Algorithms and Data Structures Lecture 11: Symbol Table ADT
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Preview Objective-C Tutorial (PDF Version)
Objective-C Objective-C About the Tutorial Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. This is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. This reference will take you through simple and practical approach while learning Objective-C Programming language. Audience This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand basic to advanced concepts related to Objective-C Programming languages. Prerequisites Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an assumption that you are already aware about what is a computer program, and what is a computer programming language? Copyright & Disclaimer © Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book can retain a copy for future reference but commercial use of this data is not allowed. Distribution or republishing any content or a part of the content of this e-book in any manner is also not allowed without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected] ii Objective-C Table of Contents About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................. -
A History of Clojure
A History of Clojure RICH HICKEY, Cognitect, Inc., USA Shepherd: Mira Mezini, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Clojure was designed to be a general-purpose, practical functional language, suitable for use by professionals wherever its host language, e.g., Java, would be. Initially designed in 2005 and released in 2007, Clojure is a dialect of Lisp, but is not a direct descendant of any prior Lisp. It complements programming with pure functions of immutable data with concurrency-safe state management constructs that support writing correct multithreaded programs without the complexity of mutex locks. Clojure is intentionally hosted, in that it compiles to and runs on the runtime of another language, such as the JVM. This is more than an implementation strategy; numerous features ensure that programs written in Clojure can leverage and interoperate with the libraries of the host language directly and efficiently. In spite of combining two (at the time) rather unpopular ideas, functional programming and Lisp, Clojure has since seen adoption in industries as diverse as finance, climate science, retail, databases, analytics, publishing, healthcare, advertising and genomics, and by consultancies and startups worldwide, much to the career-altering surprise of its author. Most of the ideas in Clojure were not novel, but their combination puts Clojure in a unique spot in language design (functional, hosted, Lisp). This paper recounts the motivation behind the initial development of Clojure and the rationale for various design decisions and language constructs. It then covers its evolution subsequent to release and adoption. CCS Concepts: • Software and its engineering ! General programming languages; • Social and pro- fessional topics ! History of programming languages. -
Specialising Dynamic Techniques for Implementing the Ruby Programming Language
SPECIALISING DYNAMIC TECHNIQUES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE RUBY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2015 By Chris Seaton School of Computer Science This published copy of the thesis contains a couple of minor typographical corrections from the version deposited in the University of Manchester Library. [email protected] chrisseaton.com/phd 2 Contents List of Listings7 List of Tables9 List of Figures 11 Abstract 15 Declaration 17 Copyright 19 Acknowledgements 21 1 Introduction 23 1.1 Dynamic Programming Languages.................. 23 1.2 Idiomatic Ruby............................ 25 1.3 Research Questions.......................... 27 1.4 Implementation Work......................... 27 1.5 Contributions............................. 28 1.6 Publications.............................. 29 1.7 Thesis Structure............................ 31 2 Characteristics of Dynamic Languages 35 2.1 Ruby.................................. 35 2.2 Ruby on Rails............................. 36 2.3 Case Study: Idiomatic Ruby..................... 37 2.4 Summary............................... 49 3 3 Implementation of Dynamic Languages 51 3.1 Foundational Techniques....................... 51 3.2 Applied Techniques.......................... 59 3.3 Implementations of Ruby....................... 65 3.4 Parallelism and Concurrency..................... 72 3.5 Summary............................... 73 4 Evaluation Methodology 75 4.1 Evaluation Philosophy -
Language Design and Implementation Using Ruby and the Interpreter Pattern
Language Design and Implementation using Ruby and the Interpreter Pattern Ariel Ortiz Information Technology Department Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Estado de México Atizapán de Zaragoza, Estado de México, Mexico. 52926 [email protected] ABSTRACT to explore different language concepts and programming styles. In this paper, the S-expression Interpreter Framework (SIF) is Section 4 describes briefly how the SIF has been used in class. presented as a tool for teaching language design and The conclusions are found in section 5. implementation. The SIF is based on the interpreter design pattern and is written in the Ruby programming language. Its core is quite 1.1 S-Expressions S-expressions (symbolic expressions) are a parenthesized prefix small, but it can be easily extended by adding primitive notation, mainly used in the Lisp family languages. They were procedures and special forms. The SIF can be used to demonstrate selected as the framework’s source language notation because advanced language concepts (variable scopes, continuations, etc.) they offer important advantages: as well as different programming styles (functional, imperative, and object oriented). • Both code and data can be easily represented. Adding a new language construct is pretty straightforward. • Categories and Subject Descriptors The number of program elements is minimal, thus a parser is − relatively easy to write. D.3.4 [Programming Languages]: Processors interpreters, • run-time environments. The arity of operators doesn’t need to be fixed, so, for example, the + operator can be defined to accept any number of arguments. General Terms • There are no problems regarding operator precedence or Design, Languages. associativity, because every operator has its own pair of parentheses. -
Symbolic Programming Example
CS 580 1 ' $ Symb olic Programming Symb ols: +, -, 1, 2 etc. Symb olic expressions: + 1 2, + * 3 4 2 Symb olic programs are programs that manipulate symbolic expressions. Symb olic manipulation: you do it all the time; now you'll write programs to do it. & CS 580 2 ' $ Example Logical rules can be represented as symb olic expressions of the form, `antecedent' implies `consequent'. The following rule states that the relation of `b eing inside something is transitive, `x is inside y and yis inside z' implies `x is inside z'. In lisp notation, we would represent this rule as setq rule `implies and inside x y inside y z inside x z & CS 580 3 ' $ Manipulating symb olic expressions rst rule ;; The expression is a rule. ;; FIRST RULE ! IMPLIES second rule ;; The antecedent of the rule. ;; SECOND RULE! AND INSIDE X Y INSIDE Y Z third rule ;; The consequent of the rule. ;; THIRD RULE ! INSIDE X Z rst second rule ;; The antecedent is a conjunction. ;; FIRST SECOND RULE ! AND second second rule ;; The rst conjunct of the antecedent. ;; SECOND SECOND RULE ! INSIDE X Y & CS 580 4 ' $ Lisp and Common Lisp What are you lo oking for in a programming language? primitive data typ es: strings, numbers, arrays op erators: +, -, +, /, etc. ow of control: if, or, and, while, for input/output: le handling, loading, compiling programs & CS 580 5 ' $ Lisp has all of this and more. develop ed by John McCarthy at MIT second oldest programming language still in use FORTRAN is oldest sp eci cally designed for symb olic programming We use a dialect of Lisp called Common Lisp. -
An Introduction to Prolog
Appendix A An Introduction to Prolog A.1 A Short Background Prolog was designed in the 1970s by Alain Colmerauer and a team of researchers with the idea – new at that time – that it was possible to use logic to represent knowledge and to write programs. More precisely, Prolog uses a subset of predicate logic and draws its structure from theoretical works of earlier logicians such as Herbrand (1930) and Robinson (1965) on the automation of theorem proving. Prolog was originally intended for the writing of natural language processing applications. Because of its conciseness and simplicity, it became popular well beyond this domain and now has adepts in areas such as: • Formal logic and associated forms of programming • Reasoning modeling • Database programming • Planning, and so on. This chapter is a short review of Prolog. In-depth tutorials include: in English, Bratko (2012), Clocksin and Mellish (2003), Covington et al. (1997), and Sterling and Shapiro (1994); in French, Giannesini et al. (1985); and in German, Baumann (1991). Boizumault (1988, 1993) contain a didactical implementation of Prolog in Lisp. Prolog foundations rest on first-order logic. Apt (1997), Burke and Foxley (1996), Delahaye (1986), and Lloyd (1987) examine theoretical links between this part of logic and Prolog. Colmerauer started his work at the University of Montréal, and a first version of the language was implemented at the University of Marseilles in 1972. Colmerauer and Roussel (1996) tell the story of the birth of Prolog, including their try-and-fail experimentation to select tractable algorithms from the mass of results provided by research in logic. -
Rubywrite: a Ruby-Embedded Domain-Specific Language for High-Level Transformations
RubyWrite: A Ruby-Embedded Domain-Specific Language for High-Level Transformations Andrew Keep, Arun Chauhan, Chun-Yu Shei, and Pushkar Ratnalikar Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA fakeep,achauhan,cshei,[email protected] Abstract. We introduce a Domain Specific Language (DSL), called RubyWrite, embedded within Ruby, with the goal of providing an ex- tensible, effective, portable, and easy to use framework for encoding source-level transformations. Embedding within Ruby provides access to the powerful features of Ruby, including its purely object-oriented design and meta-programming capabilities. The syntactic flexibility and advanced language features of Ruby drove our choice of it as the host lan- guage. Easy integration of external C interfaces seamlessly within Ruby lets us move performance critical operations to C, or link with external libraries. RubyWrite was developed to aid our compiler research where it provides the core of three compiler infrastructure development projects, and is used as a teaching aid in a graduate-level compilers course. We expect RubyWrite to be widely applicable and a proof of concept in leveraging an existing modern language to write a portable compiler in- frastructure core. 1 Introduction We describe a Domain Specific Language (DSL), embedded within Ruby, aimed at simplifying the task of source-level transformations through term-rewriting. The DSL, called RubyWrite, is motivated by the need for a compiler development environment that allows easy integration of source-level transformations with program analysis. After spending frustrating months trying to develop a compiler for matlab in C++ a few years ago, we made the decision to move to a domain-specific lan- guage for compiler development. -
Ruby Programming
Ruby Programming Wikibooks.org December 1, 2012 On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 249. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 243. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 253, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 249. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, we recommend the use of http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ utility or clicking the paper clip attachment symbol on the lower left of your PDF Viewer, selecting Save Attachment. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. To uncompress the resulting archive we recommend the use of http://www.7-zip.org/. -
Lisp, Jazz, Aikido – Three Expressions of a Single Essence Didier Verna
Lisp, Jazz, Aikido – Three Expressions of a Single Essence Didier Verna To cite this version: Didier Verna. Lisp, Jazz, Aikido – Three Expressions of a Single Essence. The Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming, aosa, Inc., 2018, 2 (3), 10.22152/programming-journal.org/2018/2/10. hal-01813470 HAL Id: hal-01813470 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01813470 Submitted on 12 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Lisp, Jazz, Aikido Three Expressions of a Single Essence Didier Vernaa a EPITA Research and Development Laboratory Abstract The relation between Science (what we can explain) and Art (what we can’t) has long been acknowledged and while every science contains an artistic part, every art form also needs a bit of science. Among all scientific disciplines, programming holds a special place for two reasons. First, the artistic part is not only undeniable but also essential. Second, and much like in a purely artistic discipline, the act of programming is driven partly by the notion of aesthetics: the pleasure we have in creating beautiful things. Even though the importance of aesthetics in the act of programming is now unquestioned, more could still be written on the subject. -
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Common Lisp Packages1
The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Common Lisp Packages1 Erann Gat Copyright © 2003 by the author. Permission is hereby granted for non-commercial use provided this notice is retained. 1. Introduction When coding a large project with multiple programmers two different programmers will often want to use the same name for two different purposes. It is possible to solve this problem using a naming convention, e.g. Bob prefixes all his names with “BOB-“ and Jane prefixes all her names with “JANE-“. This is in fact how Scheme addresses this problem (or fails to address it as the case may be). Common Lisp provides a language mechanism called packages for segregating namespaces. Here’s an example of how packages work: ? (make-package :bob) #<Package "BOB"> ? (make-package :jane) #<Package "JANE"> ? (in-package bob) #<Package "BOB"> ? (defun foo () "This is Bob's foo") FOO ? (in-package jane) #<Package "JANE"> ? (defun foo () "This is Jane's foo") FOO ? (foo) "This is Jane's foo" ? (in-package bob) #<Package "BOB"> ? (foo) "This is Bob's foo" ? (NOTE: Code examples are cut-and-pasted from Macintosh Common Lisp (MCL). The command prompt in MCL is a question mark.) Bob and Jane each have a function named FOO that does something different, and they don’t conflict with each other. 1 Version 1.2 What if Bob wants to use a function written by Jane? There are several ways he can do it. One is to use a special syntax to indicate that a different package is to be used: ? (in-package bob) #<Package "BOB"> ? (jane::foo) "This is Jane's foo" ? Another is to import what he wants to use into his own package. -
Evalua Ng Clojure Spec
Linköping University | Department of Computer and Information Science Master thesis, 30 ECTS | Computer Science 2017 | LIU-IDA/LITH-EX-A--17/043--SE Evaluang Clojure Spec Utvärdering av Clojure Spec Chrisan Luckey Supervisor : Bernhard Thiele Examiner : Christoph Kessler External supervisor : Rasmus Svensson Linköpings universitet SE–581 83 Linköping +46 13 28 10 00 , www.liu.se Upphovsrä Dea dokument hålls llgängligt på Internet – eller dess framda ersäare – under 25 år från pub- liceringsdatum under förutsäning a inga extraordinära omständigheter uppstår. Tillgång ll doku- mentet innebär llstånd för var och en a läsa, ladda ner, skriva ut enstaka kopior för enskilt bruk och a använda det oförändrat för ickekommersiell forskning och för undervisning. Överföring av upphovsräen vid en senare dpunkt kan inte upphäva dea llstånd. All annan användning av doku- mentet kräver upphovsmannens medgivande. För a garantera äktheten, säkerheten och llgäng- ligheten finns lösningar av teknisk och administrav art. Upphovsmannens ideella rä innefaar rä a bli nämnd som upphovsman i den omfaning som god sed kräver vid användning av dokumentet på ovan beskrivna sä samt skydd mot a dokumentet ändras eller presenteras i sådan form eller i så- dant sammanhang som är kränkande för upphovsmannenslierära eller konstnärliga anseende eller egenart. För yerligare informaon om Linköping University Electronic Press se förlagets hemsida hp://www.ep.liu.se/. Copyright The publishers will keep this document online on the Internet – or its possible replacement – for a period of 25 years starng from the date of publicaon barring exceponal circumstances. The online availability of the document implies permanent permission for anyone to read, to download, or to print out single copies for his/hers own use and to use it unchanged for non-commercial research and educaonal purpose. -
@Stuartsierra #Strangeloop
Introduction to Clojure @stuartsierra #strangeloop Sunday, September 18, 2011 1 Bullet Points • The REPL • Java Interop • Data and Code • Libraries • Working with Data • Namespaces • Destructuring • Concurrency • Higher-Order Functions • Macros • Sequences • Recursion Sunday, September 18, 2011 2 Stuart Sierra Relevance, Inc. Clojure/core Clojure contributor Sunday, September 18, 2011 3 Where are you from? • Lisp? • Java / C# / C++ • ML / Haskell? • Python / Ruby / Perl? • Clojure? • Multithreaded programming? Sunday, September 18, 2011 4 The REPL Sunday, September 18, 2011 5 The REPL • READ • EVALuate • PRINT • LOOP Sunday, September 18, 2011 6 The REPL "you are type an here" expression press ENTER user=> (+ 1 2 3) 6 result user=> Sunday, September 18, 2011 7 The REPL READ user=> (+ 1 2 3) EVAL 6 user=> PRINT LOOP Sunday, September 18, 2011 8 The REPL expression with side effects user=> (println "Hello, World!") Hello, World! nil printed output return value Sunday, September 18, 2011 9 REPL Helpers: doc user=> (doc when) ------------------------- Fully-qualified name clojure.core/when ([test & body]) Arguments Macro Evaluates test. If logical true, evaluates body in an implicit do. nil Sunday, September 18, 2011 10 REPL Helpers: find-doc user=> (find-doc "sequence") ... all definitions with "sequence" in their documentation ... nil Sunday, September 18, 2011 11 REPL Helpers: apropos user=> (apropos "map") (sorted-map ns-unmap zipmap map mapcat sorted-map-by map? amap struct-map proxy-mappings pmap map- indexed ns-map array-map hash-map)