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Www . Electricalpartmanuals DB 39-631 Page 1 Westinghouse Potential Devices for Revenue Metering Type PCM Coupling Capacitors • Type PC-6 com Like many advancements. in electrical equip­ ment design, economic considerations first prompted a study of the use of a highly re­ fined capacitive potential device for supply­ ing a secondary voltage for revenue power metering. As transmission voltages moved up to 345 and 500 kv, the expanding differ­ ential in insulation costs between a wound type potential transformer and a capacitive voltage divider demanded that this new application be seriously examined. After nearly two years of design work, develop­ ment and testing, it was proved that the capacitive device was, indeed, capable of achieving the required accuracy perform­ ance, dependent only on using the proper design parameters in the potential device circuitry. Basically, the Westinghouse type PCM metering accuracy potential device involves no new design concepts nor un­ tried materials. The PCM design merely represents a refinement of the standard potential device circuitry employed for many years to give secondary voltages for purposes of relaying, telemetering, supervisory con­ trol, and voltage indication. As general acceptance of the PCM device as a reliable source of metering potential continues to increase, the PCM promises to find new applications on systems rated lower than the EHV range. This is particularly true where the carrier function is also required, since this can easily be incorporated into the PCM device, whereas a separate coupling capacitor would be required if potential transformers were used for metering. The PCM device is available in voltage ratings from 115 kv to 700 kv. The base cabinet and the circuit components contained therein are identical regardless of voltage rating. To increase voltage ratings above 115 kv, addi­ tional coupling capacitor units are merely stacked in series to achieve the desired rating. This modular construction has the advantage of ease in handling, shipping and installation, and minimum risk in breakage. The type PC-6 coupling capacitor is an extra high capacitance unit which does not con­ tain the PCM potential device circuitry. ElectricalPartManuals . January, 1967 New Information www E, D, C/2003/DB DB 39-631 Page 2 Westinghouse • com Application marizes these burdens as defined in Instru­ Construction . (See photo on page 12) ment Transformer standards, ASA C57 .13. Coupling units used in PCM potential de­ The PCM device is applied mainly where No change in internal connections nor re­ vices and PC-6 carrier coupling capacitors inter-ties between two utilities require reve­ calibration is necessary regardless of how are of the extra-high capacitance type. The nue power metering at HV or EHV levels. The actual burdens are varied within this range. microfarad value is about three times that of PCM employs an extremely accurate version Also included is the accuracy class of each the "high-capacitance" PC-5 type and al­ of the basic capacitive divider network, secondary winding. most nine times that of the "low capaci­ using a 20 kv tap voltage to drive a tunable, Further versatility is provided since the zero tance" PC-4 type. The unit consists of a wet­ circuit consisting of the tap capacitance, an volt-ampere point can be shifted downward, process porcelain cylinder fitted with end oil-filled transformer-reactor combination outside the .3 parallelogram to meet known castings. having very fine adjustment taps, and a burden requirements; e.g., a range of 200 va Cork neoprene gaskets coated with a re­ ferroresonant suppression device. Potential to 600 va could easily be provided. (See silient adhesive provide a reliable seal for revenue metering which meets ASA Figure 2 on page 6). against moisture. This cylinder contains a standard 0.3 accuracy class requirements large number of individual wound-type is available on each of two independent All PCM devices are factory tuned, calibrated capacitor sections connected in series. secondary windings, tapped to obtain the and tested to assure compliance with .3 ac­ Operating voltage stress on these sections ASA standard ratio (such as 1200/2000 curacy class requirements. A ratio and phase is extremely low, insuring the very high to 1 for 230 kv). A third winding is available angle bridge, recognized by the National i reliability required of a potential device or for connection in broken delta with the two Bureau of Standards, is used in conjunction coupling capacitor. potential devices on adjacent phases when with a gas-filled high voltage capacitor to residual voltage is desired for polarization of calibrate the PCM devices. The bridge is After the capacitor sections are assembled ground relays. capable of measuring errors of ± .01% in into a series stack, the stack is subjected to ratio and ± 1.0 minute in phase angle. a vacuum-heat cycling process designed, The PCM is designed to stay within the 0.3 not only to remove all free moisture, but also parallelogram of a Farber diagram (Figure 1) Unlike old types of potential devices, no to break down and remove any low molec­ for all standard burdens ranging from 0 to further tuning in the field is necessary, dur­ ular weight impurities from the kraft paper. 400 volt-amperes, which includes W, X, Y, ing or after installation, regardless of the Z, and ZZ burdens. The following table sum- actual burden to be connected to the device. The lower coupling unit in a stack is always equipped with a tap bushing, which provides Accuracy Performance the 20 kv capacitor necessary to operate the Standard Secondary Power Factor Accuracy Class potential device circuit of the PCM. When Burden Volt-Amperes of Std. Burden W1 W W3 Designation X1-X2-X3 - 2- a PC-6 coupling capacitor only is ordered, or Winding(!) this tap is still provided to allow for future Y Y Y1- 2- 2 addition of a potential device circuit. Windings Note that the tap capacitor is contained in w 12.5 .3 1.2 0.10 the same housing as the stack capacitance. X 25 0.70 .3 1.2 y 75 0.85 .3 This provides for a constant ratio between z 200 0.85 .3 stack capacitance and tap capacitance, zz 400 0.85 .3 regardless of temperature changes. This (i) The maximum permissible burden of the '"W"" winding (used for zero-sequence voltage) is 50 va. arrangement contributes greatly to the 1.004 ability of the PCM to meet .3 accuracy class requirements. Farber Diagram Shows Typical Accuracy Performance of PCM Potential 1.002 Devices 400Va ���::.85PF 400Va z den) .GOPF 1.000 ... I. PF .!'!. u 0 lJ... 0.3 Accuracy ClassElectricalPartManuals....--"""" c: -� u 0.998 . OVa � 0 u 0 -� a:: 0.994 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 Phase Angle in Minutes Figure 1 www DB 39-631 Page 3 Potential Devices for Revenue Metering Type PCM Coupling Capacitors Type PC-6 com . ElectricalPartManuals . www DB 39-631 Page 4 Westinghouse • com Transformer- Reactor the primary winding of the potential trans­ . A specially designed, extremely accurate oil former, is also equipped with fine taps to filled potential transformer operates from the allow exact tuning of the inductive reactance 20 kv source provided by the capacitive with the capacitive reactance of the coupling voltage divider. Three secondary windings, capacitors. This tuning is completed at the designated X, Y, and W, are each tapped for factory. The L/R ratio, or "Q", of the reactor approximately 115/67 volts. (The actual circuit is very high, thus providing a very voltage is determined by the ASA standard low-loss circuit which in turn contributes ratio for each rating.) Both the primary and to accuracy performance. secondary windings are equipped with very fine adjustment taps to allow pinpoint Thermal burden rating of the transformer is accuracy in obtaining the ASA standard 1000 va, capable of being taken from either ratio of transformation. of the taps on each of the main secondary An integrally mounted reactor in series with windings (X and Y). ElectricalPartManuals . www DB 39-631 Page 5 Potential Devices for Revenue Metering Type PCM Coupling Capacitors Type PC-6 com Ferroresonant Suppressor Heater . Since any circuit containing capacitance and A heater, center tapped for either 11 5 or 230 iron core inductances is subject to possible volts, is provided to prevent condensation ferroresonant oscillations due to saturation, of moisture inside the cabinet. The heater it is necessary to incorporate an effective should be energized from a separate source means of damping these oscillations before if available, so that the 400 va burden capa­ they can cause false operations of relays bility of the PCM device is not reduced. and/or damage to the transformer. The cause of ferroresonance in a capacitive potential device could be a switching surge Tap for Transient Recorder (Optional) on the transmission line, removal of a A low voltage tap capacitor can be inserted secondary short in the burden connected to between the low potential bushing on the the device, or simply opening the grounding coupling capacitor and ground. An oscillo­ switch of the potential device. Any of these scope or other recording device can be con­ conditions or others which present a sudden nected across this capacitor to observe the change in voltage or frequency can shock nature of transient phenomena occuring on the circuit into oscillation. the transmission line. To prevent occurrence of this problem in the PCM device, a tuned filter circuit is em­ Protective Gaps ployed to insert a dummy load of several (See Schematic Diagram, Page 9) hundred watts which effectively damps The "main gap" is set to fire at approximately oscillations before they reach significant 40 kv (twice the normal tap voltage). An magnitudes.
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