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Florida Golf Courses Help an Endangered Butterfly Golf Courses in the Florida Keys Offer Their Help to Save a Colorful and Rare Butterfly

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Florida Golf Courses Help an Endangered Butterfly Golf Courses in the Florida Keys Offer Their Help to Save a Colorful and Rare Butterfly Research }()[I C~al1 lTsc Florida Golf Courses Help an Endangered Butterfly Golf courses in the Florida Keys offer their help to save a colorful and rare butterfly. BY JARET C. DANIELS AND THOMAS C. EMMEL "he'.'plight of imperiled fever. He was an amateur butterfly species around naturalist who in his spare time Tthe world continues to discovered and collected generate increased public specimens of a new interest and funding support. swallowtail. Recent management plans When discovered, the created to conserve many Schaus swallowtail inhabited critically endangered butterflies tropical hardwood hammocks mirror the aggressive, creative, on the south Florida mainland. and cooperative nature of This globally endangered those types of plans historically habitat type, one of the most implemented for traditional imperiled plant communities vertebrate conservation in Florida, also occurs through- programs. Laboratory and Native larval host plants and adult nectar sources were planted on golf out the Florida Keys and is field-based ecological research courses to create natural habitat suitable to maintain transient adult composed of slightly elevated combined with captive butterflies, encourage adult movement and gene flow between existing limestone areas that support propagation, organism reintro- colonies, and allow for the natural establishment of new breeding colonies broad-leaved tropical decidu- within the Florida Keys. duction and translocation, ous trees. Due to poor nutrient habitat restoration or augmentation, and ponceanus) is a large, colorful butterfly availability, sparse soils, lack of fresh movement corridor development have endemic to southern Florida; additional water, and harsh growing conditions, helped unite university researchers, subspecies occur in the West Indies.12 It the dense hammock canopy remains governmental agencies, non-govern- is considered one of the rarest resident diminutive, rarely reaching over 40 feet mental conservation organizations, and butterflies in North America and is high. High, stable ground in southern private landowners in a conunon goal listed as an endangered species by both Florida was a highly sought-after of biodiversity conservation. Although the state of Florida and the federal commodity, and soon it was rapidly not yet fully realized, the outcome of government. It is one of seven swallow- dwindling due to expanding urban such ambitious recovery measures has tail butterflies out of about 573 known development surrounding Miami. helped bring invertebrate conservation species that are listed by the Inter- Also during this period, a collector to the forefront and led to cautious, but national Union for Conservation of took a specimen of the swallowtail on optimistic forecasts for the future of the Nature and Natural Resources.1 Key West in 1885. It is not surprising species involved. Historically, the species was once that the Schaus swallowtail was first widespread from the greater Miami area recorded in the Lower Keys, then some THE CASE OFTHE south to Lower Matecumbe Key in the 200 miles from the south Florida main- SCHAUS SWALLOWTAIL Florida Keys. It was formally named as land, as the only viable means of travel By far one of the most successful and a species, Papilio ponceanus, in 1911 by to the Keys was via boat, and Key West highly publicized projects has centered William Schaus, a physician stationed in was a major port. In fact, Key West was on the only endangered swallowtail Miami during the Spanish-American the largest city in Florida in 1890, butterfly in the United States. The War to help treat American soldiers exceeding even Miami in population. It Schaus swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus evacuated from Cuba because of yellow was not until some years later in 1912 22 G R E ENS E C T ION R E COR D that Henry Flagler built a new railroad the observed decline in the swallowtail's and contributed to it being reduced to through the Keys, linking the mainland historic range and numerical abundance an extremely limited geographic range. to Key West and opening up the from 1924 to 1981 had continued, with Despite these setbacks, ensuing re- numerous small islands to tourism and less than 70 adults recorded during the strictions on the use of these chemicals colonization. By then the remaining 1984 flight season. The only three resulted in the slow increase in popula- tropical hardwood hammock habitat on colonies of any significant size were tion, and the Schaus remained relatively Key West had already been cleared for located, all within Biscayne National secure from human-promoted influ- housing and commercial development, Park on Elliott Key, Old Rhodes Key, ences in the small but protected ham- and the butterfly was extirpated there and Totten Key, with a fourth small mocks of Biscayne National Park. The while inhabiting the less-settled Keys to colony in the remaining intact ham- Nongame Wildlife Section of the the north. mock on northern Key Largo being Florida Game and Freshwater Fish represented by only a single adult. Commission subsequently funded three DEVELOPMENT Following this report in 1984, the successive two-year grants (1985-86, ANDANDREW Schaus swallowtail was upgraded in 1987-88, 1991-92), along with addi- THREATEN SURVIVAL In the ensuing decade, better roads, mosquito control, widespread electricity (making air conditioning possible), and fresh water piped in from the Florida mainland brought rapid development to much of the Keys. As a result, the over- all trends in the Schaus swallowtail's range and numerical abundance con- tinued to decline. It was last recorded on the Florida mainland on May 31, 1924,11and during the 1940s to 1970s was reduced in range to Key Largo and numerous small islands to the north within Biscayne National Park. Up to 1972, naturalists could come to Key Largo and regularly see several hundred swallowtails along the sun-dappled hammock trails on the island's northern end. But following the 1972 flight season, Researchers at the University of Florida initiated efforts to improve and expand suitable breeding the Schaus swallowtail population on habitat for the endangered Schaus swallowtail butterfly. Native larval host plants and adult nectar Key Largo underwent a rapid and sources are being planted on golf courses in southern Florida to assist that effort. dramatic decline. In 1977, it was listed as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish listing from threatened to endangered tional assistance from the dePont Fund and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and status. during 1988-90, in order to continue several quick studies were completed to Field and laboratory research indi- the status surveys of this clearly determine the status of the butterfly, cated that the two principal factors endangered butterfly. culminating in a recovery plan written contributing to the demise of the The additional threat to the species by the Florida Game and Freshwater Schaus swallowtail throughout much of resulting from the impact of a major Fish Commission and published in its former range were habitat loss and natural disaster was realized on August 1982. mosquito control adulticide spraying. 24, 1992, when hurricane Andrew In May 1984, at the direct request of The final blow, starting in 1973, had slammed into southern Florida, destroy- the USFWS office in Jacksonville, a been the initiation that year of the use ing or heavily damaging all habitat areas University of Florida research team was of two new organophosphate adulti- fostering remaining butterfly popula- assembled to carry out status surveys in cides, Dibrom and Batex, in the Keys tions. Field surveys conducted during south Florida and make recommenda- by the Monroe County Mosquito the following flight season in 1993 tions for action on the existing recovery Control District. The resulting spraying revealed that Schaus swallowtail popu- plan. The resulting data indicated that had far-reaching effects on the butterfly lations in Biscayne National Park and J A N U A R Y- FE B R U A R Y 2 00 5 23 northern Key Largo were extremely cessful adult emergence and subsequent tropical hardwood hammock habitat reduced (17 adults on Elliott Key, 33 on reproduction were identified at all sites, throughout much of the Florida Keys, Adams Key, and 7 on Key Largo). representing the first time since 1924 broken only by periodic but negotiable that the Schaus swallowtail was found water barriers. Individuals from neigh- RESEARCHERS RESPOND on the south Florida mainland. The boring colonies regularly infiltrated In a truly serendipitous occurrence, subsequent 1996 and 1997 releases of each other, allowing for more or less just two months prior to Hurricane 500 and 209 adult butterflies enhanced constant gene flow between popula- Andrew, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife the previous year's offSpring in the tions. Additionally, wild population Service had given the University of existing population and established, numbers annually waxed and waned, Florida permission to remove 100 eggs directly or indirectly (via local move- creating periodic localized extinctions in June 1992 as the starter nucleus of a n1ents),6 additional colonies in the that could be overcome by founder large-scale captive propagation program. Upper to Middle Keys. individuals wandering in from nearby Following the destruction wrought by Following these three years of intro- colonies. Hurricane Andrew, the USFWS com- ductions, as of June 1997, the butterfly Today, the remaining Schaus swallow- mitted major funding to continue the occupied sites stretching
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