DOCSLIB.ORG

Open Michaelbasedowthesis.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Open Michaelbasedowthesis.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Agricultural Sciences A COMPARISON OF ANATOMICAL TRAITS RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITTLE BUD UNIONS IN APPLE A Thesis in Horticulture by Michael R. Basedow Copyright 2015 Michael R. Basedow Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science May 2015 The thesis of Michael R. Basedow was reviewed and approved* by the following: Robert M. Crassweller Professor of Horticulture Thesis Advisor Richard P. Marini Professor of Horticulture Head of the Department of Plant Science Kathleen M. Brown Professor of Plant Stress Biology Nicole R. Brown Associate Professor of Wood Chemistry *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii ABSTRACT Anatomical and histological traits related to the development of mechanically weak unions were evaluated between relatively weak (‘Honeycrisp’/‘M.26 EMLA’, ‘Cripps Pink’ cv.Maslin/‘Geneva® 41’, ‘Scilate’ (Envy™)/‘Geneva® 41’) and strong (‘Honeycrisp’/‘M.7 EMLA’, ‘Zestar!’/‘M.26 EMLA’, ‘Zestar!’/‘M.7 EMLA’, ‘Cripps Pink’ cv.Maslin/‘M.9 NAKB T337’, ‘Scilate’ (Envy™)/‘M.9 NIC29’) scion/rootstock combinations of apple. The objectives of these studies were to identify differences between these groups to determine the cause of the weak unions, and to determine if these methods would allow for the rapid screening of future potentially weak scion/rootstock combinations. Discolored sapwood was observed in the rootstock tissues of all of the combinations, and was investigated because of its association with wood decay. Trees were cut longitudinally and the discolored wood was photographed and quantified as a percentage of the total wood area using ImageJ image analysis software. Discolored sapwood did not differ significantly between weak and strong union combinations, but there was significantly more present in the most vigorous rootstocks compared to the dwarfing rootstocks. The thickness of the fiber cell walls was measured between the combinations. Tissues were hand sectioned from three areas of the tree (below, at, and above the union) and were stained with toluidine blue for microscopic study at 400x magnification. Cell wall thickness was measured using photomicrographs and Olympus® CellSens software. Fiber cell wall thickness varied between some of the weak and strong combinations below and at the union. Few differences were observed between the ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Zestar!’ combinations in the scions, but the ‘Cripps Pink’ combinations varied there and both combinations of ‘Scilate’ were very thin. Xylem cells were divided into three categories of tissue based on their function within the wood. These categories included parenchymatous, fibrous, and conductive tissues. Xylem tissues from the most recent growth ring were sectioned and stained using toluidine blue. They were then examined at 200x magnification. The percentages of the three cell types were calculated between the combinations using ImageJ. Weak iii combinations contained more parenchymatous tissue and slightly less fibrous tissue than some of the strong combinations, and may be a sign of localized incompatibility between the scions and rootstocks. Laser Ablation Tomography (LAT) and an iodine starch indicating test were evaluated for their potential use for observing localized incompatibility at the union. LAT was performed by sectioning union samples and ablating the wood material. Images were simultaneously taken, and images were combined using Avizo imaging software to virtually reconstruct the sample into a three dimensional model. Using LAT we were able to distinguish differences in the tissues of weak and strong scion/rootstock combinations, including large areas of swirling xylem tissue in the weak combination ‘Honeycrisp’/‘M.26 EMLA’. However, abnormalities were also observed in some sections of the strong combinations. Iodine starch tests were conducted by cutting unions into longitudinal sections and then staining them with a 5% solution of iodine-potassium iodide. The iodine starch test was inconclusive, as the amount of tissues that stained varied greatly within each combination. Our results suggest anatomical differences can be determined between weak and strong scion/rootstock combinations, but these methods may not allow for the prediction of future weak unions due to their variability. iv Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ ix Chapter I. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The role of the dwarfing rootstock in the modern orchard .................................. 1 Graft union failure of clonal rootstocks .............................................................. 2 Wood decaying fungi in apple ............................................................................ 3 The anatomical properties of dwarfing ............................................................... 4 The anatomical properties of brittle wood .......................................................... 6 Graft failure related to localized incompatibility ................................................ 7 Other symptoms commonly associated with incompatibility .............................. 9 Potential biochemical factors of incompatibility ................................................. 10 Viral infection and incompatibility ..................................................................... 14 Microscopic examination of graft unions ............................................................ 15 Other potential screening methods for incompatibility ....................................... 16 Hypotheses and objectives .................................................................................. 18 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 21 Chapter II. The presence of discolored wood in the xylem tissue of strong and brittle scion/rootstock combinations of apple .......................................................................... 26 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 26 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 32 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 35 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 41 Chapter III. Anatomical differences between the xylem of strong and brittle scion/rootstock combinations of apple .......................................................................... 44 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 44 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 50 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 52 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 63 Chapter IV. Potential methods for the rapid determination of localized incompatibility within the xylem of strong and brittle scion/rootstock combinations of apple ............. 66 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 66 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 73 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 75 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 84 Chapter V. Closing thoughts ......................................................................................... 86 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 89 Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 91 v List of Tables Table 1.1. Combinations of scions and rootstocks used in this study, their relative strength, and their abbreviations used in this paper ...................................................... 20 Table 2.1. Percent of discolored wood in the rootstock tissues of eight scion/rootstock combinations of apple .................................................................................................... 35 Table 2.2. Percent of discolored wood in the rootstock tissues of eight scion/rootstock combinations by rootstock cultivar ............................................................................... 37 Table 3.1. Mean fiber cell wall thicknesses (µm) 7.0cm below, at, and 3.0cm above the unions of eight scion/rootstock combinations of apple ................................................. 53 Table 3.2. Percentages of wood tissues by combination in the unions of four scion/rootstock combinations of the apple scion cultivars ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Zestar!’
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planting and Aftercare of New Trees
    Where to start? • Fruit plants that fit into to small spaces Producing Fruit for the Home – Apple … on dwarfing rootstocks • Most traditional and local garden centers do not identify specific rootstock ….”Dwarf”, “Semi Dwarf” Ron Perry • Eventual tree size within Dwarf and Semi Dwarf is large Professor Tree Spacing Nursery ID Hort. Department Rootstocks Eventual Height Between Trees Between Rows MSU M.27 or P.22 Dwarf 6 5 10 M.9 Dwarf 8 8 12 M.26 Dwarf 16 10 16 M.7 Semi Dwarf 18 14 22 MM.106 or 111 Semi Dwarf 20 16 22 Where to start? Where to start? • Fruit plants that fit into to small spaces – Cherry - Sour • Select desired fruit which will grow in your area. Tree Spacing Rootstocks • Determine how much space you have available. Varieties Eventual Height Between Trees Between Rows Northstar Mahaleb 10 8 12 • Select varieties which are easiest to grow. Montmorency Gi.5 or 6 12 10 12 Montmorency Mahaleb 12 10 14 – Disease or insect resistant varieties to reduce pest Montmorency Mazzard 14 12 16 pressures. Balaton Mahaleb 14 12 16 – Cherry - Sweet – Assess soil / site conditions Tree Spacing • Full sun VS shade or partial Nursery ID • Soil internal drainage Rootstocks Eventual Height Between Trees Between Rows • Weed competition (lawns are too competitive) Gi.5 Dwarf 12 12 16 Gi.6 Dwarf 14 14 16 Mahaleb Semi Dwarf 20 14 16 Mazzard Semi Dwarf 24 16 20 Average Annual Minimum Temperatures Where to start? (USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map) Most MI fruit sites Zone 5 (-20oF to -10oF) to 6 (-10oF to 0oF) • Fruit plants that fit into to small spaces – Peach, Nectarine, Apricot and Plums – Can generally plant at a spacing of 10 ft X 15 ft* • * If trained to open center or vase shape • Closer spacing, needs to be trained in Chistmas Tree form (Vertical Axe).
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Kheti Volume -2, Issue-2 (April-June), 2014 Available Online at © 2014 Popularkheti.Info ISSN: 2321-0001
    Popular Article Popular Kheti Volume -2, Issue-2 (April-June), 2014 Available online at www.popularkheti.info © 2014 popularkheti.info ISSN: 2321-0001 Growing Fruits in Home Garden K. Usha*, B. Singh and Lal Chand Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IARI, New Delhi *Email of corresponding author: [email protected] Even if you have limited space, you can still enjoy growing fresh fruits in your garden by growing fruit plants in containers. You can grow any fruit tree in a container for a few years and then transplant it. You can also choose a dwarf variety, which is well suited to living in a container. If you carefully choose the kind and varieties of a fruit before you plant, you can harvest dessert-quality fruit from early summer through the fall . Many fruit plants are aesthetically pleasing and are good for “edible landscaping.” Some fruits, such as apple, citrus, blueberries and figs, make outstanding ornamental plants. Some people find a natural setting with plants placed throughout the landscape most aesthetically pleasing. But this makes maintenance more challenging. Introduction Growing fruits at home can be fun, delightful experience and a challenging hobby. There are several good reasons to grow fruit yourself. Fruits add beautiful colour and variety to your garden. Large amounts of fruit can be grown in a relatively small area. Store-bought fruits are often picked, shipped, and sold before they are fully ripened and generally stock selections that look prettiest but are not necessarily the best tasting. In addition, fresh garden fruits are a good source of vitamins; minerals, carbohydrates, fibre (Table 1) and will provide your family with flavourful, delicious and nutritious food.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Fruit Culture and Cultivars in North Dakota
    H327 (Revised) Tree Fruit Culture and Cultivars in North Dakota Revised by Moving west and north across the state, conditions become less favorable Tom Kalb for growing fruits because of extreme temperatures and reduced rainfall. Horticulturist However, with proper selection and the necessary cultural practices, NDSU Extension Service the home gardener can harvest ample fruit most seasons. Protecting fruit trees from harsh winds in winter and summer cannot Growing your own fruit be overemphasized. City dwellers usually have a more favorable environment for establishing fruit trees than rural residents because the can be fascinating and fun. concentration of buildings and shade trees can greatly reduce wind velocity. Many different kinds of tree On farms, the fruit tree planting is best located within the building site. fruits, including apple, pear, Wind protection may be provided by hills, buildings or shelterbelts. plum and cherry, can be Shelter is necessary from all directions except the east. grown successfully in Fruit trees should be planted at least 40 to 50 feet from farm shelterbelts North Dakota. to prevent breakage from snowdrifts and reduce competition between the fruit trees and shelterbelts for sunlight, soil moisture and nutrients. In town, where backyard space may be limited, locate fruit trees away from large shade trees for similar reasons. Most fruits do well on any fertile garden soil that has good surface drainage. July 2016 1 • H327 Tree Fruit Culture and Cultivars in North Dakota How to Select Cultivars Well-branched trees can be developed Gardeners in northern areas will by the homeowner even if only a Fruit Tree benefit from choosing the most healthy, unbranched trees between 5 and 6 feet tall are available.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Peel As Affected by Rootstock, Harvest Maturity, and Storage Method
    HORTSCIENCE 51(4):349–355. 2016. factors, rootstock controls tree size (Webster, 2001), regulates mineral uptake and leaf mineral composition (Fallahi et al., 2001), Ursolic and Oleanolic Acid in ‘Aroma’ and affects hydraulic resistance, water use of scion, and fruit quality (Cohen and Naor, Apple Peel as Affected by Rootstock, 2002; Cohen et al., 2007; Fallahi et al., 2002). Furthermore, they may have resistance to Harvest Maturity, and Storage Method soil-transmitted diseases (Modgil et al., 2012) and fire blight (Kaja et al., 2015). Yanrong Lv1, Ibrahim I. Tahir, and Marie E. Olsson Many suggestions have been made to explain Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the separate features in the rootstocks that P.O. Box 101, SE-23053, Alnarp, Sweden exert these differences such as the character- istics of the bark, production and movement Additional index words. triterpene, controlled atmospheric storage, semi-dwarfing ‘MM.106’, of different plant hormones, and top-root dwarfing ‘M.9’ relationships (Ferree and Warrington, 2003; Rom and Carlson, 1987). Dwarfing root- Abstract . Apples contain substances with health-promoting properties, among them, stock ‘M.9’ and semi-dwarfing rootstock triterpenes, including oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), which are thought to ‘MM.106’ are commonly used in apple or- have anti-inflammatory activity as well as inhibiting initiation, promotion, and metas- chards in many countries. ‘M.9’ rootstock tasis of cancer. This study evaluated effects of harvest time, rootstock, and storage was introduced as one of the Malling apple method on two major triterpenes in apple peel, to enhance the understanding of the rootstock series, a result of a successful trial relative importance of cultivation and environmental factors influencing triterpene in England, which evaluated rootstocks of concentration.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Quantitative Trait Loci, Dw1 and Dw2, Are Primarily Responsible for Rootstock-Induced Dwarfing in Apple
    OPEN Citation: Horticulture Research (2015) 2, 15001; doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.1 ß 2015 Nanjing Agricultural University All rights reserved 2052-7276/15 www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Two quantitative trait loci, Dw1 and Dw2, are primarily responsible for rootstock-induced dwarfing in apple Toshi M Foster1,*, Jean-Marc Celton2,*, David Chagne´ 1, D Stuart Tustin3 and Susan E Gardiner1 The apple dwarfing rootstock ‘Malling9’ (‘M9’) has been used worldwide both to reduce scion vigour and as a genetic source for breeding new rootstocks. Progeny of ‘M9’ segregate for rootstock-induced dwarfing of the scion, indicating that this trait is controlled by one or more genetic factors. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of a rootstock population derived from the cross between ‘M9’ 3 ‘Robusta5’ (non-dwarfing) and grafted with ‘Braeburn’ scions identified a major QTL (Dw1) on linkage group (LG) 5, which exhibits a significant influence on dwarfing of the scion. A smaller-effect QTL affecting dwarfing (Dw2) was identified on LG11, and four minor-effect QTLs were found on LG6, LG9, LG10 and LG12. Phenotypic analysis indicates that the combination of Dw1 and Dw2 has the strongest influence on rootstock-induced dwarfing, and that Dw1 has a stronger effect than Dw2. Genetic markers linked to Dw1 and Dw2 were screened over 41 rootstock accessions that confer a range of effects on scion growth. The majority of the dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstock accessions screened carried marker alleles linked to Dw1 and Dw2. This suggests that most apple dwarfing rootstocks have been derived from the same genetic source.
    [Show full text]
  • Rootstocks for Kentucky Fruit Trees Dwight E
    University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment HO-82 Cooperative Extension Service Rootstocks for Kentucky Fruit Trees Dwight E. Wolfe, John Strang, Daniel Becker, and Shawn Wright, Horticulture ost fruit trees that can be grown in Figure 1. Comparative dwarfing by rootstocks for apples Kentucky do not come true from 100 seed.M For example, a tree grown from a 90 Golden Delicious apple seed will produce 80 an apple tree, but the fruit will have dif- 70 ferent characteristics than Golden Deli- 60 50 cious in color, taste, and shape. This is 40 why fruit trees are reproduced by asexual 30 propagation, such as budding and graft- 20 ing. The desired cultivar, Golden Deli- 10 cious in the example above, is budded or 0 G.65 Bud.9 G.41 G.202 Malling 7 MM.111 Standard grafted onto a rootstock, a close genetic P.22 Bud.9 Malling 9 Ottawa 3 Malling 7 MM. 111 Standard relative suitable for the graft. Rootstocks are selected to impart special traits—in- from the Budagovsky breeding program not always symptomatic of trees planted cluding dwarfing, disease resistance, and in Russia; “G” is used for rootstocks re- on sites where an old orchard has been insect resistance. leased and “CG” for rootstocks not yet removed to make way for a new one. This publication describes available released from Geneva-Cornell breeding Usually, the nursery grows the root- and some newer rootstocks that may program in New York; “O” is used for stock for one year before grafting or have limited nursery distribution for rootstocks developed at the Ottawa Re- budding the scion to the rootstock.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Fruit Cultivars
    CORVINUS UNIVERSITY OF BUDAPEST FACULTY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE MODERN HORTICULTURE EVALUATION OF FRUIT CULTIVARS Authors: Zsuzsanna Békefi (Chapter 3, 10) Géza Bujdosó (Chapter 9) Szilvia Kovács (Chapter 4, 7, 8) László Szalay (Chapter 5, 6) Magdolna Tóth (Chapter 1, 2) 1. Apple breeding trends and aims in the world. Successful and promising new cultivars Author: Magdolna Tóth 1.1. A brief history of apple cultivation and breeding Apple is one of the oldest fruit species. Apple residues were found e.g. at Jericho, in the Jordan valley and in Anatolia.Their origin is estimated to around 6500 BC, but it is impossible to identify from where these fruits got there.The most likely hypothesis is that the firts place of involving apple into cultivation was the territory between Caspian Sea and Black Sea, and apple was grown in this area already around 3000 BC. Actually, the discovery of grafting determined the further history of domestic apple. It gave not only the possibility for growers to reproduce a good quality tree, but it allowed the survival of the best ancient varieties as well. It is almost sure, that domestic apple arrived in Europe by Roman intermediation. In the 3rd century, the Romans established the first plantations in the territory of the present France, Spain and Great-Britain. In later centuries, some emperors (e.g. Charles the Great) and mostly religous orders had a great role in the preservation and renewal of apple cultivation. The widespread distribution of apple cultivation began in the 12th century. The first named cultivars appeared at this time, and according to the propagation possibilities of the age, the seeds of these varieties reached all places of the expanding world.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT JOHNSON, KENDALL A. Characterization and Fungicide
    ABSTRACT JOHNSON, KENDALL A. Characterization and Fungicide Efficacy of North Carolina Colletotrichum Populations Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot on Apple. (Under the direction of Dr. Sara Villani). Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and fruit rot (GFR) is historically caused by members of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. Although the disease was first reported in the 1970s in the United States, the disease has reemerged on apples in North Carolina (NC) causing economically devastating losses. These pathogens cause necrotic leaf lesions and rots of fruit that will ultimately lead to premature defoliation, a decrease in yield, and unsaleable fruit. According to previous research, ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ have shown partial or complete resistance to GLS and GFR. Cultivars from the ‘Golden Delicious’ lineage are the most susceptible which includes cvs. ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Gala’, and ‘Pink Lady’ which are also amongst consumer favorites and most commonly grown in NC. Currently there is a paucity of information regarding the management of the disease, but fungicides, cultural practices, and the planting of resistant cultivars are primarily used to reduce disease within an orchard. Fungicide use is limited due to the risk of resistance, but has found to be the most effective form of control for this disease. The objectives of this research were to 1) characterize Colletotrichum species based on morphological and molecular techniques and evaluate in vitro QoI fungicide sensitivity shifts in Colletotrichum populations and 2) determine the most efficacious fungicide and timing for the management of GLS and GFR. Three hundred ninety-six isolates were collected from symptomatic apple leaves and fruit from a total of 17 orchards in North Carolina and Georgia in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Growth and Spatial Distribution of Apple Tree Roots on Different Rootstocks Or Interstems
    J. AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI. 138(2):79–87. 2013. Seasonal Growth and Spatial Distribution of Apple Tree Roots on Different Rootstocks or Interstems Li Ma Institute of Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P.R. China; and the Department of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, 298 Wenhua Road, Liangyuan District, Shangqiu, Henan Province, 476000, P.R. China Chang Wei Hou, Xin Zhong Zhang, Hong Li Li, De Guo Han, Yi Wang, and Zhen Hai Han1 Institute of Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P.R. China ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. dwarfing rootstock, Malus ·domestica, minirhizotron, root length density ABSTRACT. Understanding of root growth patterns and architecture of apple (Malus ·domestica Borkh.) trees is very important for commercial apple production. Most commercial apple trees are usually a grafted complex consisting of the scion and the rootstock, each of which is a different genotype. Recently, rootstocks of dwarf tree species have been used extensively to meet the convenience in management; however, this practice appears to negatively impact root development. Using minirhizotrons, we investigated root dynamics, root spatial distribution, and shoot growth in ‘Red Fuji’ scion grown: 1) directly on dwarf and vigorous root stocks and 2) on a dwarf root stock placed in between the non-dwarf scion and non-dwarf rootstock (hereinafter referred to as an interstem). The results showed that: 1) one or two peaks in total root length density (TRLD) were observed in each scion/rootstock combinations every year; 2) the greatest TRLD peaks were always observed in between May and December.
    [Show full text]
  • Budagovsky, Geneva, Pillnitz, and Malling Apple Rootstocks Affect ‘Honeycrisp’ Performance Over Eight Years in the 2010 NC-140 ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Rootstock Trial
    182 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Journal of the American Pomological Society 74(4): 182-195 2020 Budagovsky, Geneva, Pillnitz, and Malling Apple Rootstocks Affect ‘Honeycrisp’ Performance Over Eight Years in the 2010 NC-140 ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Rootstock Trial WESLEY AUTIO1, TERENCE ROBINSON, SUZANNE BLATT, DIANA COCHRAN, POLIANA FRANCESCATO, EMILY HOOVER, MOSBAH KUSHAD, GREGORY LANG, JAUME LORDAN, DIANE MILLER, IOANNIS MINAS, RAFAEL PARRA QUEZADA, MATT STASIAK, AND HAO XU Abstract In 2010, an orchard trial of apple rootstocks was established at 12 locations in the United States, Canada, and Mexico using ‘Honeycrisp’ as the scion cultivar. Rootstocks included two named clones from the Budagovsky series (B.9, B.10), six unreleased Budagovsky clones (B.7-3-150, B.7-20-21, B.64-194, B.67-5-32, B.70-6-8, and B.71-7-22), four named Cornell-Geneva clones [Geneva® 11 (G.11), Geneva® 41 (G.41), Geneva® 202 (G.202), and Geneva® 935 (G.935)], nine unreleased (at initiation of the trial) Cornell-Geneva clones (CG.2034, CG.3001, CG.4003, CG.4004, CG.4013, CG.4214, CG.4814, CG.5087, and CG.5222), one named clone from the Pillnitz series (Supp.3), one unreleased Pillnitz clone (Pi PiAu 51-11), and three Malling clones as controls (M.9 NA- KBT337, M.9 Pajam 2, and M.26 EMLA). For trees on G.41 and G.935, there were both stool-bed-produced (N) and tissue-culture-produced (TC) liners used for trees. All trees were trained as Tall Spindles. After 8 years, the greatest mortality was for trees on CG.3001 (31%), CG.4814 (24%), CG.5222 (17%), CG.2034 (16%), and G.935N (16%).
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Blight Control Program in Organic Fruit
    The Organic Center | www.organic-center.org Critical Issue Report: Fire Blight Control Program in Organic Fruit Grower Lessons and Emerging Research for Developing an Integrated Non-Antibiotic Fire Blight Control Program in Organic Fruit Harold Ostenson* and David Granatstein* November 2013 The Organic Center Fire Blight Control Program in Organic Fruit November 2013 2 Table of Contents Letter from The Organic Center . 3 Important Note to Readers . 4 1. Introduction and Purpose . 5 2. Management in Transitioning to Non-Antibiotic Fire Blight Control . 6 3. Integrated Systems Approach to Non-Antibiotic Control of Fire Blight in Apples . 8 4. Integrated Systems Approach to Non-Antibiotic Control of Fire Blight in Pears . 11 5. Emerging Research and Control Options . 14 Notes . 16 References and Further Reading . 18 Photos . 19 Appendix 1. Selecting Cultivars with Greater Fire Blight Resistance Fire blight resistance . 22 Listings of resistant cultivars . 23 Literature Cited . 28 * Harold Ostenson, tree fruit consultant, Wenatchee, WA ** David Granatstein, extension educator, Wenatchee, WA The Organic Center Fire Blight Control Program in Organic Fruit November 2013 3 The Organic Center is pleased to present this publication, looking at lessons learned on organic methods for controlling the spread of fire blight without the use of antibiotics. Fire blight is a serious problem for apple and pear growers in the US; it is highly infectious and can kill entire trees. With growers now spending up to $20,000 per acre to establish an orchard, the risk of severe tree injury or loss from fire blight needs to be controlled. In the past, the antibiotics streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been the key fire blight con- trols used by most organic growers.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic and Molecular Screening of Apple Genotypes to Woolly Apple Aphid Resistance Saeid ABUROMMAN 1*, Mazen ATEYYAT 2
    Abu-RommanAvailable S. and Ateyyat online: M. www.notulaebotanicae.ro / Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2014, 42(1):99-1 03 Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Not Bot Horti Agrobo , 2014, 42(1):99-103 Phenotypic and Molecular Screening of Apple Genotypes to Woolly Apple Aphid Resistance Saeid ABU-ROMMAN 1*, Mazen ATEYYAT 2 1Department of Biotechnology; 2Department of Plant Production and Protection. Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117, Jordan; [email protected] (*corresponding author) Abstract Woolly apple aphid (WAA) is a major pest of apple orchards resulting in significant losses. In the present study, 22 apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were tested in the filed for their relative resistance/susceptibility to WAA. These apple cultivars were found to respond differentially to WAA infestation. Based on tree infestation rating, cultivars were ranked into 6 relative resistance/susceptibility groups, as follows: immune - ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delbarestivale’, ‘Golden Smoothie’, ‘Red Miracle’ and ‘Harmony’; resistant - ‘Stark Gold’, ‘Early Gold’ and ‘Argi Gala’; moderately resistant - ‘Evanee’ and ‘Black Stayman’; moderately susceptible - ‘Vista Bella’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Jersey Mac’, ‘Granny Spur Type’ and ‘Summerred’; susceptible - ‘Jonathan’, ‘Nagava 6’, ‘Florina’, ‘Red Chief’ and ‘Gold Iralis’; highly susceptible - ‘Fuji 6’. Eight molecular markers linked to major WAA resistant genes ( Er1 , Er2 , and Er3 ) were screened in apple cultivars using PCR. The markers NZms_EB145764, NZms_EB106753 and NZsc_E01 were ubiquitous in all cultivars under study, whereas, NZsn_O05 was absent. The results of other markers revealed distinct patterns of amplification among apple cultivars. No clear correlations can be made between the molecular data (marker presence and absence) and the phenotypic results (cultivar ranking).
    [Show full text]