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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE IN ROBE WOREDA, ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGION BY WUBSHET MENGISTU JUNE, 2014 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE IN ROBE WOREDA, ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGION BY WUBSHET MENGISTU THESIS SUBMITTED TO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF MASTERS OF ART IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ADVISOR: PROF. BEKURE WOLDESEMAIT JUNE, 2014 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE IN ROBE WOREDA, ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGION BY WUBSHET MENGISTU Approved by board of Examiners ______________________ _____________________ ________ Advisors Signature Date ______________________ _____________________ ________ Internal Examiners Signature Date ______________________ _____________________ _________ External Examiners Signature Date Acknowledgements First of all I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the strength and courage to complete this study, be glory to him forever. Next I am very much indebted to express my heartfelt gratitude and my honest thanks to my advisor Prof. Bekure Woldesemait for his valuable guidance, constructive comments, fatherly treatment and important correction from the very beginning to the end. Thirdly, I would like to acknowledge my parents for their consistent encouragement and moral support throughout and all the persons that have helped me in one way or another in the process of conducting this study. Above all, I am greatly indebted to kebele administrators, agricultural experts and Development Agents for their help during data collection period at the study sites. Without their support this research thesis would have not reached this stage. In addition, I would like to thank all of my key informants, group discussion participants, and respondent households who provided me with the necessary information in the three study kebeles. Lastly but not least, I am deeply grateful to my friends and colleagues : Ato Solomon T/ Silase, Ato Dino Ashim, Ato Yonas Fantaye, Ato Tesfahun Bitew, Ato Bazezew Berihun and my classmates who helped me in providing different materials for the accomplishment of this paper. Thank you all !!! Wubshet Mengistu 2014, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. i Table of Contents pages Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................i List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................................................iv Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................... v Abstract.. .................................................................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Objective of the study ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Basic Research Questions .................................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study .................................................................................................... 7 1.7. Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURES ............................................................................................. 8 2.1. Theoretical, Empirical and Conceptual Frameworks ................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Definition of Smallholders .................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2. Definition of Agricultural Practice .................................................................................................... 9 2.1.3. Concept of impact of smallholder traditional agricultural practices on productivity ......... 9 2.2. Review of Constraints to Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia..................................................... 11 2.2.1. Land Tenure, Access Rights and Land Management ................................................................ 11 2.2.2. Agricultural Land Fragmentations .................................................................................................. 13 2.2.3. Under Developed Infrastructure ....................................................................................................... 15 2.3. The concept of Food Security ........................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS AND MATERIALS ......................................................................................... 22 3.1. Sampling Design................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2. Sampling Technique ............................................................................................................................ 22 3.1. Data Collection Instruments .............................................................................................................. 24 3.1.1. Questionnaires ....................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.3. Field Observation ................................................................................................................................. 24 3.2. Data Types and Data Sources ........................................................................................................... 25 3.3. Methods of Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 25 ii 3.4. Description of the study area ............................................................................................................ 26 3.4.1. Physical setting ..................................................................................................................................... 26 3.4.2. Demographic characteristics ............................................................................................................. 28 3.4.3. Socio-Economic condition ................................................................................................................. 28 3.4.4. Land use Type and Pattern in Robe Woreda ................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 32 4.1. Demographic Characterstics of Sample Households ................................................................. 32 4.2. Agricultural Landholding Status ...................................................................................................... 35 4.3. Livestock production ........................................................................................................................... 39 4.4.2. Farmland Soil Fertility Maintaining Mechanism ........................................................................ 45 4.4.3. Availability and Utilization of Agricultural Inputs .................................................................... 46 4.4.4. Agricultural Extension Contact ........................................................................................................ 50 4.4.5. Water Resources ................................................................................................................................... 53 4.4.6. Crop Production and Cropping Patterns ........................................................................................ 55 4.5. Farming Practice and the use of Modern Agricultural Technologies ................................... 56 4.6. Agricultural Practice and Rural Infrasturucture .......................................................................... 59 4.6.1. Market Access ....................................................................................................................................... 59 4.7. Access to Rural Credit Service and Financial Institutions ....................................................... 63 4.8. Household Food Security Situation in the study area ............................................................... 65 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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