml of transferred to a tube of thioglycol­ that, except for minor resistance -a freshly adjusted germicidal solu­ late medium. The nutrient broth­ characteristics of the test organisms, tion, and 1.0 ml of a 24-hour-old thiosulfate wash tube and the tube milk, egg, and peptone are the most broth culture of M. pyogenes v. of fluid thioglycollate medium were depreciating of the foodstuffs, and were brought together in a both incubated at 37°C for 48 soap and H.D.C. (a soap type dish­ aureus, hours and checked for growth of washing compound) are the most medication tube, shaken, and the the test organism. Twenty replicate depreciatory of the detergents test­ exposure continued for 1 minute. After the exposure, plates were tubes were run in each tube. The ed. The work also shows quite results of tests on the hypochlorites clearly that of the two test organ­ poured of the mixture, and counted after 2 days of incubation. The and "Chlorimide Powder" are sum­ isms M. pyogenes v. aureus is the data are found in table 11. m~rized in tables 4, 5 and 6. more difficult to kill with chlorine­ liberating germicides. In numerous Table 11 shows very clearly that A similar but less extensive test instances Antibac has killed when with these two chlorine-liberating I was carried out using the organism the hypochlorite failed to kill, in­ compounds germicidal potency im­ ~' Salmonella pullorum as follows: dicating a superiority for Antibac. proves rapidly as the pH is low­ In the light of the very severe ered. Of the two, the active agent tests of tables 4 and 5; the perfor­ EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE of Antibac has performed the bet­ ter. mance of the chlorimide powder KILLING ACTION OF ANTIBAC is seen to be outstanding. It is well known that increasing STABILITY OF AH1'1BAC Comparative data were also ob- the temperature increases the kill­ . tained on the killing effectiveness of ing action of germicides. In an ef­ The stability of Antibac, both in sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypo­ fort to define more exactly the ef­ solution and in dry storage, is ex­ chlorite, and Antibac when the fect of temperature on Antibac, cellent. In one series of experiments number of bacteria absorbed on work was undertaken in which the solutions prepared in distilled wa­ carriers was widely varied. These temperature range of 1° to 65°C ter were subjected to constant stir­ data, condensed from the original was explored in .l0°C increments. ring in open beakers at various ~ i

ANTIBAC 289

TABLE 6 - EFFECTIVENEss oF SoLUTIONS OF SELECTED CoMMERCIAL CHLOIDNE TYPE GERMICIDES AT A CoN­ CENTRATION oF 200 PPM AvAILABLE CHLOIDNE IN DisiNFECTING CARRIERS BEARING VARYING NuMBERS OF BACTERIAL CELLS IN THE UsE-DILUTION PRoCEDURE Type of Product and pH of Solutions at 200 Ppm Av.Cl Cone. . Out of 20 tests . 4 NaOCl at pH 10.8 Ca(OCI). at pH 11.2 Chlorimide at pH 5.0 1 No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of bacteria washes .carriers washes carriers was}::tes carriers Test absorbed showing showing showing showing showing showing organism on carriers growth growth growth growth growth growth Salmonella 2,080,000 0 5 0 4 0 ., 3 pullorum 208,000 0 4 0 3 21,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 Micrococcus 812,000 3 16 13 20 0 3 pyogenes 81,200 1 19 var. au reus 8,100 1 0 0 2 0 0 4,200 0 0 0 0 .. TABLE 7 - DEPRECIATION BY CoNTAMINANTS oF .THE' 0:ERMICIDAL AcriVITY OF ANTIBAC AND SomuM HYPOCHLORITE M. pyogenes var. aureus: 25°C, Modified FDA Method Antibac Sodium hypochlorite 200 ppm 100 ppm 200 ppm 100 ppm Contaminant % solid& 1 min. 5 min. 1 min. 5 min. 1 min. .') min. l min. 5 min. Milk 0.0 + + + + + 0.02 + + + + + 0.1 + + + + + + + Beer 0.0 + + + 0.02 + + + + 0.1 + + + + + + + Whole egg 0.0 + + + 0.02 + + + + + 0.1 + + + + + + + Catsup 0.0 + + 0.02 + + + 0.1 + + + + Beef gravy 0.0 + + + 0.02 + + + 0.1 + + + + + Ivory soap 0.0 + + + 0.02 + + + + 0.1 + + + + + + Kreelon 4D 0.0 + + + 0.02 + + + 0.1 + + + H.D.C. (Soap 0.0 + + + + type dishwash­ 0.02 + + + + + ing compound) 0.1 + + + + + 1.1& 0.0 + + + + 0.02 + + + + 0.1 + + + + temperatures, using a Phipps and ( c·alculated) but losses were quite Although in the absence of pep­ ! Bird Laboratory Mixer with the rapid within the first 15 minutes in t~me the calcium hypochlorite at agitators adjusted to· turn at 80 the presence of peptone. The data 40° and 60°C has shown a little RPM. are presented in figure 1. Since higher chlorine level initially than 50 ppm available chlorine is the Antibac, this is temporary. During These tests were carried out at commonly accepted lower level of this period the available chlorine 20, 40; and 60°C with the solutions activity. for serviceable hypochlo­ levels are high and all solutions of Antibac, and commercial cal­ rite solutions, a horizontal line therefore germicidally effective. cium and sodium· hypochlorites, has been drawn acros~ the figure Within a few hours the curves both with and without addition of at this level.. Solid lines show the cross and Antibac holds up better 0.1 percent peptone to the solutions. course of depreciation in ·the ~­ over long periods. The calcium hy­ All solutions were made up to con­ sence of peptone and dotted lines pochlorite solutions show a ten­ tain 200 ppm available chlorine are used when it is present,. dency to break; rapidly once serious 290 ANTIBAC

TABLE 8- DEPRECIATION BY CoNTAMINATION oF THE GERMICIDAL ACTIVITY oF ANTIBAC AND SomuM H YPOCHLORlTE

Es. coli: 25°C. Modified FDA Method / Antibac Sodium hypochlorite .. , 200 ppm 100 ppm 200 ppm 100 ppm ·~ Contaminant % solids 1 min. 5 ~min. 1 min. 5 min. · 1 min. 5 min. 1 min. 5 min. 1 Milk 0.0 0.02 + 0.1 + + Beer 0.0 0.02 '· 0.1 + + + Whole egg 0.0 + 0.02 + + 0.1 + + + + Catsup 0.0 0.02 0.1 + + + + Beef gravy 0.0 -'!J + 0.02 '•i + + 0.1' + + + + Peptone 0.0 ·- 0.02 + 0.1 + + + + Ivory soap 0.0 0.02 O.I + Kreelon 4D 0.0 0.02 0.1 H.D.S. (Soap­ 0.0 type dishwash­ 0.02 + ing compound) 0.1 + + + + Tide 0.0 0.02 + + 0.1 + + + +

TABLE 9- EFFECT oF TEMPERATURE oN THE KILLING ACTION OF ANTIBAC SoLUTIONS (Preliminary Data, Modified FDA Method)

Temp. Ppm M. pyogenes var. aureus Es. coli of test av. Cl. I min. 2 min. 3 min. 5 min. 1 min. 2 min. 3 min. 5 min. ' 1° c. 400 200 150 + + + + + + + 10° c. 200 +. 150 100 + + + + + + + + + + + + I 20° c. 150 • 100 + + + - ~ 50 + + + + 30° c. 150 + 100 + 50 + + + + + 40° c. 100 + 50 + 25 + + + + 50° c. 10Q 50 25 + '- 65° c. 100 ·- ~·~:. 50 + '<"• 25 + ANTIBAC 291

TABLE 10- AVAILABLE CHLORINE ·STRENGTHs OF ANTIBAc SoLUTIONs REQUIRED FoR A ToTAL KILL WITHIN 2 MINUTEs AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

Preliminary Data, FDA Method M. pyogenes, Tempyrature 140°f. v. aureus Es. coli 60°C. 1. c or 33.8°F 200 ppm 200 ppm 10 50.0 200 '· 200 20 68.0 150 50 30 86.0 100 50 40 104.0 50 25 50 122.0 25 25 !00 65 149.0 25 25 ~1)2 175 ~ -·~ 1\ 150 --- ~a oct ltr-.. ., 125 ANTIBAC+-- PEPlONE 20 --~,~ I04°F. .. 100 ...... _ 40"'C. ' ., I .. '\- .... II 1&.1 I 75 t-- _£o{OCI )2 +PEPTONE z " ROOM CONDITIONS a: 50 -- \ r\ -- 0 1\.. - -..... ----oOCI+PEP oNE------.::::- 5:!15 ~ r~"" 0 ~ 1&.1_, r~ 200 Ill ---=~~~ <( 175 _, --- . NaOCI Co[OC~ ~--- ~ 1'--.. 104°F 150 ~10 ---- 75% R.H:--- <( \ --ANrlBAC+PEPToNE~.:::- 125 .... -- 1- .... 68"F. 100 ._,eo(jCI~+PEPTjNE- 1- 20°C z ·..:...... ~ ~ 75 .... _ a:: \ 1&.1 ~ ~~!_!PEPTONE a.. 5 50 - --~ -- <~ 25

0 0.25 0.5 I 3 4 5 TIME IN HOURS 180°F 0 0 ""·-2 3 4·- 5 6 FIGURE 1- RATE oF Loss OF MONTHS OF STORAGE CHLORINE FROM SANITIZING SOLUTIONS FIGURE 2 - DRY STORAGE STABILITY OF ANTIBAC

TABLE 11 - EFFECT oF PH ADJUSTMENT oN THE GERMICIDAL PERFORMANCE OF SoDruM HYPOCHLORITE AND 1,3-DICHLOR0-5,5-DIMETHYLHYDANTOIN

M. pya genes v. aureus 25° C.

Ppm Control Count per ml of medication mixture Germicide av. Cl. count per ml pH 4.0 pH 5.0 · pH 6.0 pH 7.0 pH 8.0.

Sodium 25 12,800,000 TNTC TNTC 'J;:NTC TNTC TNTC hypochlorite 50 TNTC TNTC TNTC TNTC TNTC 100 0 1,730 2,800 10,700 TNTC 150 " 0 1 50 420 200 0 1 60 250 " 0 7 1,3-dichloro 25 14,700,000 TNTC TNTC TNTC TNTC TNTC 5,5-dimethyl 50 6,050 7,800 9,800 16,390 TNTC hydantoin 100 36 50 160 580 3,200 150 .. 0 0 1 930 200 .. 0 0 0 250 .. 0 0 ------:---...

292 ANTIBAC depreciation has begun. The sodi­ TABLE 13 - Loss oR GAIN IN WEIGHT OF METALS IMMERSED IN um hypochlorite solutions have re­ CHLORINE.:LIBERATING · GERMICIDAL SoLUTIONS tained their chlorine content the least successfully of the three. Exposure: Seven Days at Room Temperature High test calcium ..i Peptone has severely depreciated Av. chlorine hypochlorite Antibac the available chlorine levels of the Metal t ::.:.;:=,-----­ ppm mg per strip per strip { hypochlorites and marked super- Silver" 50 +13.8 + 0.3 iority for Antibac is clearly revealed 200 +19.Q + 1.4, 500 at all temperatures. +31.1 +13.0 Aluminum 50 + 2.1 - 2.0 200 - 1.3 -2.6 Storage tests of dry Antibac un­ 500 +61.0 - 7.1 der a variety of conditions, have yi13lded the data shqwn in figure Galvanized iron 50 -19.9 - 3.7 200 -35.8 - 3.8 2. In these test~, 20.0-gram samples 500 -73.0 - 6.5 were weighed into uncapped jars and set aside under the various con- Stainless -steel · 5{) - 1.0 - 0.3 200 - 0.4 - 0.7 ditions indicated. ' ~'•" 500 - 1.6 - 0.7 Copper 50 - 1.4 - 1.4 It is obvious that at 180°F, Anti­ 200 -11.7 - 7.7 hac is not stable. However, at 120° 500 -18.0 -22.7 F, storage behavior is surprisingly Dairy metal 50 -10.4 '- 3.2 good, considering that one is deal­ 200 - 5.1 - 8.9 ing with an acidic chlorine-liberat­ 500 -10.9 -21.0 ing composition. Less than 20 per­ Brass 50 - 1.2 - 3.2 cent of the original chlorine is lost 200 - 2.4 -11.2 during six months of open storage. 500 - 9.6 -31.5 At room temperature storage, Anti­ Bronze 50 - 5.1 hac is perfectly stable up to 6 200 - 9.4 months. Under conditions of 75 500 -23.2 percent relative humidity, and 104° Dairy Tin 50 - 9.2 -17.1 F temperature, Antibac is less stable 200 -12.8 -25.1 than at 120°F dry heat. Antibac 500 -37.7 -48.6 should be protected against ex" Black irpn 50 -12.1 -21.8 cessive heat and dampness, but 200 -26.1 -37.5 special precautions are not indi­ .500 -50.7 -63.3 cated. Tightly dosed impervious containers reduce chlorine losses In the case of silver, aluminum, In the bacteriological studies materially. and galvanized iron, the advantage here reported, three different test­ is with Ailtibac, while_ with Dairy ing methods have yielded data in­ ACTION ON METALS Tin, brass, and black iron the ad­ dicating that 1,3-dichloro-5,5-di­ All aqueou~ chlorine solutions are vantage lies with the hypochlorites. methylhydantoin is equal, or slight­ corrosive to metals to a _greater or With the other· metals employed in ly better than hypochlorites in kill­ lesser extent and Antibac solutions the test, .including stainless steel, ing action, and one method (We~er are not exceptions, but laboratory Dairy Metal and copper, no clear­ and Black) indicates that it is studies have shown that the rela­ cut advantage for either germicide slightly inferior. Since this work I tive action of Antibac and a widely 8 is apparent. was completed J ohns has reported J' used high test hypochlorite at com­ work along similar lines utilizing parable levels of available chlorine the Weber and Black method and a DISCUSSION depends upon the individual metal. fifth method, his glass slide techni­ Metal strips measuring 3/4 x 3 The principal objections to the que. Johns has used substandard inches were cleaned, weighed, and use of organic chlorine-liberating concentration of germicides9 (50 then immersed in solutions of the chemicals for germicidal use have down to 10 ppm available chlorine) germicides contained in screw­ been successfully overcome in An­ which would "best show up differ­ capped jars and held ~t room tem­ tibac. Among-these are the unsat­ ences in bactericidal speed." Un­ perature (72 - 78°F) for seven isfact.ory solubility characteristics der these circumstances the data days. Losses or gains in weight of of some compounds, slowness of indicate that the three commercial the strips are expressed in milli­ germicidal action of others, and hypochlorites are somewhat more grams per specimen and are given the poor stability of otherwise suit­ rapid than Antibac-25 against Es. in table 13. able formulations. coli and Ps. aeruginosa, but that ANTIBAC 293

Antibac is equally or more effective of metal corrosion has been found. 5. Antibac, like all chlorine lib­ than two calcium hypochlorites, This work will be described in a erating germicides, improves in and about equal to sodium hypo­ subsequent paper. killing potency as the pH of the chlorite when the organism is M. solution is lowered. Since it has The desirability of formulating pyogenes var. aureus. Accordingly, been formulated to provide a use chlorine-liberating germicides ·so as considering all the work reported, solution that is mildly acid (pH 5.8 to provide neutral to mildly acid the relative activities found de­ to 7.0) it is ready to exert its full use-solutions has been recognized pend to a considerable degree up­ potency as soon as put into solu­ for many years, but until the devel­ on the organism involved and the tion. opment of Antibac this objective method of test selected. Where ap­ could not be realized in a practi­ preciable proportions of chlorine 6. Antibac solutions have been cal way. The combination of ex­ acceptors are present, as in the shown to be no more corrosive to cellent storage and solution stabil­ FDA method, and the fabric disc metals as a class than calcium hy­ ity in a dry, completely and rapidly test method, Antibac usually has pochlorite. Individual metals show soluble powder form, generally proved superior: This is empha­ greater or lesser effects. Field tests equal or superior to commercial hy­ sized by the data of tables 7 and 8 indicate that metal corrosion will pochlorites in germicidal activity which record the effects of added not be a serious problem. at use concentrations, mak~ Anti­ food or detergent contaminants in. hac unique. In addition, Ant(bac a modified FDA type test. We con­ is comparatively mild in its action clude that for practical germicid~l REFERENCES on the skin and of low odor inten-· purposes Antibac can be used in­ sity in solution. terchangeably with hypochlorites 1. Tilley, F .. W. and Chapin, R. M., Germicidal Efficiency of Chlorine and in most cases, and will be preferred the N-Chloro Derivatives of Ammonia, in many. Methylamine and Glycine Against An­ thrax Spores. ]. Bacteriology, 19, 295 CoNCLUSIONS Our corrosion studies cover a (1930). wide variety of metals which may 1. Antibac, a new sanitizing. 2. Johns, C. K., The Influence of Alk­ with more or less . frequency re­ agent and germicide whose active linity Upon the Efficiency of Hypochlor­ quire sanitation in the food indus­ ites. Proc. Internat. Assn. D::iry and Milk agent is 1,3-dichloro-15,5-dimethyl­ tries and on farms. Products which Inspectors ( 1931). hydantoin, exerts a germicidal ac­ are acidic in nature inevitably at­ tion that is equal, superior or slight­ 3. Rudolph, A. S. · and Levine, M. tack certain metals and active chlo­ ly inferi(w to that shown by com­ Factors Affecting the Germicidal Effi­ rine may enhance such effects. ciency of Hypochlorite Solutions. Iowa mercial iuorganic hypochlorites, de­ These data indicate that c;Jach met­ Exp. Station Bulletin 150 ( 1941 ). pendent upon the conditions of test­ al must be considered individually, ing. 4. Charlton, D. B. and Levine, M., but that metals as a class are not Some Observations on the Germicidal Ef­ more seriously attacked by Antibac 2. The depreciating effect of ficiency of Chloramine T and Calcium than by hypochlorite solutions at peptone, foodstuffs, and dishwash­ Hypochlorite. ]. Bact., 30, 163 ( 1935). similar available chlorine levels. ing detergents on germicidal ac­ 5. The Food and Drug Administra­ Most equipment of the ,food indu~­ tivity is less in the case of Antibac tion Method, Circular 198, U.: S. Depart­ tries requiring chemical sanitiza­ than for hypochlorites. ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., tion today is constructed of mate­ (1931). 3. Increasing the temperature rials which appear to show ade­ 6. Weber, G. R., and Black, L. A. of an Antibac solution results in a quate corrosion resistance. Laboratory Procedure for Evaluating normal increase in germicidal po­ Practical Performance of Quaternary tency. The excellent stability of Ammonium and Other Germicides Pro­ It is fair to say that the condi­ Antibac solutions over long periods posed for Sanitizing Food Utensils. Amer- tions of this test (i.e., specially is of special advantage at the high­ J. Pub. Health, 38, 1405 (1948). pre-cleaned metals, long continu­ er temperatures. 7. Stuart, L. S., Bogusky, J., Orten­ ous exposures in a closed system, zio, L. F., and Friedl, J. L., Soap and solutions made up from distilled 4. In the dry form Antibac Sanitary Chemicals, Official Proceedings water in which the pH of the Anti­ shows practically no loss of chlo­ of 37th Annual Meeting; Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association, hac solutions will be lower than for . rine under room temperature stor­ December ( 1950). use solutions made up from ordi­ age. At 120°F chlorine is lost slow­ nary water supplies) are very se­ ly while at 180°F the loss of chlo­ 8. Johns, C. K., The Germicidal Ef? fectiveness of a New Chlorine Compoud. vere, and apparently overempha­ rine is rapid. When stored at 140° ]. Milk and Food Technol. 14, 134 size the problem considerably. The F and 75 percent relative humid­ ( 1951 ). best answer comes from field ex­ ity, the loss of chlorine is marked 9. U. S. Public Health Service, Ord­ perience. In field service in dairies but not excessive. Antibac should inance and Code Regulating Eating and and ice cream plants, and in restau­ be protected against excessive hu­ Drinking Establishments, Public Health rant service, no significant evidence midity and heat. Bulletin No. 280, 29 ( 1943). 294

FARM TANK HOLDING OF MILK WITH TANK TRUCK PICK-UP (Originally narrated and illustrated by his own amateur colored moving pictures) c. B. A. (BILL) BRYANT Johnson and Johnson, Chicago, Illinois .. 4 panies receive all their milk at their t Bill Bryant presents informally his milk plants in tank trucks direct observations on many practical aspects from all the~r dairy producers. of the new system of hauling milk by tank pickup in widely scattered parts Great was the interest in this new of :the United States. He reports that enterprise by. many in our dairy in­ :the work-load is . eased; milk quality dustry. With the color movies of is improved, delivery is facilitated, these two sections of our nation I and economies in collection and opera­ received many invitations to show tion are secured•. them to various groups such as: Our College. Dairy Short Courses; Sanitarians' ·Meeti~s; Fieldmen's have always been curious to Organizations; Milk F)ant Opera­ I know and see what ·different tors' Conventions; Milk Haulers' people do when they stray from Dinners given by their milk com­ the old conventional ways. At the panies; and even Co-Operative very beginning when I visited Milk Companies' Annual Meetings dairy farms where the system of of their Dairy Farmer Members. Born and reared on a Michigan handling milk in bulk tanks was farm, and educated in high school Two years ago I heard of two and junior college Mr. C. B. A. used, I observed that these tanks milk companies located in smaller ( "Bill" ) Bryant promoted power were of several types. One was a cities who had partly adopted this farming equipment, and sold the thermos type or insulated wall new system. I quickly visited them first Fordson tractor to a farmer in tank. Milk entering this tank was and requested the privilege of re­ the United States. Entering employ­ cooled by paS'sing over aerator coil ment by Johnson & Johnson, he be­ cording their method on the color came field sales manager of their cooler placed just above the tank. moving picture film, this to be Filter Products Division, introducing Then too, there was a cold wall shared in presenting, in addition the use of a cotton filter disk at the tank, this type having cooling sys­ to groups previously mentioned, farm level. He has written, published, tem built into body. Milk enters and lectured extensively all over the our "Junior Dairy Science Groups" United States. warm from cows and is cooled in of our universities and the "Dairy the tank. Another type of tank, with Classes" at regular classroom ses- this principle of cooling milk after sions. their experiences. Here five of the entering, has an iced water-jacket tank installations were of 200 gal­ syste)ll flowing over outer walls of EARLY INDUSTRIAL OPERATION lons or more. One was of 50-gallon tank instead of a refrigeration unit capacity which they used for ex­ My first colored moving picture built into the tank wall. These cold perimenting. These people effec­ of this series is that of the Edisto wall tanks seem to predominate tively helped to pave the way for Dairy of Columbia, South Carolina. among these earlier installations. A practical smaller city and milk few of these very early tanks were At this time they were receiving plant operations. The records that milk from six of their farms which old, insulated, coil-pasteurizer vats, they kept on quality improvement had installed cold wall bulk tanks. having a coil aerator unit suspend­ and economic advantages were ed in the center. These were for One large dairyman operated three freely shared with all interested I experimental purposes and are now dairy farms and I understood he inquiring visitors. At this time the was also interested in the milk com­ .j' being replaced, perhaps because of hauler carried into each milk house pany distributing his ,milk. So in their limited cooling capacity and the pump from a compartment on reality, at the beginning of these the difficulty in cleaning. his truck, rinsing after each use. six dairy farms only four dairy Farm tank holding of milk was He also detached hose through farmers were involved and this first adopted some thirteen years which milk wa11 transferred from valuable. early operation was more ago in the concentrated fluid milk farm tank to tank truck at each call. of a personal enterprise. areas of Los Angeles County, Cal­ Later improvements of these fea- . They had many weekly visitors ifornia, and almost simultaneously tures were developed by the Edisto and gave cordially and freely of in Dade County (Miami), Florida. people. This system has slowly gained head­ From Columbia, South Carolina, 0 way, and after some dozen years it Presented at the 21st Annual Insti­ I immediately went to Hartford, tute of Dairying, State College of Wash­ has now almost completely elimin­ ington, Pullman, Washington, March 10- Conn., where I visited Bryant Chap­ ated the old way. Most milk com- 13, 1952. man Company, a member of Na- 'I

FARM TANK HoLDING 295 ill I'' tiona! Dairy. They had beeri oper­ about how all dairymen had be­ finding it desirable right in the be­ Ill,, ating one tank· truck route with come "better. housekeepers" was ginning of this new system to start !I[ this system for over a year and a well borne out. all dairy patrons off right. . ij' half, and at the time of my visit ~· !p Now the mounting of the "filt~i' i'l they were getting milk from eleven Now in the handling of milk each li disk" after passing milk from the 111 dairyman must keep every drop of . ' dairy farms which had installed cows through it to observe the !:I farm bulk tanks. I was informed the highest quality right here in ~ !;: workmanship of having carefully 1 that all of these dairy farmers were his own milk room. He now runs !il prepared the cows before milking, members of the Connecticut Milk the risk of losing the entire volume i!: of his milk by quality inspection at has become rriost evident. By do­ Producers Association. The small­ 'I I his farm, and not as formerly, per­ ing this, many careful dairymen I' est capacity tank on these farms find the "used 'filter disk" to be was 200 gallons, and cold wall haps an occasional can of milk, u' clean and comparatively free of tanks of three different 'manufact­ ·when 20 or 30 cans of milk are in­ li: dirt. They truly have in this "used ·,:I' urers were in use. However, one spected at the milk plant receiving I'' disk" their "Badge of Merit." It ''· manufacturer had, I believe, eight room. iii,, has been experienced that even of the eleven in use. So from the Both bacteria and sediment ex­ when washing the teats and ud­ manufacturer's standpoint, consid­ II!:1 aminations are now ma.Qe at the ders of the cows with warm water erable useful data from the field ·il farm. A number four ( 4) oo,diment and wiping dry with a paper towel operation could be gained. /!I (reject) is made of a pint of milk the multiple massaging of the teats i' All of this to this fine company as from a ten-gallon milk can, re­ of many cows causes some extrane­ was a so-called "guinea pig" oper­ gardless of the quantity of milk in ous matter to get into the milk ill ation in order to establish for them­ the container from which it is stream, and it is removed -by these selves and perhaps their par~nt or­ drawn, for a sediment test is taken "fibre bonded" filter disks. In cases !I ganization the possibilities of its to verify the workmanship of pre­ wher~ both the pipe-lif\..e continu­ practicability and economy to both paration of the cows before milk~ ous milking system witl!; vacuum II dairy farmer and milk company. ing. "Dirt" is "dirt" regardless of . carrying the milk to the contain­ This was under the direction of from what volume of milk it is ers and tM "fibre bonded" filtering lji Mr. A. C. Fisher, manager of Bry­ drawn, and if present it indicates medium are used it is observed ant & Chapman, and his chief field that better work some place along that when these disks are placed r, director, Mr. Emmerson Sartain. the line could have been done. after an "in the line" sleeve or tube Both Mr. Fisher and Mr. Sartain Many, many dairy farmers with using woven fabrics as a filter medi­ /' have liberally given of their data 400- and 500-gallon tanks get a um, some fine extraneous matter is and experiences to all of the many number one ( 1) sediment, so all caught on the '.'fibre bonded" med­ I! visitors and both have . been in can get the same. Man~gement is ium, indicating that perhaps it I,I I great demand as speakers on this I I II subject to dairy gatherings. These men have been most enthusiastic '"I and practical promoters of their 1'. ideas to .our fluid milk industry. Mr. Charles Whiting, fieldman of the Connecticut Milk Producers Association, regularly assisted Em­ '!/ merson Sartain in his dairy farm contacts as all these dairymen were ~l11, stalwart members of his association. 'I:: Much has been written and dis­ I·rr ,il cussed regarding this operation. I ,~\ i'i'l merely add here by this "travelog" color picture my observations and impreBsions. Iii '! ·rI!·

THE DAIRY FARMER I'•:i None knew we were going to call. All places were found as any one would leave them in their every­ FIGURE 1 day routine. Every place was in ex­ Milk tank driver rinsing 500-gallon tank after pumping milk out. Milk authorities cellent condition, and Emmerson agree that this is one of the most important operations of the entire farm bulk tank Sartain's early statement to me system. -·------·---~-~-~-~~~~------~------...__.

296 FARM TANK HoLDING

FIGURE 2 Tractor-trailer farm tank truck, single compartment 3500 gallons. Size of tank truck used will depend on the territory and circumstilnces surrounding each run. Pump compartment located on back end of tanker. Standard rubber milk hose is used for making connection froll). tank truck to farm tank on this operation. Milk hose when not in use is kept in a sterilizing solution.

might have passed through the each tank and installation in each · a:t the milk plant. This weight of former. milk house. The weights are daily milk should balance with the mul­ established and determined on the tiple amount recorded by the driv­ r::,,,(, I was informed that this Con­ \ ~-~ premises of each qairy farmer. er at his farm calls. Here I was in­ -...._;_; necticut 3100-gallon 'semi-tank If desired, each day the tank of formed there was no loss of milk to truck· had not failed in two years milk can be weighed when arriving either farmer or milk company, to get the milk at any of the eleven farms. The high caliber and per­ sonalities of all of these truck driv­ ers is noteworthy. All are capable of being good sanitarians in their own right. Because of no can-lift­ ing, perhaps now more attention may be given to the personality of the hauler. He may qualify with a characteri~tic of known capacity above the ears and less physical strength in shoulders and thighs. I . found all of these dairymen I were enthusiastic and indeed very .j• outspoken in relating the benefits of this new operation as they ex­ perienced them. First: They all liked their butter­ fat tests. Some even had daily sam­ ples left at the farm wh((n the haul- · er drew a sample for the milk plant. This I understand was soon drop­ ped after abm~t a month. FIGURE 3 Second: They liked their daily An ins].llated, metal-lined box located on the underside of the truck in which the weights. These are recorded on the plant composite milk samples are kept. The truck driver is a licensed weigher and measuring stick, each calibrated for sampler. Note ice in middle compartment. · FARM TANK HoLDING 297

formerly experienced by rapid pouring of milk cans at receiving room as the milk cans pass on into the can washer. Third: All farmers brought out the fact of no lifting of the milk '.4 cans. The milk hauler was also very 1 talkative on this point. Remember that the producer formerly handled 20 to 50 cans of milk a day, so he had quite a comparison. Fourth: I observed new enthusi­ asm on the part of the sons of dairy­ men. These youths ranged in age from their teens to early thirties. This may be one means of renewing youths' interest in our dairying and engendering a resolve to stay on the farm.

MILK PLANT OPERATOR FIGURE 4 First: I observed their enthusiasm A 400-gallon Farm Cold-Wall Bulk Tank. as expressed in the possibility of Note temperature control in center board which is adjustable so control can be perhaps some day eliminating the in any depth of milk desired, to hold milk at constant temperature. milk receiving room. To be sure this would necessitate the recogni­ tion of the small producer, the Fifth: Now milk, because of the Perhaps because of the economics dairyman of one can of milk a day. thorough and controlled cooling at involved on the part of both dairy Here they expressed the idea that the dairy farm, may be received farmer and milk plant, progress perhaps every-other-day "pick up" at the milk pla,nt any time around with installations in various parts of might be the answer. I know of the clock, does not need to be in our nation continue to roll. Daily in some places now having farm bulk at a specific hour of the morning, my mail are reports from my many tank installations of 50 gallons. In and is not affected by the heat of Junior Associates in the field in all some of my later moving picture the sun if delayed in receiving at sections of these United States reels I show several farms and milk the milk plant; perhaps also may which tell of new installations of houses with 75-gal~n tanks. be received with the .minimum of this system for handling milk. So plant personnel as it is transferred as of this date there are to my Second: Management mentioned from tank truck to milk plant stor­ knowledge over half a hundred the accumulated item of the clean­ age tank. places in some two score of our ing and sterilizing materials at the states. milk plant. With farm tank hold­ It is expected that there are many ing, the truck driver, you will ob­ improvements that experience will OPERATIONS IN WASHINGTON STATE serve, rinses out the tank after he bring about for both dairy farmer draws out the milk. The farmer and milk plant. All progress first The first large operation of a so­ washes the tank. The cleaning and comes from dreaming; then experi­ called independent milk organiza:.. sterilizing materials are now trans­ menting, then action by doing. To tion, called to my attention, located ferred from milk companies' use date, enough action has taken place in one of our smaller communities, to farm milk-house use. by practical doing to make im­ was at Lynden, State of Washing­ Third: All report reduced haul­ provements possible. This includes ton, the Lynden Dairy Products ing costs. This of course is valuable better labor-saving devices at the Company. Prior to the operation of to the farmer. It is of equal interest tank truck-as the pump and its this Farm Tank System, these to milk plant management as it bet­ compartment-, the hose and its dairymen were producers of milk ter serves their patrons. care and handling, the plug handle for manufacturing purposes. Right on end of the conductor hose, the at the start seventy were. equipped Fourth: Management reports a protection on tank truck for pump, and turned to "Grade A" fluid milk better and a more consistent high and the handling of butter-fat sam­ production. To date, a little over quality milk supply. ple bottles. one year after the beginning, they 298 FARM TANK HoLDING

have some 120 producers in the and equipment therein were new, near-zero weather and plenty of system. This company had never as these were manufacturing milk snow on the ground. This is a co­ picked up milk from their dairy­ producers turned to fluid milk or operative milk organization. Prior farm patrons on Sunday, but enter­ "Grade A" production. Everything to this farm-tank operation'; all of ! 0, I ing into the "Grade A" field with was immaculate. To verify my in­ their milk was for manufacturing. ,. · milk-can method, this they felt formation that all dairymen who Some of their producers wanted to : . would be necessary. Turning to have changed to this method are equip themselves for "Grade A" i I 1 farm tanks they found they could better house~eepers, I had these production. River Falls Co-Op continue their long-established same milk-houses visited and would tJ.eed to invest in a "Grade practice by picking up from the equipment observed one year lat­ A" receiving room, or establish a I farm tank the mifk every other day. er. They were found as immaculate farm tan~, tank-truck pick-up sys­ These peopl~ were not interested in as at the time pictures were taken. tem. The latter was their choice at bottling Grade A milk for retail or a very much less cost. To start, 28 My chief observation now is that wholesale delivery. They were in­ of their members built milk-houses at all places of my knowledge terested in selling bulk Grade A and purchased farm tanks. No where they have installed this sys­ milk for fhe large city markets. dairyman of these 28 milked over tem, there .. has been an increase in Therefore, with 1500-gaJion tank 24 cows. The capacity of their larg­ the number of daoi.zymen and equip­ trucks they could pick up the milk est tanks was 150 gallons. Several ment - no standin~ still or going at the farms, bring it into Lynden, 75-gallon and 115-gallon tanks were backward. Each place has had and there transfer it to a big 3500- ·installed. Here all of these first 28 questions arise which come up at gallon semi-tank truck. This tank tanks were of one make. These were all well-regulated operations of our truck could take the milk to the a cabihet type tank holder, a con­ milk industry, as to sanitation, la­ city market some hundred or more vertible milk can cooler with cir­ bor, hauling, etc. My observation is miles away. They have four of the culating iced water for cooling, that as each is increasing, they each smaller tank trucks, each of which with a bulk stainless steel tank re­ have seemingly answered these picks. up from tanks at farms three plfteing space taken by milk cans. questions satisfactorily for them­ or four loads of milk a day. As this selves. is a very concentrated dairying Most interesting of all was the · area, no. milk route is very long. type of farms and kind of roads On each load these 1500-gallon OPERATIONS IN WISCONSIN and farm drives this tank truck tanks do not have great mileage. My next scenes for color movies went over. It was the type of place When I first made my color mov­ were at River Falls, Wisconsin. and installation where one might ie of this enterprise all milk houses These I took late in January, with say "it can't be done." and it was

FIGURE 5

Farm tank truck with two comparbnents holding 600 and 1000 ga~lons respectively. FARM TANK HoLDING 299

"being done." Here simple econom­ stainless steel, milk going direct , PROGRESS IN CONNECTICUT ics seems to have been the deter­ from cow, through filter, to bulk mining factor. And to my know­ tank. One 1800-gallon tank truck Late in May this year 1952, I re- !i ledge the first farm tank system with tandem dual rear wheels, picks turned to Hartford, Conn. My went to this small northern Wis­ up the milk. This wheel arrange­ purpose was to add to my color i consin town. It was not established ment, I was told, complies at all movie reel special features of their in this great dairy state near the seasons of the year with Ohio road progress since my original pictures larger cities of the state. weight laws. The tank truck (a taken nearly t~o years ago. My beauty) is ow;ned and operated by special interest One pleasing observation here · was immediately a contract hauler, Mr. Jerry Voeg­ was the many father and· son part­ attracted to the newer tank pick-up ler. I understand Jerry Voegler for­ truck. It had sanding equipment nership ·combination, many fine fu­ merly had four trucks and four ture dairymen being delighted with for the forward wheels and was of milk routes. He feels that even­ his home dairy farm relationship. 3400-gallon capacity. Now the tually this one tank truck will re­ Also all of these dairy farms milked pump, electric cord, butter fat sam­ place all of his four can trucks. He ple cabinet with icing features all with milking machines in the fa­ can now pick up milk at the farms miliar stanchion barn, ·no milking were contained in a streamline cab~ around the clock. This tru~k has in­ inet at rear of truck. parlors or continuous pipe-line corporated all the latest cbnven­ milking systems as a part of their iences and sanitary feature~ for farm tank holding in their milk Mr. Emmerson Sartain told me as handling the milk and protecting he accompanied our visiting to a house. Since this beginning they the pump, hose, ·and butter-fat have had phenomenal growth and new farm that they were contin­ samples. You note it has two spa­ ually having important visitors; now have many more farmers and cious compartments for carrying other tank pick up trucks. that many neighboring people and supplies out to the dairy farm pa­ cities were seriously considering rous. similar installations. Reporting the OPERATIONS IN OHIO One of the most interesting fea­ progress, he said that by Septem­ My next experience was at Day­ tures of this Dayton operation is ber thev expect to receive 60 per­ ton, Ohio. This to my knowledge the releasers of the continuous cent pf their total daily intake from was the first of this system in Ohio. milking pipe-line systems. These the farm tanks. They would then Here under the leadership of Mr. are necessary to release the milk look into the remaining 40 percent Gus Bumstead, the Borden Finch from the vacuum to let if flow by of milk coming from · smaller pro­ Farms Dairy have started farm tank gravity into the bulk farm tank. ducers. Mr. Sartain referred to the holding with a handful of large Also a further feature of this opera­ the 50-gallon farm tank and every­ dairymen. I believe at this start tion is in the introduction of sur­ other-dav pickup as perhaps an im­ their smallest farm tank is of 200- face disk fl.lters for smaller milking portant future factor to them in gallon capacity. All were of the parlors with continuous pipe-lines. covering these smaller producers. cold wall type. Several of these These use ,.fibre bonded" disks in­ dairymen have milking parlors and stead of woven fabric formerly used So the interest and procession continuous pipe-lines, glass and in the sleeve or tube type filter. goes steadily on.

INHIBITION STREPTOCOCCUS Johns, C. K., Factbrs Affecting Activity of PHOSPHATASE DETERMINATION Chemical Germicides. Milk Plant Mo., ( Continued from page 284) LACTIS 39, No ..554 (1950). incubator and placing them in I (Continued from page 281) Kuhn, C. A., and Bielig, H. J., Ueber In­ boiling water is held below 30 min­ • vertseifen: I. Die Einwirkung von ln­ utes. However, when the standing d vertseifen auf Eiweiss-Stoffe, Ber., 73, Domagh, G., Eine neue Klasse van Desin­ 1080-1091 ( 1940). time exceeds 30 minutes at room fektionsmitteln. Deut. med. Wochschr., temperatures above normal, the in­ 61, 829-832 (1935). Lundstedt, E., Don't Let Quats Ruin crease in the phosphatase reading tfiat Flavor. Food Ind., 22, 2056-2058 may seriously 'affecrthe final results Elliker, P. R., Practical Dairy Bacteriolo­ ( 1950). ofthe· test. This can be avoided by gy. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, ( 1949). Miller, D. D., and Elliker, P. R., Effect immersing tubes in a water bath at of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds approximately 70oF after t~e addi­ Elliker, P. R., Quaternary Ammonium on Activity of Lactic Acid Starter Bac­ titm of the Folin-Ciocalteu.reagent. · Compounds. Amer. Milk Review, 12, teria in Milk and Cheese. ]. Dairy Sci., If the statiding· time is to be short, No. 10, 39, ( 1950). · 34, 279-286 ( 1951 )·. placing the tubes in a refrigerator Glassman, H. N., The Interaction of Sur­ Rueke, H. A., Penicillin and other Starter for a short time after removing from face Active Agents and, Proteins. An­ Culture Inhibitors. Milk Plant Mo., 39, the incubator will also accomplish nals of N.Y. Acad. Sci., 53, 91 ( 1950). No. 3, 36-42, (1950). the desired results. 800

NEw YoRK STATE AssociATION oF -===::=Association News======- MILK SANITARIANS

' ~~· ' .· Pres., Claude R. Woodward...... Utica ..., ' Vice-Pres.,. H. W. LehmkuhL.Rodhester .·o·· r_;·.· AFFILIATES OF Sec.-Treas., C. W. Weber...... Albany INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK AND FOOD SANITARIANS / OKLAHOMA AssociATION oF MILK AND FooD SANITARIANS APPROVED INSPECTORS Associ!\TION OF INDIANA AssociATION oF Pres., D. C. Cleveland ...... Durant SouTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA MILK Ai-

Pres., Fred K. Annstrong ...... Branford Pres., Lyle Littlefield ...... Lansing VIRGINIA AssociATION OF MILK Vice-Pres., Alfred H. Jackson .... Hartford 1st Vice-Pres., Winfred Ettesvold SANITARIANS Secretary, H. Clifford Goslee .... Hartford ...... ; ...... Grand Rapids Pres., J. D. Hanbury...... Portsmouth Treas., Curtis ,V. Chaffe...... Hartford 2nd Vice-Pres., Clifford Bracy.... Lansing Vice-Pres., C. G. Knick ...... Lexington Sec.-Treas., Robert Lyons ...... Lansing Sec.-Treas., A. A. Pais...... Richmond DAIRY SANITAHIANs AssociATION Directors: oF NoRTH CENTRAL PENNSYLVANU Auditors: C. V. Roose Rupert Spaudling L. A. Huff...... Roanoke Pres., James H. Eck .. South Williamsport Jerald Peters Vice-Pres., Galen Furry...... Martinsburg D. L. S. Woods ...... Waynesboro Treas., Earl F. Hack ...... Mexico Past Pres., Milo Wilson Sec., C. D. Hcrbster ...... Selinsgrove WASHINGTON STATE MILK SANITARIANS AssOCIATION Executive Committee: MINNESOTA MILK SANITARIANS Dr. S . .M. Ross ...... Williamsport AssocrA'l\ION Pres., David Jones ...... Everett I. E. Parkin ...... State College Vice-Pres., M. L. Strommer...... Aberdeen G. C. Kern ...... : ...... Milton Pres., Owen Owens ...... ~Rochester Sec.~Treas. L. 0. Tucker ...... Seattle Harry T. Daddario ...... New Berlin Vice-Pres., R. M. Olander...... St. Paul WISCONSIN MILK SANITARIANS FLoRIDA AssociATION OF Sec.-Treas., Dr. J, C. Olson, Jr., .. St. Paul l\1II;K SANITARIANS Board of Directors: AssociATION Thomas Stibal Robert R. Dalton Pres., Myron L. Clark...... Oshkosh Pres., R. R. Hood...... Pensacola Ruben W. Koivisto C. H. Mattson Vice-Pres., (and Pres.-Elect): Chester L. Vice-Pres., L. L. Chaffee, .... St. Petersburg Anderson ...... Oconomowoc Leonard G. Sinton A. L. Sjowall Sec.-Treas. H. H. Wilkowske .. Gainesville Sec.-Treas., L. Wayne Brown .... Madison Past Pres., L. T. Smith ...... Jacksonville Directors: Directors: MrssouRI AssociATION oF MILK AND J, A. Keenan ...... Madison H. F. Cameron .. Green Cove Springs FooD SaNITARIANS Phillipp C. Newman ...... Beaver Dam S. T. Chalker...... } acksonville J, D. Robinson ...... Plant City Pres., George Bauers ...... Springfield Auditors: H. H. Rothe ...... Gainesville Vice-Pres., John H. Fritz...... Kansas City Lester I. Legrid...... Madison C. 0. Stoy...... Miami Sec.-Treas., J, L. Rowland Jefferson City V. G. Rowley ...... Madison 301

INDEX TO VOLUME 15

AUTHORS Goslee, H. Clifford-Tank Truck Robertson A. H.-See Pessin, Vivian 104 t Pick-up for Bulk Milk Cooling Robertson, J, L. Jr.-Ptiblic Relations 81 I Anderson, E. 0. - See Morgan M. E. Tanks at Farms ...... , ... 133 Rogick, F. A. and Burgwald, L. H. Babcock, C. J. Strobel, D. R. Gray, P. H. H.,-A Comparative Test -Some Factors Which Contribute Yager, R. H., and Windham, E.S. with Milk Stains ...... 220 to the Psycrophilic Bacterial -Preservation of Chocolate Drink Guthrie, Richard S.-Practical Care Count in Market Milk ...... 181 By Freezing...... 74 of Milking Machine Rubber ...... 90 Rowland, J, L.-National Conference !li Bacon, Leslie R. and Sotier, Alfred Holland, R. F.-See Jordan, W. K ... 155 on Interstate Milk· Shipments ...... 19 ):',. L.-Antibac~A New Type of Chlo- ,,[ rine Sanitizer ...... 285 Holmes, E. L.-Need for Sanitary Sheuring, John J.-The Use of Glass i:·l Standards in Baking Industry...... 238 Sanitary Pipe in the Modern Dairy 186 l;i Barber, Franklin-See Curry, Janet C 278 'I Johns, C. K.-Influence of Refriger- i:l·, Bendixen', T. W.-Household Sewage Sieverding, Orner C.-See Limg, Bar- I ,I ated Storage on Dye Reduction Disposal Systems ...... 212 bara C ...... 282 fdl Time...... 8 11H Bliss, C.I. - See Morgan, M. E...... 3 Silverman, G. J. and Kosikowsky, F. Jordan, W. K., Holland, R. ):. 4nd W.--Systematic Testing of Inhibi- I'll[ Botwright, W. E.-Sanitization of White, J, C.-The Efficiency':•of tory Substances in Milk ...... 120 ill Dairy Farm Utensils. A Compar- Holding Tubes Used in High l'l ison of a Cleaner Sanitizer Con­ Temperature-Short-Time Pasteur- Smith, V. N., Parker, R. B., and El­ l:i!l taining Hyamine 1622 With an izers ...... ; ...... 155 liker, P. H.-Importance of Bacter­ Alkaline Cleaner and Hypochlorite iophage As a Cause. of Slow Start- Judd, S. G.-New England Green iii!/ Sanitizer ...... 29 ers ' 218 Pastures Program ...... 84 ···················································· •I! Bryant, C. B. A.-Farm Tank Hold­ Sotier, Alfred L.-See Bacon Leslie King, James A.-The Best Sanitar- i'l''I! I ing of Milk with Tank Truck Pick- R ...... :...... 285 ians are Good Salesmen ...... 175 up ...... 294 Springstead, C. S.-Milk Cooling- Kisir, Vincent V.-Role of the Plant (,: Burgwald, L. H.-See Rogick, F. A. 181 As You Find It ., ...... 189 Field Man in Milk Sanitation...... 130 ,ill1'1· Calver, Homer N.--:-Food Sanitarians Stafseth, H. F., Cooper, Margaret M., Kosikowsky, F. W.-See Silverman, .Are Crucial CD Workers ...... 229 and Wallbank, A. M.-Survival of !!.:)'I;'' G. J...... 120 Salmonella Pullorum on the Skin li''' Chaffe, C. W.-The Bacterial Counts 'ill! Lang, Barbara C. and Sieverding, of Human Beings and in Eggs on Pasteurized Milk Held in Re- Orner C.-The Effect of Time and During Storage and Various Meth- ·:I frigerated Storage ...... 103 1''1' Temperature after the Addition of ods of Cooking ...... 70 Conklin, D. B.-A Single Reagent Folin Reagent in the Determina- ili:l tion of Phosphatase ...... 282 Stark, C. N.-A Discussion of Some .,I Field Test for Quaternary Am- Principles Involved in the Heat monium Solutions ...... 27 Lieberman, James-See Taylor, Dar- Processing of Foods ...... 68 ~,~1 Cooper, Margaret M.-See Stafseth old W ...... 85 Stewart, Lt. Fred, and Mytinger, Lt. H. F ...... 70 MacLeod, P.-See Morgan, M. E. .... 3 J. G. Robert-Food-Borne Diseases 11::1 Curry, Janet C. and Barber, Frank­ In the Navy ...... 222 lin-"Inhibition" of Streptococcus Mallmann, W. L.-A Commentary on I, Ill lactis by a Quaternary An1monium the Efficiency of Machine Dish- Strobel, D. R.-See Babcock, C. ]..... 74 washing ...... 149 I' I Compound in Cheese Milk ...... 278 Swisher, Paul W.-Coordination of 1.'' Doyle, E. S.-Canning Plant Sanita- MeMeekin, T. L.-Milk Proteins .... 57 Health Department and Agricul- ture Department Programs ...... 209 ·~~;.,, tion ...... 158 Morgan, M E., MacLeod, P., And­ ~ L Eakin, W. E.-Insulating Glass­ erson, E. 0., and Bliss, C. I.-An Tarbett, Ralph-Food Handler Train- Studies in Its Use in Milk Houses Improved Procedure for Micro­ ing Studies in California ...... 33 I''' and Dairy Barns ...... 34 scopic Grading of Milk Intended for Pasteurization ...... Taylor, Darold W., and Lieberman, 0 1(1 Elliker, P. R.-See Smith, V. N ..... 218. James-Some Aspects of an Emer­ Mytinger, Lt. J, G. ·Robert-See gency Milk and Food Sanitation ;j:,lrl' Enright, T. R.-The Milk Plant Field- Stewart, Lt. Fred ...... 222 '!jii, man ...... 179 Program ...... 85 Ne'Yman, R. W.-The Smith 0.01- (i, Faber, John E. Jr.-See Yancey, ML Syringe in the Microscopic Wainess, Harold-Whipped ·Cream !:i! Frances S...... 62 Grading of Milk ...... 101 Dispensers-Their Public Health ,l:!;r Significance ...... 53 :n Fiske, Franklin H.-A Sanitation Parker, R. B.-See Smith, V. N...... 18 'j::: Study of Fountain Mixed Milk Pessin, Vivian, and Robertson, A. H. Wallbank, A. M.-See Stafseth, H. F. 70 [i'l Drinks ...... 167 -Observations on the Colony Pro­ ductivity of Six Milk Plating Med- Weckel, K. G.-The Sanitarian and ~r:;· Freeman, T. R.-Milk Quality...... 16.2 ia ...... 104 You ...... 127 1,}: Ghiggoile, 0. A.-Regulatory As­ Pivnick, H.-Easily Constructed White, J, C.-See Jordan, W. K ...... 155 II ;;ects of Permanent Milking Ma­ Time-Saving Apparatus for Fill- :1:. chine Pipe-line Installations ...... 206 ing Dilution Bottles ...... 16 Windham, E. S.-See Babcock, C. J. 74 :: .. 302 INDEX

Yager, R. H.-See Babcock, C. J. .... 74 Dishwashing, A Commentary 011 the Grading of Milk Intended for Pas­ Efficiency of Machine ...... 149 teurization, An Improved Proce- Yancey, Frances S., and Faber, John dure for ...... 3 E. Jr.-Action of Alkyl-Dimethyl­ Dye Reduction Time, Influence of Benzyl Ammonium Chloride- on Refrigerated Storage on ...... 8 Green Pastures Program, New Eng- Some Organisms Causing Bovine land ...... 84 Mastitis ...... 62 EDITORIALS Heat Exchangers for Use with Milk Zelm, R F.-Sanitary Procedures and and Milk Products, 3A Sanitary Product Control in the Cheese In- Affiliation-An Autonomous Fed- Standard for Return Tubular ...... 277 dustry...... 88 eration'...... 49 Heat Proce~sing of F~ods, A Discus- Environmental Hygiene: Some sion of Some Principles Involved Considerations As to Its Scope 147 in the ...... 68 TITLES Our Fortieth Anniversary ...... 2 High Tempe~ature-Short Time Pas­ Alkyl-Dimethyl-Benzyl Ammonium President's Message ...... ;...... 1 teurizers, The Efficiency of Hold- Chloride on Some Organisms ing Tubes Used In ...... 155 Causing Bovine Mastitis, Action of 62 Professional Attainment - The Road ...... 201 Holding Tubes Used in High Tem­ Applied Laboratory Methods Com- perature-Short-Time Pasteurizers, The Efficiency of ...... 155 mittee, Report of the ...... -...... llO Public Health Reports ...... 99 Household Sewage Disposal Systems 212 Award, Announcement on ...... 257 Recognition. and A~m,;d·>, ...... 250 Inhibitory Substances in Milk, Sys- Awards ...... 251 Status of Our Association, Past, Present, Future ...... 249 tematic Testing of ...... 120 Bacterial Counts on Pasteurized Milk Interstate Milk Shipments, National Held in Refrigerated Storage, The 103 The Food Law Institute ...... 50 Conferences on ...... '}'...... 19 Bacteriophage as a Cause of Slow Eggs During Storage and Various Mastitis, Action of Alkyl-Dimethyl­ Starters, Importance of ...... 218 Methods of Cooking, Survival of Salmonella Pullorum on the Skin Benzyl Ammonium Chloride on Baking Industry, Need for Sanitary of Htiman Beings and in ...... 70 Some Organisms Causing ...... 62 Standards in ...... 238 Emergency Milk and Food Sanita- Media, Observations on the Colony Books and Other Publications, New 109 tion Program, Some Aspects of an 85 Productivity of Six Milk Plating .... 104 Canning Plant Sanitation ...... 158 Field Man in Milk Sanitation, Role Microscopic Grading of Milk In­ of the Plant ...... 130 tended for Pasteurization, An Cheese Industry, Sanitary Proced- Improved Procedure for ...... 3 ures and Product Control in the.... 88 Fieldman, The Milk Plant ...... 179 Microscopic Grading of Milk, The Chlorine Sanitizer, Antihac-A New Fittings Used on Milk and Milk Smith 0.01-l\IL Syringe in the .... 101 Type of ...... 285 Products Equipment, #2 Sup­ plement 3A Sanitary Standards Milk Proteins ...... 57 Chocolate Drink by Freezing, Pres- for ...... -...... 17;3 ervation of ...... 7 4 Milk Regulations and Ordinances FoHn-Reagent in the Determination (1 950), Report of the Committee Citation From the University of Con- of Phosphatase, The Effect of on ...... 15 necticut Dairy Club ...... 135 Time and Temperature After the the Addition of ...... 282 Milk Regulations and Ordinances- Colony Productivity of Six Milk ( 1951), Report of Committee on 118 Plating Media, Obserivations on Food-Borne Diseases In the Navy .... 222 the ...... 104 Milking Machine Pipe-line Install~ Food Equipment, Report of Com- ations, Regulatory Aspects of Per- Committees of the Internation,al As­ mittee on ...... 13 manent ...... 206 sociation of Milk and Food Sani- tarians, Inc., for 1952 ...... 52 Food Handler Training Studies in Milking Machine Rubber, Practical California ...... 233 Care of ...... 90 Committee Reports ...... 258 Food Sanitarians Are Crucial CD National Conferences on Interstate Communicable Diseases Affecting Workers .... , ...... 229 I Milk Shipments ...... 19 I Man, Annual Report of the Com- ,j mittee on ...... 193 Foods, A Discussion of Some Princi­ Phosphatase, The Effect of Time and ples Involved in the Heat Proces·s- Temperature after the Addition of Communicable Diseases Affecting ing of ...... 68 Man, Report of the Committee on 17 Folin Reagent in the Determina- Fountain Mixed Milk Drinks, A tion of ...... 282 Cooling-As You Find It, Milk ...... 189 Sanitation Study of ...... 167 Pickle and Kraut Packers, Abstracts Coordination of Health Department Frozen Food Sanitation, Report of of Papers given at Michigan State and Agriculture Department Pro- College, Technical School for ..... 76 grams ...... 209 Committee on ...... 125 Glass Sanitary Pipe in the Modern Pipe in the Modern Dairy, The Use Dairy Farm Utensils, Sanitization of. Dairy, The Use of ...... 186 of Glass Sanitary ...... 186 A Comparison of a Cleaner Sani­ tizer Containing Hyamine 1622 Glass-Studies in Its Use in Milk Pipe-line Installations, Regulatory with an Alkaline Cleaner and Hy­ Houses and Dairy Barns, Insulat- Aspects of Permanent Milking Ma- o: pochlorite Sanitizer ...... 29 ing...... 34 chine ...... 206 INDEX 303

Plate Type Heat Exchangers for Sanitary Standards for Pumps for Storage, The Bacteria Counts on Pas­ Milk and Milk Products, 3A Sani- Milk and Milk Products ...... 115 teurized Milk Held in Refriger- tary Standards of ...... 14 Sanitary Standards for Tubular ated ...... 103 Practical Ideas ...... 194 Heaters ...... 116 Tank Holding of Milk with Tank f Professional Status of Sanitarians, Sanitary Standards in Baking In- Truck Pick-up, Farm ...... 294 . Report of the Committee on the 26 dustry, Need for ...... 238 Tank Truck Pick-up, Farm Tank Programs, Coordination of Health Holding of Milk with ...... 294 Department and Agriculture De- Sanitation, Canning Plant ...... 1.58 Tank Truck Pick-up for Bulk Milk partment ...... 209 Sanitation Program, Some Aspects of Cooling Tanks at Farms ...... 133 Psycrophilic Bacterial Count in Mar­ an Emergency Milk and Food 85 3A Sanitary Standard for Return ket Milk, Some Factors Which Sanitation ·Study of Fountain Mixed Tubular Heat E'xchangers for Use Contribute to the ...... 181 Milk Drinks, A ...... 167 with Milk and Milk Products .... 277 Public Relations ...... 81 Sanitization of Dairy Farm Utensils. 3A Sanitary Standm;ds for Fittings Pumps for Milk and Milk Products, A Comparison of a Cleaner Sani­ Used on Milk and Milk Products Sanitary Standards For ...... 115 tizer Containing Hyamine 1622 Equipment, # 2 Supplement ...... 173 Quality, Milk ...... 162 with an Alkaline Cleaner and 3A Sanitary Standards of Plate Type Quaternary Ammomum Compound· HypoC'hlorite Sanitizer ...... 29 Heat Exchangers for Milk and in Cheese . Milk, "11lhibition" of Milk Products ...... 14 Streptococcus lactis by a ...... 278 Sewage Disposal Systems, Household 212 SA Standards Committee, Members Quaternary Ammonium Solutions, A Smith 0.01-ML Syringe in the Micro­ of Affiliate Association ...... 52 Single Reagent Field Test for...... 27 scopic Grading of Milk, Tits,_...... 101 3A Symbol Registered ...... 228 Time-Saving Apparatus for Filling Return Tubular Heat Exchangers Stains, A Comparative Test With Dilution Bottles, Easily Construct~ for Use with Milk and Milk Pro-· .Milk ...... :; ... 220 ed ...... 16 ducts 3A Sanitary Standard for .... 277 Starters, Importance of Bacterio­ Tubular Heaters, Sanitary Standards phage as a Cause of Slow ...... 218 Sanitarian and You, The ...... 127. for ...... 116 Sanitarians Are Good Salesman,· The Storage on Dye Reduction Time, "Whipped Cream Dispenser-Their Best ...... 175 Influence of Refrigerated· ...... 8 Public Health Significance" ...... 53

CORRECTION NOTICE In the July-August issue, Volume FIGURE 2 15 - No. 4, Page 155, 156, 157, an CHANGE IN HOLDING-TUBE EFFICIENCY article was published entitled, "The WITH REYNOLDS NUMBER IN 1-, 11/2-, 21/2; Efficiency of Holding Tubes used AND 4-INCH SANITARY METAL PIPE in High-Temperature Short-Time

Pasteurizers" by W. K. Jordan, R. F. 100- Holland, and J. C. White. Because of an unfortunate error the follow­ ing figures 1, 2, and 3, were omitted in this article.

FIGURE I

SKETCH OF APPARATUS

55

500~~I~2~~3~4~+5~6,-+7~8~,'~g-"OID"I~I-+12"1~3~14 REYNOLDS NUMBER >;

FIGURE 3 - ·,-+- I CHANGE IN HOLDING-TUBE EFFICIENCY • r WITH REYNOLDS NUMBER IN 1-, 2-, AND ,J 3-INCH PYREX BRAND GLASS PIPE

ibO

I RESERVOin TANK 8 HOLDING TUBE 2 CONSTANT·LEVEL lANK 10 PLATfORM SCALE 3 WAUKESHA PUMP II AUTOMATIC TIMER 4 PREHEATER 12 BELLOWS 5 VAPOR PRESSURE BULB I 3 PNEUMA TIC VALVE 6 THREE-WAY VALVE 14 HE.-.TING WATER TANK 7,9 ELECTRODE:.S 15 HEATING WATER PUMP 55

50 o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 REYNOLDS NUMBER X Jo-4 304 NEWS

"DocTOR Jot-us" SAYS it somewhere. He wanted to know · time making discoveries that've al­ the quickest way to get back to it. ready been made. I asked him if he didn't s~e the PAUL B. BROOKS, M. D. Evolving new ideas: that's a1.big big sign at the intersection a mile factor in progress. Looking ahead Our active years - did you ever out: Route So-and so Left; Utopia -people that're better at it than the i consider how, with the addition of Straight Ahead. He'd noticed a rest of us, we say they're people of each few years, our points of view sign back there somewhere, he said, "vision." The Apostle Paul: . "for­ change? The younger fellows-their but he was in a hu~ry - didn't stop getting things which are be­ lives are ahead of 'em. They're to look at it. He assumed the main tho~e hind", he said, "and reaching unto full of pep. They see what look road'd be straight ahead. like. new fields to conquer. If they're those things which are before, I ambitious their inclination is for press toward' the mark" and so on. The scientific research folks­ full speed ahead. Looking back­ But, like most people of unusual you know how they start a job. ward: that's something for old vision, he was well posted onwhat'd They look ahead: layout a general folks. Nearer the other end of the gone before. plan-what they want to ~tudy or life ·span we're more inclined to look for and where. But, before Yes, the advice they give the lit­ think back over the experiences and they've rn'ade any move, they tle kids in school about crossing the observations of bygone years. o~r look into the past. They, review all street-that's something worth re­ It remings me, again, of the fel­ the literature on the subject, may­ membering. It'll come in handy in low that dashed into town in a be for years· back. They want to later years. "Look bo.th ways!" big car. He said he was going west know what others have done in the °From New York State Department on Route So-and-so but he'd lost same line. They don't want to waste of Health, Albany, N. Y.'

The Rocky Momitain Associa­ tion of Milk and Food Sanitarians will hold its first Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, December 7, 8, and 9, 1952. The meetings will be in conjunction with the Western States Dairy Conference held at the same time. nEW ffiiLKSTOnE REffiOVER ffilnlffiiZES SCRUBBinG

Oakite Compound No. 31, oakite's new liquid milkstone remover, eliminates abra­ sive powders, metallic sponges and mitts , •. Bulk Milk cuts fiber brushing to a minimum. Completely soluble in water, Oakite Compound 300 Gallon No. 31 is e~onomical - uses· only about I pint Mojonnier for every 25.000 pounds of milk passing :through Bulk Cooler :the pasteurizer. Does excellent job on pasteur- on Norman Stevenson izers. holding :tanks. milk cans, piping, · cheese Farm, Iowa cloths. City, Iowa I d' Whether it's bucket milking or pipeline milking, free Service Report gives detaus. a Mojonnier Bulk Cooler in the milkhouse spells Write Oakite Products, Inc .. 38C Rector St., New less labor, rapid cooling and high quality mille. Mojonnier Bulk Coolers are the last word in quality York 6. N.Y. construction. For example, outside shells are stain· less steel for easy cleaning, long life and good appearance. Made in ten sizes beginning with' 60 gallons. Bulletin 240 ''The Bulk Cooling Story" sent free on request. MOJONNIER BROS. CO. DEPT. M-11 CHICAGO 44, ILL. MOJONNIER BULK MILK SYSTEM

MILK SANITARIANS: Write for the name of the Mojonnier bulk route nearest you. !I

Ii:/ I II I! i

.f iii Why did Borden i "I ~ II go into t ::1 il: r!: busin~ss "l I',. the collee li 1': i.l

III I·'I '! I'! The Borden Company has been famous through ::! generations for fine dairy products. However, you li can't"get coffee out of a cow-so naturally, people have wo1_dered just how the coffee business became II part of th~ milk business. For many years, Borden has explored new IIi·'I product fields. Sometimes it was to utilize by­ products, sometimes to make use of specialized !ill facilities, experience, skills, or even to keep special !i''I processing machinery busy. All of this levels out the i ~ : peaks and valleys of seasonal dairy operations. It has ,.,I' 1 brought Borden into many new enterprises, as soy 1/ bean products, plastic molding compounds, I'' animal feeds, biscuits, adhesives and others. i:/, Now .why coffee? Through the years, Borden's ,,II ) has led in developing many types of dried milk. ,II'I i:lJ The war brought about a tremendous demand for l,i concentrated foods. It was only natural then, that Borden's experience would be put to work on one of the biggest problems-a dried coffee for the armed l!i forces. Borden's Instant Coffee was a wartime achievement-and became·a peacetime success. Of interest to physicians and others concerned with special diets are these facts. about Borden's Instant Coffee. It contains no added carbohydrates. The coffee oils which are usually responsible for off-flavors, rancidity and digestive upset traceable to coffee, are absent. Delicate digestive systems tolerate Borden's Instant Coffee better than ground coffee, Borden's Instant Coffee is dried by a low temperature vacuum process which results in finer coffee flavor and a more soluble product I than that yielded by the less costly, more J' • commonly-used spray drying process. Borden uses the more expensive, more difficult • · . method for only one reason. Finer quaLity. For,"ll it's Borden's-it's got to be good." Manufacmrers and distributors• o£ BORDEN'S Instant CoHee STARLAC non-fat dry milk • BORDEN'S Evaporated Milk Fresh Milk • Ice Cream • Cheese BREMIL po~dered infant food • MULL-SOY hypoallergenic food BIOLAC infant fooa • DRYCO infant food and MERRELL-SOULE Powdered Skimmed Milk. • • The 7Jorr/en Company 350 Madison Avenue,NewYork17,,N.Y. ••• VIII • r ------·------

·v,·~· ~ 's .. 9nc. ·~ ·J-.1 :

Thanks! Inspector. • •

Ir n r I D t I H •••• t1m K LJ 0 HAVE r ' r ~ "t I~1m ~ 1m I ·r~ II111Mf fa rr II F& I I I~ I I ~UI1- ti' •t l I I IJI~-~~ I I I -~ 'I rr I. tt ~JA! QUALITY FIRST!

In our business, sanitation is a most vital aspect of quality. While we as manufacturers undertake the necessary research and· inspection to keep DARI­ RICH at the top in quality ••• it is your important function to maintain such standards in the field.

And these efforts over the years have greatly in­ creased the quality of dairy products, including the nationally-famous DARI-RICH Chocolate flavored Milk and Drink. for your help, we thank you-and endorse your constant vigilance to protect the health of our nation.

IX . '

~ STEWART ELECTRIC CLIPMASTER When.cows are stabled, good sanitary practice calls for a regular clipping program. Clipped cows are easier to keep cl.ean. Clean cows mean less sediment and a lower bacteria count. Milk with a lower bacteria content is more desirable. Leading health authorities say: "A regular clipping program: means more wholesome milk. It is an essen­ tial step in the production of quality dairy products." Emphasize the ad­ vantages of regular clipping. It reduces sediment, lowers bacteria, avoids contamination and increases profits from production of cleaner, higher quality milk. Ha.ndy, interchangeable electric Grooming Brush head flts Clipmaster.

Bulletin lDO-"The Method and Benefits of Clipping Dairy Cattle and Other Farm Animals." This handy manual illus" trates the 5 simple steps in clipping dairy cattle that can be easily learned by everyone. Con­ An electric grooming brush saves time and tains no advertising. Send for your does a more thorough job of cleaning than free copy. hand brushing.

~CORPORATION (formerly Chicago Flexible ShaftCo.) Dept. 142, 5600 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago 50, Illinois

X HOW INDEX TO ADVERTISERS l· American Can Co...... ;.VI KLENZADE American Seal-Kap Corp ...... XIII CAN HELP YOU SOLVE Bowey's Inc...... IX t~ Cherry-Burrell Corp ...... :· ...... II Corning Glass Works ...... :: .... Inside Front Cover SANITATION PROBLEMS Oi-eamery Package Mfg. Co ...... VII Crown Cork and Seal Co ...... III Speciai.Services All Plants Need Difco Laboratories ...... Back Coyer

Klenzade trained technicians can Dive~sey Corp...... XIII LABORATORY solve your tough cleaning and ' sanitizing jobs. Klenzcide's com• plete labo.ratory makes recom· Johnson & Johnson ...... 00 ...... 00 ... 00 ...... 00 ...... I SERVICES mendations without obligation.

Klenzade Products, Inc...... 00 ...... 00 ...... XI Klenzade's free Water Analysis WATER Service gives you specific recom• Mojonnier Bros. Co ...... 000000 ...... 304 mendations for correct deter•

gents and proper methods for Rohm & Haas ...... oo ...... 00 ...... 00 .... .Inside Back Cover ANALYSIS your water.

Oakite Products Inc...... 00 ..... 00 ...... 304 Klenzade will send, without obll• PLANT gation, a Field Technician to your Schwartz Mfg. Co. ,, ...... IV plant for a sanitation survey and the development of a complete Sterwin Chemicals Inc ...... V SANITATION cleaning and sanitizing program. Sunbeam Corp ...... , ...... X Klenzade is exclusive national dis· tributor for %Proportioneer% The Borden Company ...... VIII CHEMICAL ,;Chem-0-Shot" .•. the automatic feeder that is powered by the FEEDING motion of the washer Itself. Waukesha Foundry Co ...... XII Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ...... XII Klenzade field test sets are made TESTING for testing pH; alkalinity; avail· able chlorine: quaternary ammo· nium solutions: water hardness EQUIPMENT and causticity. Simple c:onc:lusive tests - economical.

Klenzade's fa m o 11 s educational programs for m i I k producers: EDUCATIONAL pI ant employees; field quality men, etc:., are held all over Amer· PROGRAMS ic:a. There is no charge for this outstanding ·service.

Complete Details On Request for Sanitarians, Field Men and Inspectors Mineralight is a compact port· able long wave ultra-violet light which causes fluorescence in milkstonc, fats, and other soils not readily seen by the eye. Used like a flashlight. Operates 110 V-AG or batteries. Adapter available for 110 V-DC Carry­ ing case optional, but necessary for battery operation. Moderate cost Valuable aid to any size Plant. Indispensable in improv­ ing sanitary standards. Write for li tcra ture

XI . Dairy engineers are quick to acknowledge that there are many applications in dairy pumpin~ i\ which require a positive displacement type pump 0 for satisfactory results. One of these is in pumping against pressure, where separators or clarifiers are i involved. Waukesha pumps overcome high pressure through positive displacement, not high speed. There's no aeration, churning or agitation which can be so damaging to tHe quality of your product • , • slippage and recirculation just doesn't happen with the positive dis­ placement princi'ple. For high head pumping in the dai

g~ ... THE MILK AND FOOD SANITARIAN IN THE ANALYSIS.

' OF MILK AND FOOD PRODUCTS d' Prompt, Efficient Service in: e PROCUREMENT OF SAMPLES • CONDUCTING OF TESTS • REPORTING OF TESTS For·over 25. years the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation has provided milk and food sanitarians with an analysis of milk and food products. Inquiries about the assay for vitamins and minerals of all foodstuffs ai'e invited. 0 P.O ... BOX 2059 • MADISON 1, WISCONSIN XII last drop ~ -::\1..' protection 'f0 i '' t t Double Strength DIVERSEY DILAC Gives You as Much as Double the Cleaning Strengh of Ord­ inary Milkstone ~emover!

If a milkstone remover is to be eHlcient and practical from yoH1' point of view, it MUST remove all rnilkstone safely and do it in a short time, easily, at a reasonable cost! That's why Diversey Dilac makes so • h I much sense! Here's a special Double ••• e1t er way. Strength compound that gives you all of the essentials for elficient and practical milk­ e Seal-Hood and Seal-Kap closures stone removal! Dilac first completely wets provide far more than old-fashioned the milkstone, then penetrates it, softens dairy- to- doorstep protection. Each it, dissolves it and THOROUGHLY RE­ keeps milk free from contamination MOVES IT! ... leaves the surface bright and odors long after delivery-in and clean! Because of its Double Strength, Dilac does this . . . and above all swiftly, fact, down to the last drop in the easily, safely and economically! bottle. With Seal-Hood, the capper never A Diversey D-Man is pleased to demon­ touches the top of the bottle. No strate the powerful and practical features wires, forks or tools needed to open. of Double Strength Dilac for you! There's And Seal-Hoods snap snugly back no obligation. Call your Diversey D-Man on as often as required. today! Seal-Kap, the· original "twist-off ... snap-on" closure, combines seal Remember: and cap in one simple unit. Even A Diversey D-Man is ready. willing and betl:er able to serve you. Call him when when the bottle is tilted, Seal-Kap you need h~lp on any sanitation problem. prevents leakage. I Thousands of prominent dairies ~' are using Seal-Hood and Seal-Kap closures to completely safeguard THE DIVERSEY CORPORATION their milk and milk products. These 1820 Roscoe Street • Chicago 13, Illinois dairymen, too, welcome the one-op­ In Canada: The Diversey Corporation eration economy each closure {Canada) Ll:d .. Lakeshore Road. provides. Port Credit, Ontario AMERICAN SEAL-KAP CORP. tl-05 44th DRIVE, LONG ISLAND CITY I, N.Y. 0

XIII Notice Attractive Membership Lapel Button and OecaJ Now Available

Convolution - Blue .... Circle & Bar - Silver .... Field - Blue Letter «S"- White .... Lettering - Blue .. ,

ACTUAL SIZE

No ...... 3W' Decals @ 25c each= $ ......

No ...... Lapel Buttons@ $1.00 each=$

INTERNATIONAL AssociATION OF MILK & FooD SANITARIANS, INc. Box 286, Shelbyville, Indiana

Notice Announcing student Membership Rate of $3.00 per year which in- cludes Journal of Milk and Food Technology. -

Name ...... Please print Address ......

0 College or University ...... Dept...... Under-Graduate Class ......

XIV Application forM emb.ership INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK 6 FOOD SANITARIANS, INC. Box 286, Shelbyville, Ind. t·

Name _Date Please Print D New Address Renewal '· D D Re-instatement. Business Affiliation ·- ., Annual Dues $5.00 D Check D Cash (Membership Includes Subscription io Journal of Milk & Food Technology.) (Please Print)

Box .286 - Subscription Order Shelbyville. Ind. JOURNAL OF MILK 6 FOOJ> TECHNOLOGY >~ Name Date Please Print D New Address D Renewal Educational & Institutional Libraries (Annually) $3.00. Individual Subscription (Annually} $5.50. D Check D Cash (Please Print)

I. A. M. F. S. & J. M. F. T. Box 286, Shelbyville. Ind. Chang.e of Address FROM Date

Name - Please Print

Address TO

Name Please Print

Address (Please Print)

I. A. M. F. S. & J. M. F. T.- Order for 3A Standar·ds Box 286, Shelbyville, Ind. I ,j' Name Please Print Date

Address ( ) Complete Set @ $1.35 =...... ( ) Complete set bound (durable cover} @ $3.50 = ········· ·········

Order for Reprints of Articles

Amt. Title Schedule of prices for reprints F. 0. B. Shelbyville, Indiana 1 Page 2 Pages 3 & 4 Pages 6 & 8 Pages 12 P. Cover 100 or less $ 8.50 $15.00 $21.00 $30.00 $50.00 $21.67 ' Add'l. 100's 1.60 1.60 3.00 4.20 7.00 :!.37 0

XV () TO HELP YOU DO AN EVEN BETTER JOB

A message to Public Health Officer,s

e o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

You are interested in every source with all those like yourself of reliable information to help engaged in the vi tal work of you do an even better job. We public health-protection, much believe we are one such source. as we should like to do so. As Our function is to develop and the next best thing, we rely upon manufacture the basic sanitary the mailman to help keep you chemicals required to maintain informed about our company and disease-free cleanlines,s in its products. industry and in the home. We have been doing this successfully for One of the publications he regu­ more than twenty years. larly distributes for us is the Rohm & Haas Reporter. The more ) We developed the first synthetic than 50, 000 readers of the insecticide, LETHANE. We are Reporter include scientists,ed­ basic manufacturers of DDT and ucators, technologists, editors, DDD (its less toxic analog); and industrialists and business lead­ of synthetic detergents of many ers. Many of them have told us types. All of these materials are they like the job done by the widely used in industry as ingre­ Reporter in describing our com­ dients of many familiar, trade­ pany's developments in the chem­ marked products. Among our ical field and in relating them products HYAMINE quaternary to practical applications. We ammonium· germicides s.tand high believe that you, too, would on the basis of time-proved enjoy receiving the Reporter. performance. Why not send us your name and It is not possible. for us to address today? The coupon is for become personally acquainted your convenience.

CHEMICALS FOR INDUSTRY AAS COMPANY / ROHM & H Philadelphia 5, Pa. ROHMt&HAAS . Washington Square t your mailing list to COMPANY I accept your offer to add m~;P~:r,oas well as ~echnica~ receive The Rohmh & pertaining to Improve WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA. ~-~!~ature1 bulletins and ot erd. g public health. Representatives in principal foreign counlri~>s means for safeguar In

HYAMINE and LETHANE are trade-marks Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. and in principal foreign countries. Myname -=~------­ Myaddre.s"=s-==------~------­ MY work- MY localitY of operation-- ---,,- ----~-~-----~--~--~~~--~---"------:------"""---""'"--=-=---...... =-""...... ,......

CULTURE MEDIA for ExaTnination of Milk

BACTO-TRYPTONE GLUCOSE EXTRACT AGAR is recommended for use in determining the total bacterial plate count of milk in accordance with the procedures of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Dah:y Prodncts" of the American Public Health Association. . ' ~.... -- Upon plates of medium prepared from Bado-Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar colonies of the bacteria occurring in milk are larger and more represen­ tative than those on media previously used for milk counts.

BACTO-PROTEOSE TRYPTONE AGAR is recommended for use in determining the bacterial plate count of Certified Mille The formula for this medium corresponds with that suggested in "Methods and Standards of Certified Milk" of the American Association ol Medical Milk Commissions.

BACTO-VIOLET RED BILE AGAR is widely used for direct plate counts of coliform bacteria. Upon plates of this medium accurate counts of the organisms are readily obtained.

BACTO-BRILLIANT GREEN BILE 2% BACTO-FORMATE RICINOLEATE BROTH

are very useful liquid media for detection of coliform bacteria in mille Use of these media is approved in "Standard Methods."

Specify "DIFCO" The Trade Name of the Pioneers in the Research and Development of Bacto-Peptone and Dehydrated Culture Media

DIFCO LABORATORIES DETROIT I, MICHIGAN

Printed in U. S. A.