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23rd Annual Clement S. Stacy Memorial Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings April 17-18, 2015 COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES The Clement S. Stacy Undergraduate Research Conference, sponsored by the School of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Purdue University Calumet, was convened for the 23rd consecutive year on April 17th- 18th, 2015. Once again submissions were reviewed by a faculty panel, and 88 presentations were selected for the conference. Students from 14 institutions presented their research on a wide range of topics in literature, history, political science, gender studies, film, religion, psychology, philosophy, and health. Research is an essential part of the mission of higher education, and Purdue Calumet places great emphasis on affording undergraduate students the opportunity to engage in research and disseminate their findings. At the conference in April, the students were presenters; they had to hone their skills in public speaking, PowerPoint presentation, and responding to vigorous questioning from session attendees. In the proceedings, the students become authors, polishing research writing skills such as analysis, synthesis, and proper citation of evidence. I am extremely pleased that the work of these students is published in these electronic proceedings, and I hope you will enjoy reviewing the outstanding papers contained herein. To the faculty mentors, friends and family of the students, I send my sincere thanks for your support of the students and their important work. I would also like to publically acknowledge Purdue Calumet’s Jessica Groen, who was the principal conference organizer. Her efforts were absolutely crucial to the success of this year’s event. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Wendy St. Jean, Dr. Jin Lu, and Dr. Su- Jeong Wee for having served on the Abstract Review Committee. Valuable assistance was also provided by Dr. Rebecca Stankowski, Interim Assistant Vice Chancellor of Accreditation and Assessment, and by Ms. Kathryn Hejmej, Administrative Assistant to the Dean. I would also like to thank the moderators, Steve Crain, Donnie Lopez, Paula Zaja, David Pick, John Lomax, Sara Jimenez, Jade Lynch-Greenberg, Laneah Ravn, Kathleen Tobin, Mita Choudhury, Jin Lu, Wendy St. Jean, Maria Luisa Garcia-Verdugo, Song (Audrey) Paik, Heather Fielding, Jorge Roman-Lagunas, and Shelby Engelhardt for helping make the conference a success. Again, congratulations to the authors of these papers. I very much hope to see you continue your excellent work in the liberal arts and social sciences. Sincerely yours, Ronald Corthell, Dean School of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Purdue University Calumet 2200 169th Street Hammond, IN 46323-2094 phone: (219) 989-2401 fax: (219) 989-8343 www.purduecal.edu/lass/ 23rd Annual Clement S. Stacy Undergraduate Research Conference Volume I – Table of Contents Elizabeth Barsic………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Purdue University Calumet Erica Benfield…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12 University of Michigan-Flint Josiah Cohen……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………22 Wheaton College Taylor Davis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………44 Bethel College Jacob Edwards, Aaron Fleming, Tyrelle Haney, George Hillier Jr., Grace Kruse, Devin Moriarty, Stefanee Parks, Joe Synakiewicz, Terrell Wilson, and Jonathan Wilson……67 Purdue University Calumet Jeffrey D. Emond……………………………………………………………………………………………………………92 Purdue University Calumet Omar Garcia…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………101 Purdue University Calumet Alexandria Graziosi………………………………………………………………………………………………………123 Georgian Court University James A. Gross…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….136 Purdue University Calumet Taylor Hamann…………………………………………………………………………………….………………………156 Carroll University Daniel Alexander Hays………………………………………………………………………………………………..168 Judson University James Johnson…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….181 Purdue University Calumet Myriah Julius……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….195 Purdue University Calumet Elizabeth Krahn……………………………………………………………………………………………………………213 Carroll University i 23rd Annual Clement S. Stacy Undergraduate Research Conference Shelby McDermott………………………………………………………………………………….……………………223 Purdue University Calumet Matt Misuraca………………………………………………………………………………………………………………233 Purdue University Calumet Stefanee Parks…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….242 Purdue University Calumet Caitlin Roman………………………………………………………………………………………………………………249 Georgian Court University Lily Rex………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….………273 Purdue University Calumet Amanda Sadowski…………………………………………………………………………………………………………281 Purdue University Calumet Sydney Sheltz……………………………………………………………….………………………………………………300 Bethel College Teela Sucacin………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………317 Purdue University Calumet Ella Swinney…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………332 Purdue University Calumet ii 23rd Annual Clement S. Stacy Undergraduate Research Conference Jacquetta of Luxembourg: Women and Power through the Family Reassessed Elizabeth Barsic Purdue University Calumet Jacquetta of Luxembourg: Women and Power through the Family Reassessed Elizabeth Barsic Purdue University Calumet [email protected] 1 | Page 23rd Annual Clement S. Stacy Undergraduate Research Conference Jacquetta of Luxembourg (1415/1416-1472) was an influential and powerful noblewomen during a turbulent period in English history. Ancestress of all subsequent English monarchs from Henry VIII onward, Jacquetta successfully gave birth to fourteen children, married for love, quite possibly interacted with Joan of Arc, survived a witchcraft trial, negotiated the political and social turmoil of the War of the Roses, and lived through the Black Death. Born when the Hundred Year’s War (1415-1453) was raging in France, Jacquetta came of age during the succession crisis in England that resulted in the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487). These events would have an enormous impact on her life and legacy. Jacquetta’s life serves as an invaluable lens through which scholars might examine some of the most important events in French and English history during the later Middle Ages. Enmeshed in the political and social upheavals of the fifteenth century, Jacquetta presents an opportunity to gender the historical Master Narrative that traditionally marginalizes women by mentioning them only in so far as they served to seal politically advantageous marriages or birth dynastic heirs. My work will demonstrate Jacquetta’s significance as a political power-broker and challenge the standard view of noblewomen in the later Middle Ages, as well as examine the need for more modern research on this extraordinary woman. Contrary to Jo Ann McNamara’s influential work on women and power in the Middle Ages, which argues that women lost power with the rise of the bureaucratic state, this paper will show that women were still able to gain power through the family, marriage, and personal device, even in the fifteenth century. 2 | Page 23rd Annual Clement S. Stacy Undergraduate Research Conference Information on Jacquetta’s childhood is scarce but one event we do know of seemed to have a substantial impact on her life. Jacquetta’s uncle, John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, was the head of the military company that captured Joan of Arc. The Duke of Bedford, one of Joan of Arc’s main accusers during her trials, and Jacquetta’s family held Joan on their estate, where Jacquetta’s brother and her cousin, Jeanne de Bar, were living, before her trial. There is no mention of whether Jacquetta was at Beauvoir, but Joan was an extremely well-known figure at the time and it is more than likely Jacquetta saw her whilst the Maid of Orleans was being held by Jacquetta’s family. Being that the two were close in age, there is a strong possibility that the two interacted even beyond meeting. Even if Jacquetta was not on the premise and did not have the chance to meet Joan, her story would have been an influential cautionary tale as to what happens when women speak up and wield power in an outright and outspoken way. Several years later, Jacquetta’s family married her to the Duke of Bedford, the King of England’s uncle and regent in France, thus making her the most powerful woman in France and the second highest in stature in England. Jacquetta’s first marriage is a prime example of the legacy known as “predatory kinship,” the practice of marrying heirs for political alliances and acquisition of property that Jo Ann McNamara discussed in her seminal essay “Women and Power through the Family.” While Jacquetta’s family was a noble one, the duke was above her station and the marriage was a very good match for her and her family. These connections also shaped Jacquetta’s life in important ways. When the Duke died in 1435, he named Jacquetta his sole heir and she inherited all properties (save one) as well as his 3 | Page 23rd Annual Clement S. Stacy Undergraduate Research Conference illustrious library. Jacquetta inherited one third of his estate, to be in her keep for life, even if she remarried, as long as she did so with the English King’s permission. This set her up as a wealthy widow at just nineteen and put her in a rather fascinating position. Jacquetta was independently wealthy and had a degree of personal freedom not many women, noble or otherwise, saw at the time. She took advantage of it and married a man of her own choosing. Richard Woodville was the Duke’s chamberlain who worked closely

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