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Wobblies Del Mundo WOBBLIES DEL MUNDO UNA HISTORIA GLOBAL DE LA IWW Editado por Peter Cole, David Struthers y Kenyon Zimmer Primera edición: 2017, Pluto Press Traducción y edición digital: C. Carretero Difunde: Confederación Sindical Solidaridad Obrera http://www.solidaridadobrera.org/ateneo_nacho/biblioteca.html ÍNDICE WILDCAT: MOVIMIENTOS OBREROS Y CAPITALISMO GLOBAL AGRADECIMIENTOS INTRODUCCIÓN ¿QUIÉNES ERAN LOS WOBBLIES? LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA WOBBLY RESUMEN Y CONTRIBUCIONES A ESTE VOLUMEN CONCLUSIÓN Parte I: INFLUENCIAS TRANSNACIONALES EN LA IWW I. ANARQUISTAS TRANSNACIONALES, LA IWW Y LA PRENSA RADICAL AMERICANA II. EL SABOTAJE, LA IWW, Y LA REPRESIÓN III. CONEXIONES IWW – ASIA MERIDIONAL A PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XX IV. ORGANIZAR EN EL SUROESTE DE ESTADOS UNIDOS V. ANARQUISTAS ESPAÑOLES Y TRABAJADORES MARÍTIMOS EN EL IWW Parte II: IWWs POR EL ANCHO MUNDO VI. El IWW Y LOS DILEMAS DEL INTERNACIONALISMO VII. LA IWW EN TAMPICO VIII. LOS WOBBLIES DE LOS BOSQUES DEL NORTE IX. LOS IWW DE LA COLUMBIA BRITÁNICA ANTES DE LA WWI X. EL IWW EN AUSTRALIA XI. LOS IWW EN NUEVA ZELANDA Y LOS MAORÍES XII. PATRICK HODGENS HICKEY Y LA IWW XIII. LOS TRABAJADORES DEL TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO Y LA GUERRA CIVIL ESPAÑOLA XIV. EDITH FRENETTE: UNA VIDA RADICAL TRANSNACIONAL Parte III: MÁS ALLÁ DE LA UNIÓN. EL IWW, SU INFLUENCIA Y LEGADO XV. JIM LARKIN, JAMES CONNOLLY Y EL LOCKOUT DE DUBLÍN DE 1913 XVI. TOM BARKER Y LA EUROPA REVOLUCIONARIA XVII. P. J. WELINDER Y EL “SINDICALISMO AMERICANO” EN LA SUECIA DE ENTREGUERRAS XVIII. LA PRIMERA OLA DE ACTIVIDAD DEL IWW EN SUDÁFRICA XIX. LAS CANCIONES DE JOE HILL EN EL MUNDO NOTAS WILDCAT: MOVIMIENTOS OBREROS Y CAPITALISMO GLOBAL Editores de serie: Peter Alexander (Universidad de Johannesburgo) Immanuel Ness (City University de Nueva York) Tim Pringle (SOAS, Universidad de Londres) Malehoko Tshoaedi (Universidad de Pretoria) El movimiento obrero es una característica común y recurrente en el capitalismo contemporáneo. La misma militancia que inspiró los movimientos obreros de masas del siglo XX, sigue definiendo las luchas obreras que proliferan en todo el mundo de hoy. Durante más de un siglo, los sindicatos se han movilizado para representar los intereses políticos y económicos de los trabajadores al descubrir los abusos del capitalismo, estableciendo estándares salariales, mejora de las condiciones de trabajo opresivas y negociación con los empleadores y el estado. Desde la década de 1970, el trabajo organizado ha disminuido en tamaño e influencia a medida que el poder e influencia global del capital se ha expandido dramáticamente. Además, los sindicatos existentes en el mundo están en una condición de fractura y turbulencia en respuesta al neoliberalismo, la financiarización y la reaparición de formas rapaces de imperialismo. Nuevos y modernizados sindicatos se están adaptando a las condiciones y creando una conciencia de clase y un movimiento obrero enraizado en la militancia y la solidaridad. Irónicamente, mientras que el poder de los trabajadores organizados se debilita, la militancia y resistencia de la clase trabajadora persiste y está creciendo en el Sur Global. Wildcat (Gato salvaje) publica trabajos ambiciosos e innovadores sobre la historia y la economía política de los movimientos obreros y es un foro de debate sobre movimientos fundamentales y luchas laborales. La serie aplica una definición amplia del movimiento laboral para incluir trabajadores dentro y fuera de los sindicatos, y busca trabajos que examinen la proletarización y la formación; producción en masa; trabajo de género afectivo y reproductivo; imperialismo y trabajadores; sindicalismo y sindicatos independientes, y el trabajo y la izquierda socialista y los movimientos políticos. AGRADECIMIENTOS Como muchas grandes ideas, este libro nació mientras bebía cerveza con amigos. Tres de nosotros habíamos presentado artículos sobre nuestras diferentes investigaciones y proyectos durante la conferencia de 2008 de la Asociación de Historia del Pacific Northwest Labor. Dave y Kenyon ya eran amigos y conocieron a Peter un fin de semana lluvioso en Vancouver. Discutimos vagamente sobre la realización de un libro sobre la historia global de los wobblies, pero la idea se olvidó rápidamente, como muchas de esas grandes ideas alimentadas con alcohol. Durante los siguientes años, nos enviamos correos electrónicos de forma intermitente, e incluso organizamos un panel sobre el tema en la reunión de 2012 de la Asociación de Historia Americana, pero todos nosotros estábamos ocupados con otros trabajos y compromisos vitales. Finalmente, en 2015, nuestras vidas convergieron, se abrieron ventanas, el sol brilló, y finalmente emprendimos este proyecto. Desde entonces el asunto se movió sorprendentemente rápido. Ya sabíamos de muchas otras personas, alrededor del mundo, que compartían nuestro interés en, o mejor dicho, la fascinación por los wobblies. Nos pusimos en contacto con muchos de ellos y publicamos una "convocatoria de documentos", para asegurarnos de que llegamos a una red más amplia de investigadores, tanto académicos como no, que estudiaban el IWW. Nos gustaría agradecer a todos los colaboradores del libro, quienes (la mayor parte) presentaron los borradores a tiempo, y todos ellos estaban apasionados por el proyecto. Estamos orgullosos de este libro y todos los demás involucrados también. Damos las gracias también a uno de los editores de la serie Wildcat, Manny Ness, por su firmeza y entusiasta apoyo desde el inicio, así como los seis revisores anónimos que trabajaron sobre el proyecto. Gracias, también, a David Shulman en Pluto Press y el increíble equipo de trabajadores calificados y comprometidos que ayudan a esta editorial global a difundir la noticias sobre los wobs y muchos otros temas importantes, pasados y presentes. Peter Cole agradece a su compañera, Wendy Pearlman, quien escuchó innumerables cuentos sobre los wobblies (algunos de ellos incluso verdaderos), y proporcionó apoyo moral e intelectual; él también agradece a sus co-conspiradores (um, co-editores), por su amistad y consideración. Dave Struthers agradece a su esposa Irina Shklovski por escucharlo hablar sobre el pasado, a su hija Freya, por llevarlo al skatepark, a Devra Weber por presentarle por primera vez el IWW en un seminario de historia laboral a sus colegas y por hacer de esta colaboración un placer, cada vez que se sentó a leer los borradores. Kenyon Zimmer agradece a su esposa Rafia Mirza, sus expresiones de gratitud, y su apoyo durante todo el proceso. A Salvatore Salerno por presentarle por primera vez las conexiones anarquistas ocultas de la IWW. A Robert Helms por tomarse el tiempo de una visita al Instituto Internacional de Historia Social de Amsterdam para escanear documentos raros para él y sus coeditores y por su arduo trabajo, paciencia y humor. Finalmente, nos gustaría agradecer a todos aquellos, vivos y muertos, que mantienen la “tambaleante” llama ardiendo. Sabemos que wobblies y compañeros de viaje están comprometidos con un mundo más justo y equitativo. Nosotros también, y eso nos ayudó a crear este libro. ¡Gracias por leer! INTRODUCCIÓN Peter Cole, David Struthers y Kenyon Zimmer Este libro se proclama con orgullo la primera historia global de los Trabajadores Industriales del Mundo (IWW, o wobblies). En esta colección de ensayos, 20 académicos de todo el mundo comienzan una conversación largamente esperada sobre el IWW como un fenómeno global. Aunque la afiliación oficial del sindicato nunca fue numéricamente tan grande como los sindicatos convencionales, su influencia durante sus primeros años, desde 1905 hasta la década de 1920, fue enorme en los Estados Unidos, donde fue fundada, y en todo el mundo. El IWW era parte de un aumento global del anarquismo y el sindicalismo revolucionario, que a principios del siglo XX, antes de la Revolución rusa y el nacimiento de la Unión Soviética, podría decirse que ocuparon las posiciones centrales entre la izquierda como las ideologías anticapitalistas dominantes. El subsecuente enfoque posterior en Europa occidental y las corrientes de izquierda que alimentaban las estructuras estatales de la socialdemocracia ha oscurecido la influencia y la vitalidad del anarquismo y del sindicalismo revolucionario en todo el mundo. El sindicalismo imaginó reemplazar al capitalismo con una economía socialista, pero a la vez, mantuvo grandes sospechas hacia el poder estatal y los sistemas centralmente planificados, y vio el movimiento obrero como el principal vehículo para el cambio revolucionario. En cada nación industrial del mundo, surgieron variedades de sindicalismo a principios del siglo XX, pero pocos fueron tan conocidos o más globalmente influyentes que el "sindicalismo industrial revolucionario" del IWW. Los ideales de los wobblies, las ramas “tambaleantes” y sus miembros, viajaron a lo largo y a lo ancho, ganando adeptos y compañeros de viaje a través de los siete mares proverbiales, con marineros y tripulación, entonces como ahora, en un mundo de economía global. Sin embargo, casi todos los estudiosos que han examinado al IWW se han centrado en una sola nación, generalmente los Estados Unidos, y han descuidado el rico archivo de fuentes que no estaban en idioma inglés. 1 Afortunadamente, en 2017, el mundo e incluso el trabajo académico han cambiando. En los últimos años, la historia global y mundial se han convertido en importantes campos académicos, rehaciendo dramáticamente la investigación de muchos historiadores sobre el pasado. Por consiguiente, valorar la historia del IWW a escala global, considerando su alcance e influencia mundial
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