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Biological Applications of Surfaces with Extreme Wettabilities by Sarah

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Biological Applications of Surfaces with Extreme Wettabilities by Sarah Biological Applications of Surfaces with Extreme Wettabilities by Sarah A. Snyder A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Materials Science and Engineering) in the University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Assistant Professor Geeta Mehta, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Anish Tuteja, Co-Chair Associate Professor Sunitha Nagrath Assistant Professor J. Scott VanEpps Sarah A. Snyder [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6741-297X © Sarah A. Snyder 2019 Dedication To my parents ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I need to thank Prof. Geeta Mehta and Prof. Anish Tuteja. As co- advisors you continually encouraged me to be the best that I can be both academically and personally. I cannot thank you two enough, you not only taught me to push the boundaries with my ideas but also gave me the tools to make those ideas realities. Thanks also to my committee members, Prof. Sunitha Nagrath and Prof. Scott VanEpps. Scott, thank you so much for the insight and encouragement you provided. I have truly enjoyed working with you and your lab. I want to thank the National Science Foundation’s Graduate Research Fellowship Program for their resources and support during my time at the University of Michigan. To the lab members of both the PSI and ECM groups, thank you. Thank you for the encouragement, thank you for teaching me valuable skills, and thank you for just generally helping me get through the day. Matt, thank you, I could not have done this without all of your help and support. Catherine and Caymen, thank you for always making me smile, you two made lab fun. Thank you Dhyani, I cannot wait to see where you take our project, I’ve always admired your drive. Shreya, thank you for your guidance and friendship. Chao and Kevin, thank you for shaping me into the scientist that I am today. And thank you Sai, Ethan, Brian, Alex, Brian, Elena, Zoe, Eric, Pooja, Mike, Maria, and Bryce, I will miss you all. To the lab members of the VanEpps lab, thank you for teaching me how to work with bacteria and how to keep a smile on my face after hours of pipetting. Usha, Erika, Shannon, John, and Harrison, I am so happy to have met and worked with you all. Usha, I wish you all the best with your PhD, I know your work will be great. I am so grateful for all of the friendships I’ve made during my time at Michigan. Jill, Erika, Avi, Rosy, and James, it was a pleasure to live with you and I look forward to our next family dinner. Brooke, Patrick, Sean, and Jake, thank you for so many fun memories, I cannot wait to make more. To my Tucker, Cookies & Cream (‘CC’), Milo, Rapunzel (‘Punzi’) and all my cold- blooded children, thank you for the endless supply of joy and kisses. I love you all so much. Matthew, words cannot express how thankful I am for all that you have done for me. Thank you for believing in me when I could not believe in myself. I have and will always appreciate you for everything that you’ve done for me. I also want to thank both the Stephan and Kielty families for their love and support; RJ was a wonderful man and will surely be missed. They say you can’t choose your family, but boy did I luck out. For all of their unwavering love and support, for the endless amount of smiles, and for countless memories, I thank my family. Nanay, Pop-pop, and Grammy, thank you for always believing in me and I hope I’ve made you proud. iii Lastly, mom and dad, I am who am I today because of you. This would all not be possible without your endless love, support, and encouragement. Thank you so much, I will be forever grateful. iv Table of Contents Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xix Chapter 1. Wettability Background ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Fundamentals of Wetting .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Design of Superomniphobic Surfaces ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Robust, Non-wetted States .................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2. Paper-Based Surfaces with Extreme Wettabilities for Novel, Open-Channel Microfluidic Devices ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.2.1 Preparation of Fluorinated Paper Substrates ................................................................................ 7 2.2.2 Test Liquids and Dyes .................................................................................................................. 7 2.2.3 Masking of Fluorinated Paper Surface and Selective O2 Plasma Treatment to Produce Microfluidic Devices ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.4 Printed Channels of Fluoro-Paper B ............................................................................................ 9 2.2.5 Surface Emulsification on Fluoro-Paper A ................................................................................ 10 2.2.6 Patterning of OVCAR3 Cancer Cells on Fluoro-Paper C .......................................................... 11 2.2.7 Characterization Methods .......................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Generation of All Four Extreme Wettabilities on Fluorinated Paper ........................................ 12 v 2.3.2 Generation of 2D and 3D Fluidic Channels on Fluoro-Paper A ................................................ 20 2.3.3 Printing of Fluidic Channels on Fluoro-Paper B ....................................................................... 25 2.3.4 Continuous Oil-Water Separation on Fluoro-Paper A ............................................................... 26 2.3.5 Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction on Fluoro-Paper A ......................................................... 28 2.3.6 Surface Emulsification for Particle Fabrication on Fluoro-Paper A .......................................... 31 2.3.7 Surface Tension/Composition Measurement Using Fluoro-Paper A ........................................ 34 2.3.8 Ovarian Cancer Cell Microarrays on Fluoro-Paper C ............................................................... 36 2.5 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3. Lysis and Detection of Coliforms on a Printed Paper-based Microfluidic Device ..... 40 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Substrate Preparation ................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.2 Ink Preparation ........................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.3 Device Fabrication ..................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.4 Device Testing ........................................................................................................................... 43 3.2.5 Design of Cell Lysis Device ...................................................................................................... 43 3.2.6 E. coli Culture and Growth ........................................................................................................ 44 3.2.7 Lysis-on-a-chip Assay ................................................................................................................ 45 3.2.8 Image Thresholding ................................................................................................................... 45 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 45 3.3.1 Printing Omniphilic Channels on an Omniphobic Paper Background .....................................
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