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State of the Environment Report for Uganda 2006/2007

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State of the Environment Report for Uganda 2006/2007 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT FOR UGANDA 2006/2007 Copy right @ 2006/07 National Environment Management Authority All rights reserved. National Environment Management Authority P.O Box 22255 Kampala, Uganda http://www.nemaug.org [email protected] Publication: This publication is available both in hard copy and on the website of the National Environment Management Authority, www.nemaug.org. A charge will be levied according to the pricing policy in the authority. Suggested citation: National Environment Management Authority, 2006/07, State of Environment Report for Uganda, NEMA, Kampala. 332pp. This publication is available at the following libraries: National Environment Management Authority, Library. National Environment Management Authority Store. District Environment Offices. District Environment Resource Centers Public libraries. Makerere University library Kyambogo University library. Editor in chief: Mrs Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti Copy editing: Dr Kiguli Susan and Mr Merit Kabugo Authors: Ema Consult Dr. Moyini Yakobo (Team leader). Review team: Dr. Aryamanya Mugisha Henry National Environment Management Authority. Mr. Telly Eugene Muramira National Environment Management Authority. Dr. Festus Bagoora National Environment Management Authority. Mrs. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono National Environment Management Authority. Mr. George Lubega National Environment management Authority. Mr. Francis Ogwal National Environment Management Authority. Mr. Ronald Kaggwa National Environment Management Authority. Ms. Margaret Lwanga National Environment Management Authority. Mr. Firipo Mpabulungi National Environment Management Authority. Ms. Elizabeth Mutayanjulwa National Environment Management Authority. Ms. Margaret Aanyu National Environment Management Authority. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is again honored to present another edition of the State of the Environment Report for Uganda. This is the seventh report since the first one was published in 1994. The State of Environment Report has become a vital document in providing an insight to understanding the interactions between social, economic and environmental factors which are the pillars of development. It further answers many questions on what is happening to the environment in our country and what lies ahead in the future. I sincerely thank all the organizations and individuals who provided data and information that was used as the basis for analyses in this report. All sources of data are acknowledged and referenced where they appear in the report. I wish to express my thanks to the team from EMA consult that compiled the report more especially Dr. Moyini Yakobo for his contribution and efforts in environmental reporting in Uganda. I thank the technical staff of the NEMA for the role of coordination and review of the report. I look forward to receiving your positive critique and suggestions on the report. I wish you all good reading. Aryamanya- Mugisha, Henry (Ph.D) EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ii FOREWORD This year 2007 Uganda is hosting the Commonwealth summit with the theme “transforming Commonwealth societies to achieve political, economic and human development”. At the same time since the last State of the Environment report of 2004, new opportunities but also threats have emerged and these include: exploration and future production of oil, climate change and its impact on the communities in Uganda and innovations that encourage cleaner and more environmentally friendly sustainable consumption and production. Therefore, as the people of Uganda adapt to the new changes and challenges of climate change, they are also seeking accurate and up-to-date information about the state of the environment to help them make better decisions in all aspects of their lives. In light of The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 which urged nations to issue reports on the environment that would complement traditional fiscal policy statements, budgets, and economic development plans, I am pleased to present the National State of the Environment Report for Uganda for the years 2006 and 2007 with the theme “managing emerging opportunities and threats from the environment”. This is the seventh report for Uganda following from six other editions published earlier with the first produced in 1994. The current report presents a picture of the condition of the environment and natural resources in Uganda. It is divided into five sections. Section 1 introduces the country overview and background. Section 2 deals with the state of the environment and trends under five themes of atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic, cross-sectoral resources, and important linkages between environment and poverty, health and the potential value of ecosystems services. Section 3 covers emerging challenges which include among others: food security and climate change. In addition, the section covers an outlook based on the possible scenarios for Uganda’s environment and natural resources, ecosystems and human wellbeing, in line with the national long term planning perspectives of the Vision 2025. Section 4 gives the conclusions and policy options for action and section five are annexes. It is clear from the information contained in this report that the state of our environment will determine the level of our prosperity now and for future generations. Over-exploitation of our natural resources is increasingly leading to environmental degradation and contributing to reduced ecosystem services and disasters. Reduced ecosystem services in turn contribute to poverty. As we strive to address social equity and economic development in the years to come, our awareness and ability to improve the state of the environment and secure environmental sustainability will shape our future. I do not only hope that this report will inform the people of Uganda about the state of our natural resources but also that the information contained in this report will be put to good use by every citizen. Hon. Maria Mutagamba. MINISTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This publication is the seventh report of the State of the Environment (SOE) for Uganda and it follows on from six earlier SOE reports with the first one appearing in 1994. The SOE publications have reported on the practice in environment and natural resources management in Uganda. Uganda moved away from an obscure regulatory system into a clear regulatory and policy framework for the Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) sector. The theme for this year’s SOER is “managing emerging opportunities and threats from the environment”. It suggests that there are opportunities to be exploited beyond countering environment threats and overcoming sector weaknesses. Since the publication of the last SOER new opportunities and threats have emerged and these include: exploration and future production of oil, climate change and its impacts on the communities in Uganda, innovations that encourage cleaner and more environmentally friendly sustainable consumption and production. BACKGROUND OF THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT In 2005, as evidence that Uganda was ready to market the economy from the environment perspective, the Government of Uganda invested US$ 1 million in a campaign to promote the country’s tourism potential on the Cable New Network (CNN). The promotion of the image of Uganda as a country gifted by nature was the first ever media campaign to market the country’s tourism abroad. There have been other developments as well. Since 2004, the number of administrative units in Uganda has increased from 56 Districts to 75 Districts. This has led to an increase in the administrative costs for environment and natural resources management at both local government and national levels. Uganda’s population growth also continues to be amongst the highest in the world. The population in 2007 stands at 28.4 million an increase of 70 percent since 1991 and 16 percent since 2002. The country’s population is expected to exceed 50 million and 127 million by 2025 and 2050 respectively. ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES The intergovernmental panel on climate change indicated in 2006 that the African continent bears the greatest risk from climate change. Uganda’s atmospheric resources of temperature, rainfall, sunshine and wind show trends which suggest the possible influence of climate change. In 2005, Uganda along with other countries in East Africa experienced a severe drought that led to a decline in the water levels of Lake Victoria. In 2007, Uganda has experienced its heaviest rains since the el nino of 1997/98. Moreover, the poorest regions of the country in north eastern Uganda: the Karamoja region, Teso region and the Lango region have been most affected. iv TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES Uganda has 7.2 million hectares of arable land under crop agriculture which is less than 50 percent of the arable land (16.8). But it has been suggested that available arable land for agriculture will run out in most parts of Uganda by around 2022. The land available in the eastern region is expected to run out by 2010. The rapid decline in the available land resource is attributed to the very high population growth rate. In addition the annual cropping practices that encourage high soil erosion and increased reclamation associated with new crop enterprises such as rice growing will also lead to the decline in the quality and quantity of the available land and soil resources. The indicative annual cost of setting up and running institutions
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