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The Impact of Career Experiences on Generativity and Postretirement Choices for Intelligence Community Baby Boomers

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The Impact of Career Experiences on Generativity and Postretirement Choices for Intelligence Community Baby Boomers Antioch University AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses Dissertations & Theses 2020 The Impact of Career Experiences on Generativity and Postretirement Choices for Intelligence Community Baby Boomers Marianne Victoria Kramer Antioch University - PhD Program in Leadership and Change Follow this and additional works at: https://aura.antioch.edu/etds Part of the Business Commons, Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gerontology Commons, Leadership Studies Commons, Public Policy Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, Social Policy Commons, Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Kramer, M. V. (2020). The Impact of Career Experiences on Generativity and Postretirement Choices for Intelligence Community Baby Boomers. https://aura.antioch.edu/etds/577 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses at AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Impact of Career Experiences on Generativity and Postretirement Choices for Intelligence Community Baby Boomers Marianne Victoria Kramer ORCID Scholar ID # 0000-003-1976-2390 A Dissertation Submitted to the PhD in Leadership and Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2020 This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Leadership and Change, Graduate School of Leadership and Change, Antioch University. Dissertation Committee: Elizabeth Holloway, PhD, Committee Chair Carol Baron, PhD, Committee Member Suzanne Kunkel, PhD, Committee Member Copyright 2020 Marianne Victoria Kramer All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements With an enhanced understanding of myself as a practitioner-scholar and a satisfying conclusion to my PhD journey, I have no doubt that I was meant to take this path. Yet I could not have succeeded without support and encouragement along the way. I offer my deep and sincere thanks to the researchers whose work in generativity, aging, baby boomers, and retirement helped set the stage for me. My sincere thanks to the volunteers who participated in my survey and focus groups sharing their time to offer insights about their work experiences in the Intelligence Community and to the alumni organizations that helped get the word out about my study. To Dr. Julie Johnson whose unlimited patience helped me untangle some sticky statistical challenges. To my committee: Dr. Elizabeth Holloway—as chair you piqued my thinking, gave me space to collect my thoughts, and gently guided me through options to ultimately enrich my experience, scholarship, and results. Your enthusiasm gave me the courage, confidence, and will to push to the end, through my questions and challenges to a meaningful and deeply satisfying conclusion. Dr. Carol Baron—my methodologist who listened to my expressed intentions, saw the bigger picture of what my research might reveal, and guided my analysis to help me realize new insights. I will always appreciate the give and take of our discussions. Dr. Suzanne Kunkel—my external committee member. Your kindness, encouragement, and incredibly succinct and helpful suggestions gave my work that extra layer of scholarship that I am privileged to have the good fortune to experience. To the staff of the Graduate School of Leadership and Change at Antioch University and your generous and giving spirit. I also acknowledge with thanks my peers from Cohort 13 and i our conversations and residencies that were so valuable. I treasure the friendships we made and our support for each other. Thanks to Dr. Laurien Alexandre, my advisor for the first four years. Your commitment to making Antioch what it is today inspires me to pay it forward. Thank you for helping me identify my research passion from our discussions and pointing me in the direction that helped me find my research focus. To current and former faculty who contributed to my learning achievements: Dr. Philomena Essad, Dr. Mitch Kusy, Dr. John Wergin, Dr. Liza Booysen, Dr. Tony Lingham, Dr. Aqueel Tirmizi and Dr. Laura Morgan-Roberts. Dr. Elaine Gale for her writing advice and intensives, and both Deb Baldwin and Steve Shaw for research assistance over the years. No one has been more critical to my success than my husband Matthew who sacrificed untold amounts of time he should have spent with me. As I waxed and waned in my progress, through ups and downs, your emails simply stating, “You are doing a wonderful job” refocused and cheered me. To my children, Amy, Megan, and Kas who continue to be a source of unlimited joy and pride. Your support in my PhD adventure touched me deeply and I love and appreciate each of you. A special note of thanks to my sister-in-law, Marjorie Diehl, whose love and support has been an inspiration. This work is dedicated to my husband Matthew—the most important person in my life. I love you and I am forever grateful for your support, and to my amazing offspring Amy, Megan, and Kas—I am the lucky one. ii Abstract This study focused on baby boomers and explored how a career with a mission-focus in the Intelligence Community influenced boomer generativity and subsequent choices after retirement. Baby boomers make-up the majority of the population that is retirement eligible today and have the benefit of a longer life expectancy commensurate with improvements in health care over the past century. Current retirement literature covers a range of options that redefine what retirement means today. This study employed a two-phase mixed method approach to investigate the characteristics and impacts of a mission-focused career, and to understand how such experiences impact postretirement opportunities and choices. During Phase 1 a survey was administered to 280 retired Intelligence Community members and included an established Social Generativity Scale (SGS) derived by Morselli and Passini (2015). Phase 1 results showed that most respondent’s personal work experience included a range of selfless or service related factors within their work environment, and also identified a high level of social generativity. A series of regression analyses identified the ability to make a difference and a shared sense of purpose as the most significant aspects of an Intelligence Community experience. Additionally participants’ postretirement activities were influenced by their Intelligence Community “mission-focused” work experiences. Their work in the Intelligence Community and sense of generativity positively influenced their choice of activities after retirement. In Phase 2 of the study, focus groups with a subset of survey respondents reflected on the results from Phase 1 as it pertained to their personal lives and choices. Stories documented that a strong sense of mission and service persisted in postretirement activities, both formal work roles as well as a strong sense of volunteerism. Despite study limitations, positive implications for future studies looking across different population segments provide an avenue to further explore these relationships between selfless iii work experiences as a component of postretirement directions. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA: Antioch University Repository and Archive, http://aura.antioch.edu/ and OhioLINK ETD Center, https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ Keywords: Retirement, Postretirement, Mixed Methods, Baby Boomer, Generativity, Mission-focus, Intelligence Community, Encore Career, Phased Retirement, Bridge Job, Unretirement iv Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................x List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter I: Introduction .........................................................................................................1 Research Question .........................................................................................................4 Rationale for This Study ................................................................................................5 The Federal Workforce ..................................................................................................8 Intelligence Agency Retirees .................................................................................10 Purpose and Objective .................................................................................................11 Overarching Study Questions ......................................................................................12 Overview of Methodology ...........................................................................................13 Researcher Background ...............................................................................................14 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................16 Chapter Overview ........................................................................................................17 Chapter II:
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