DOCSLIB.ORG

The Great Contrasts. Waterway Network

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Great Contrasts. Waterway Network Asia – the great contrasts. Waterway network Asia – the great contrasts. Waterway network Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Asia – the great contrasts. Waterway network Link to the lesson Before you start you should know that Asia is the biggest continent in the world; that thematic maps allow to describe and compare Asian natural environment. You will learn to show on the map the biggest rivers of Asia; to explain what losing streams and endorheic basins are; to show rivers in the drainage basins of four oceans; to name the biggest lakes both size‐wise and deep‐wise; Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu The waterway network of Asia is shaped by the terrain and the main features of the Asian climate. The Asian continent is home to basins of all four oceans. The biggest endorheic basin in the world is located in the central part of the continent. It is cut out from the oceans by mountains. The rivers from that region drain into the Caspian Sea (Lake) and other endorheic lakes, or lose water as they flow downstream, for example, in the sands of the desert. There is a big difference in the rivers' waterflow in certain regions of Asia due to uneven precipitation and temperature distribution throughout the year. The rivers with basins within the reach of the monsoon climate ceratinly differ from the rivers flowing through other regions. A good example of this is the longest Asian river – the Yangtze (6380 km), the source of which is in the Tibetan Plateau. It flows to the east, towards the Pacific Ocean. The water levels in the Yangtze are high all year, but the highest ones are definitely in spring and summer, when the upper section of the river is supplied with water from melting snow and mountain glaciers. At the same time, the middle and lower section of the river receives heavy rainfall brought by the summer monsoon. A similar phenomenon occurs in many other rivers of Southeast Asia. The rivers of North Asia are part of the basin of the Arcitc Ocean. The big rivers in that region are: the Lena (4400 km long), the Ob River (3650 km) and the Yenisei (3490 km). Their basins strech towards the cold subpolar and polar continental climate. As a result, they are covered with ice for 6‐7 months a year, and the highest water levels are observed in spring and summer, when the snow and ice in the source are are melting. The situation is drastically different for the water network in Central Asia, in the endorheic area. Here one can find losing streams. Many of them flow into endorheic lakes and swamps or get lost in the sands of the desert. Oceans' drainage basins and endorheic basins of Asia. Source: licencja: CC BY 3.0. In Asia, there are numerous lakes. The biggest Asian lake is the Caspian Sea, a remnant of an ancient sea. Today, it is an endorheic reservoir with saline water. The bigesst drainage lake in Asia is Lake Baikal, in the basin of Yenisei. It is the deepest lake in the world. Lake Baikal is 1620 m deep. Located in the rift valley, it is the biggest freshwater reservoir in the world. Task 1 Lake Baikal is the deepest cryptodepression on the planet. Cryptodepression is a surface below the sea level covered with lake water. Count the depth of Lake Baikal's cryptodepression, knowing that the water surface is situated at 455 m above the sea lever and that the depth of the lake is 1620 m. The Aral Sea was also a water reservoir once. However, it has been gradually drying out for several decades now due to the dry climate and human activities (people take too much water supplies from the rivers that feed the lake). Another big and interesting endorheic lake is Lake Balkhash – there is saline water in its eastern part and fresh water in its western part, which is caused by the Ili River that flows into the lake. Look at the photo below presenting the contrasts in the Asian waterway network. Source: licencja: CC BY 3.0. Task 2 Do the following exercises based on what you have learned in this class. Exercise 1 Put those Asian rivers in the correct order starng from the longest. the Ob River the Lena the Amur River the Yangtze the Indus River the Amu Darya the Ganges the Yenisei Exercise 2 Fill in the table based on the given example. The Yangtze, The Lena, The basin of the Indian Ocean, The basin of the Arcc Ocean, The basin of the Pacific Ocean, The tropical climate area The Syr Darya Endorheic basin The temperate climate area The basin of the Indian Ocean The tropical climate area The Yangtze The Lena The basin of the Arcc Ocean The basin of the Pacific Ocean What is the name of the outlet of the river in this satelite photo? Write your answer below. complete the task as instructed Content inside Exercise 3 Choose the rivers of Asia that have the same type of outlet of the river that the one from the photo. The Ob River the Yenisei the Lena the Indus River the Yangtze the Ganges Keywords Asia, Asian waterways, drainage basin, endorheic basin Glossary losing stream Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: losing stream rzeka okresowa – rzeka płynąca regularnie w okresie opadów, wysychająca zaś w porze suchej. endorheic basins Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: endorheic basins obszary bezodpływowe – teren, na którym płynące rzeki kończą swój bieg w jeziorach bezodpływowych lub wysychają po drodze. Wody tych rzek nie znajdują odpływu do żadnego z oceanów. Decydującym czynnikiem występowania takich obszarów jest klimat - wyjątkowo suchy, kontynentalny z przeważającym krajobrazem pustynnym i półpustynnym, ale też ukształtowanie powierzchni (kotliny, niecki, depresje). drainage basin Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: drainage basin zlewisko – zbiór dorzeczy, obszar lądowy, z którego wszystkie wody powierzchniowe i podziemne spływają do jednego morza, oceanu bądź też innego zbiornika wodnego. Lesson plan (Polish) Temat: Azja – wielkie kontrasty. Sieć wodna Adresat Uczniowie klasy VIII szkoły podstawowej Podstawa programowa XIV. Wybrane problemy i regiony geograficzne Azji: Azja jako kontynent kontrastów geograficznych. Uczeń: 1) Wykazuje na podstawie map ogólnogeograficznych i tematycznych, ze Azja jest obszarem wielkich geograficznych kontrastów. Ogólny cel kształcenia Uczniowie wskażą na mapie rzeki Azji , podadzą ich zlewiska oraz zlokalizują największe powierzchniowo oraz najgłębsze jeziora Azji. Kompetencje kluczowe porozumiewanie się w językach obcych; kompetencje informatyczne; umiejętność uczenia się. Kryteria sukcesu Uczeń nauczy się: wskazywać na mapie największe rzeki Azji; wyjaśniać, co to są rzeki okresowe oraz obszary bezodpływowe; wskazywać rzeki leżące w zlewiskach czterech oceanów; wymieniać największe jeziora pod względem wielkości, głębokości. Metody/techniki kształcenia podające pogadanka. aktywizujące dyskusja. programowane z użyciem komputera; z użyciem e‐podręcznika. praktyczne ćwiczeń przedmiotowych. Formy pracy praca indywidualna; praca w parach; praca w grupach; praca całego zespołu klasowego. Środki dydaktyczne e‐podręcznik; tablica interaktywna, tablety/komputery. Przebieg lekcji Przed lekcją Uczniowie zapoznają się z treścią abstraktu. Przygotowują się do pracy na lekcji w taki sposób, żeby móc przeczytany materiał streścić własnymi słowami i samodzielnie rozwiązać zadania. Faza wstępna Prowadzący lekcję określa cel zajęć i informuje uczniów o ich planowanym przebiegu. Przedstawia kryteria sukcesu. Nauczyciel odtwarza nagranie abstraktu. Co jakiś czas zatrzymuje je, prosząc uczniów, by opowiedzieli własnymi słowami to, co przed chwilą usłyszeli. W ten sposób uczniowie ćwiczą słuchanie ze zrozumieniem. Faza realizacyjna Nauczyciel prosi uczniów, by wskazali zależność sieci rzecznej od klimatu oraz podali przykłady na mapie ściennej Azji. Nauczyciel dzieli uczniów na zespoły. Każdy zespół opracowuje mapę mentalną z podziałem na zlewiska. Dokonuje uszeregowania najdłuższych rzek Azji. Wyjaśnia, co oznacza termin rzeka okresowa, wskazuje na mapie przykłady oraz podaje przyczynę występowania tych rzek. Uczniowie dzielą się zadaniami w obrębie grupy. Korzystają z atlasów geograficznych, Rocznika Statystycznego oraz z zasobów Internetu. Każda grupa prezentuje na forum klasy wypracowane zadanie. Przy wskazywaniu przykładów uczniowie posiłkują się mapą z e‐podręcznika Azja Zlewiska, którą wyświetlają na tablicy interaktywnej. Praca w parach. Uczniowie korzystając z atlasów geograficznych wyszukują największe powierzchniowo i najgłębsze jeziora Azji. Następnie osoby chętne wskazują przykłady na mapie ściennej Azji. Uczniowie wyjaśnią termin kryptodepresja i jezioro bezodpływowe. Pracują w oparciu o materiały źródłowe takie jak podręcznik do nauczania geografii, zasoby Internetu. Uczniowie wykonują ćwiczenia interaktywne. Podchodzą w kolejności do tablicy multimedialnej. Ćwiczenia: Wstaw rzeki w odpowiedniej kolejności zaczynając od najdłuższej oraz nazwij rzekę, która oznaczona jest odpowiednią cyfrą. Faza podsumowująca Wskazany przez nauczyciela uczeń podsumowuje lekcję, opowiadając, czego się nauczył i jakie umiejętności ćwiczył. Nauczyciel ocenia uczniów, biorąc pod uwagę wkład i ich możliwości.. Praca domowa Odsłuchaj w domu nagrania abstraktu. Zwróć uwagę na wymowę, akcent i intonację. Naucz się prawidłowo wymawiać poznane na lekcji słówka. W tej lekcji zostaną użyte m.in. następujące pojęcia oraz nagrania Pojęcia losing stream Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: losing stream rzeka okresowa – rzeka płynąca regularnie w okresie opadów, wysychająca zaś w porze suchej. endorheic basins Nagranie
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flow Regime Change in an Endorheic Basin in Southern Ethiopia
    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3837–3853, 2014 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/18/3837/2014/ doi:10.5194/hess-18-3837-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Flow regime change in an endorheic basin in southern Ethiopia F. F. Worku1,4,5, M. Werner1,2, N. Wright1,3,5, P. van der Zaag1,5, and S. S. Demissie6 1UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands 2Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, the Netherlands 3University of Leeds, School of Civil Engineering, Leeds, UK 4Arba Minch University, Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia 5Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands 6Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 150461, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Correspondence to: F. F. Worku ([email protected]) Received: 29 December 2013 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 29 January 2014 Revised: – – Accepted: 20 August 2014 – Published: 30 September 2014 Abstract. Endorheic basins, often found in semi-arid and 1 Introduction arid climates, are particularly sensitive to variation in fluxes such as precipitation, evaporation and runoff, resulting in Understanding the hydrology of a river and its historical flow variability of river flows as well as of water levels in end- characteristics is essential for water resources planning, de- point lakes that are often present. In this paper we apply veloping ecosystem services, and carrying out environmen- the indicators of hydrological alteration (IHA) to characterise tal flow assessments.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrographic Development of the Aral Sea During the Last 2000 Years Based on a Quantitative Analysis of Dinoflagellate Cysts
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 234 (2006) 304–327 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Hydrographic development of the Aral Sea during the last 2000 years based on a quantitative analysis of dinoflagellate cysts P. Sorrel a,b,*, S.-M. Popescu b, M.J. Head c,1, J.P. Suc b, S. Klotz b,d, H. Oberha¨nsli a a GeoForschungsZentrum, Telegraphenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany b Laboratoire Pale´oEnvironnements et Pale´obioSphe`re (UMR CNRS 5125), Universite´ Claude Bernard—Lyon 1, 27-43, boulevard du 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France c Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK d Institut fu¨r Geowissenschaften, Universita¨t Tu¨bingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, 72070 Tu¨bingen, Germany Received 30 June 2005; received in revised form 4 October 2005; accepted 13 October 2005 Abstract The Aral Sea Basin is a critical area for studying the influence of climate and anthropogenic impact on the development of hydrographic conditions in an endorheic basin. We present organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst analyses with a sampling resolution of 15 to 20 years from a core retrieved at Chernyshov Bay in the NW Large Aral Sea (Kazakhstan). Cysts are present throughout, but species richness is low (seven taxa). The dominant morphotypes are Lingulodinium machaerophorum with varied process length and Impagidinium caspienense, a species recently described from the Caspian Sea. Subordinate species are Caspidinium rugosum, Romanodinium areolatum, Spiniferites cruciformis, cysts of Pentapharsodinium dalei, and round brownish protoper- idiniacean cysts. The chlorococcalean algae Botryococcus and Pediastrum are taken to represent freshwater inflow into the Aral Sea. The data are used to reconstruct salinity as expressed in lake level changes during the past 2000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Formation of Badwater Basin and the Death Valley Salt Flats S
    The Formation of Badwater Basin and the Death Valley Salt Flats S. G. Minton-Morgan 12 June 2013 ABSTRACT The iconic landscape of Badwater Basin, located in Death Valley National Park, rests 282 ft (86 m) below sea level; the lowest point in North America. It is home to a varied collection of landforms and features – many of them ephemeral - including salt flats, saline springs, ephemeral lakes, and their resultant muddy deposits. The unique landscape is a result of ancient volcanism, climate, and flooding combined with modern weather patterns and underground hydrothermal activity. Of these factors, flooding and hydrothermal activity are perhaps the most dramatic, as they visibly alter the terrain in ways directly observable on timescales of a few years. Similarly, two most notable features of Badwater Basin – its sprawling salt flats and its namesake Badwater Spring – are inextricably linked together in that the minute spring-fed lake provides the hydrological activity necessary to give the salt flats their unique geometric character as distinct from other salt deposits around the Valley. INTRODUCTION What mysteries lay at the lowest point in North America? Death Valley is a site unique among the basins in the Basin and Range region; not only is it home to the lowest, hottest point in North America, it also rests in the rain shadow of the 11049 ft. Telescope Peak, giving it a dry, desert climate found nowhere else in the region. Badwater Basin, the lowest point in Death Valley is a forbidding landscape to human beings, yet is simultaneously home to some of the most fascinating geological and hydrological features in the Northern Hemisphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures Increased the Ability of River Management
    Science Bulletin xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scib Article Alignment of social and ecological structures increased the ability of river management a a,b, c d b a Shuai Wang , Bojie Fu ⇑, Örjan Bodin , Jianguo Liu , Mengmeng Zhang , Xiaoyan Li a State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China b State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China c Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden d Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA article info abstract Article history: Large hydrologic basins involve multiple stakeholders, and coupled dynamic social and ecological pro- Received 21 June 2019 cesses. Managing such basins has long been a challenge. Balancing the demand for water from nature Received in revised form 1 July 2019 against that from humans is always difficult, particularly in arid watersheds. Here, we analyze potential Accepted 2 July 2019 institutional causes of ecological degradation and how it can be reversed by introducing new forms of Available online xxxx governance. The framework and assumptions are illustrated using China’s second-largest endorheic basin, where empirical evidence shows that the introduction of a new governing authority connecting Keywords: midstream and downstream actors facilitated the establishment of a new governance regime that is bet- River management ter aligned with the biophysical scales of the watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • Flow Regime Change in an Endorheic Basin in Southern Ethiopia 5 Conclusions F
    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Open Access Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 11, 1301–1342, 2014 Hydrology and www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/11/1301/2014/ Earth System doi:10.5194/hessd-11-1301-2014 HESSD © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Discussions 11, 1301–1342, 2014 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Flow regime change Sciences (HESS). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in HESS if available. in an Endorheic basin in Southern Ethiopia Flow regime change in an Endorheic F. F. Worku et al. basin in Southern Ethiopia Title Page F. F. Worku1,4,5, M. Werner1,2, N. Wright1,3,5, P. van der Zaag1,5, and S. Demissie6 Abstract Introduction 1UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands 2Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, the Netherlands Conclusions References 3 University of Leeds, School of Civil Engineering, Leeds, UK Tables Figures 4Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia 5Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands J I 6IWMI Nile Basin and East Africa sub-regional office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia J I Received: 29 December 2013 – Accepted: 18 January 2014 – Published: 29 January 2014 Back Close Correspondence to: F. F. Worku ([email protected]) Full Screen / Esc Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 1301 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract HESSD Endorheic basins, often found in semi-arid and arid climates, are particularly sensitive to changes in climatological fluxes such as precipitation, evaporation and runoff, re- 11, 1301–1342, 2014 sulting in variability of river flows as well as of water levels in end-point lakes that are 5 often present.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Causes of Decreasing Inflow to the Lake Chad Due To
    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-139 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 3 April 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Analysis of causes of decreasing inflow to the Lake Chad due to climate variability and human activities Rashid Mahmood, Shaofeng JIA Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes/Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources 5 Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Correspondence to: Shaofeng JIA, Rashid Mahmood, ([email protected], [email protected], ) Abstract. In the 1960s, Lake Chad was the world’s sixth largest water body, which has since shrunk dramatically from a surface area of 25,000 km2 to only 2,000 km2 in the following 40 years. In the present study, hydro-climatic variability in the Chari-Logone, Komadugu-Yobe, YENG (Yedseram, El-Beid, Ngadda and Gubio basins) as well as Lake Fitri basins and 10 decreasing streamflow to Lake Chad due to climate variability and human activities were separated and quantified using trend analysis, change point analysis, and hydrological approach, for the period of 1951–2015. The results showed very strong signals (α=0.001) of increasing trend in mean temperature, with an average increase of 1.4 °C, and very weak (α=0.1) to strong (α=0.01) decreasing signals in precipitation, with an average decrease of 15%. In case of streamflow to Lake Chad, very strong decreasing trends were observed, showing 67% reduction for the whole period. The north-eastern parts were most affected 15 parts in case of increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation.
    [Show full text]
  • News from a Freshwater Mussel (Potomida, Unionida) ⇑ Elsa Froufe A, , Vincent Prié B, João Faria C, Mohamed Ghamizi D, Duarte V
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Biblioteca Digital do IPB Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100 (2016) 322–332 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny, phylogeography, and evolution in the Mediterranean region: News from a freshwater mussel (Potomida, Unionida) ⇑ Elsa Froufe a, , Vincent Prié b, João Faria c, Mohamed Ghamizi d, Duarte V. Gonçalves e,f,g, Mustafa Emre Gürlek h, Ioannis Karaouzas i, Ümit Kebapçi j, Hülya Sßereflisßan k, Carina Sobral a, Ronaldo Sousa a,l, Amílcar Teixeira m, Simone Varandas n, Stamatis Zogaris i, Manuel Lopes-Lima a a CIIMAR/CIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal b Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, ISyEB (UMR 7205 CNRS/UPMC/MNHN/EPHE), 43, Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France c cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, and University of Azores, Department of Biology, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal d Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Marrakech, Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, B.P. 2390 Marrakech, Morocco e CIBIO/InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal f Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo
    [Show full text]
  • The Cryosphere of Central Asian Endorheic Basins Series: Springer Earth System Sciences
    springer.com Vladimir Aizen, Elena Aizen The Cryosphere of Central Asian Endorheic Basins Series: Springer Earth System Sciences This book is the first comprehensive research about central Asia cryosphere as a system, the unique natural system that maintains life in the world largest central Asia arid endorheic basin This book is the result of many years original research in central Asia that employs surface observational remote sensing and deep alpine ice-coring data in simulation modern, past and future evolution of climate and alpine cryosphere in center of Eurasia This book will be supplied with color photographs of beautiful alpine scenarios and web access to original data including high resolution satellite imagery 1st ed. 2022, 450 p. 100 illus., 20 illus. in The readers will see an extraordinary interesting relationship between the color. atmosphere, climate, cryosphere and hydro The central Asian cryosphere is a part of our planet's climate and hydrological system, one that Printed book is especially at risk from climate change and global warming. The seasonal snow cover and Hardcover glaciers' disappearance may affect the livelihood of millions of people in Central Asia. Water is Ca. 99,00 € | Ca. £89.50 | Ca. both a crucial limiting resource and a central unifying element in many coupled human-natural $139.00 systems, particularly in central Asian arid endorheic basins. Approximately 18% of the Earth’s [1]Ca. 105,93 € (D) | Ca. 108,90 € (A) land drains to endorheic basins. The largest of these basins are in the interior of Asia. | Ca. CHF 142,14 Endorheic basins are located mainly inland, surrounded by mountains, and fed by water from eBook seasonal snow and glaciers.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Drainage Basin Database (GDBD) User’S Manual (English Version) 11Th July, 2007
    Global Drainage Basin Database (GDBD) User’s Manual (English Version) 11th July, 2007 Yuji Masutomi Yusuke Inui Kiyoshi Takahashi Yuzuru Matsuoka Contents CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................1 CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION OF GDBD .................................................................2 2.1. GIS DATA COMPRISING THE GDBD .....................................................................2 2.1.1. DRAINAGE BASIN BOUNDARY DATA AND RIVER NETWORK DATA ............................... 2 2.1.2. DISCHARGE GAUGING STATION DATA, NATURAL LAKE DATA, DAM LAKE DATA ............. 7 2.1.3. FLOW DIRECTION DATA .................................................................................... 9 2.2. DATA FORMAT ............................................................................................... 10 2.3. DATA DIRECTORY STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 10 2.4. DATA CAPACITY............................................................................................. 11 2.5. COORDINATE SYSTEM .................................................................................... 11 2.6. ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION............................................................................... 12 2.6.1. ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION FOR DRAINAGE BASIN BOUNDARIES ............................... 12 2.6.2. ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION FOR RIVER NETWORK DATA .......................................... 16 2.6.3. ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION OF DISCHARGE GAUGING STATION
    [Show full text]
  • Catchment Boundaries of Ocean Drainage Basins
    Catchment Boundaries of Ocean Drainage Basins Philip Craig February 27, 2019 Contents 1 Introduction1 2 Terminology2 3 Method 2 4 Datasets 3 4.1 HydroSHEDS.....................................3 4.2 ETOPO05.......................................3 4.3 Geofabric.......................................4 4.4 Natural Resources Canada..............................5 4.5 Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-Comparison Exercise (IMBIE)............6 5 Catchment boundaries7 5.1 Americas.......................................8 5.2 Africa and the Middle-East..............................9 5.3 South-East Asia.................................... 10 5.4 The Arctic....................................... 11 5.5 Southern Ocean.................................... 13 6 The Ocean Drainage Basins 14 References 16 1 Introduction This document describes the data and method used to construct the boundaries between the drainage basins of each ocean basin. These will be used primarily as the release points for trajectories in chapter 5 and also to evaluate moisture fluxes in chapter 4 of Craig(2018) - this documentation is also adapted from chapter 2 of Craig(2018). Figure1 shows the drainage basins for the major oceans and seas. The aim is to use topographic datasets (section4) to approximate the catchment boundaries and the ocean drainage basins they surround. These will not precisely match Figure1 as they are approximated and also because different extents of the ocean drainage basins will be used to suit this study. 1 Figure 1: Depiction of the major ocean drainage basins from www.radicalcartography.net. Light green regions drain into the Atlantic Ocean, dark green into the Arctic Ocean, purple into the Pacific Ocean, red into the Indian Ocean, brown into the Southern Ocean, blue into the Caribbean Sea and turquoise into the Mediterranean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Watersheds Are Also Sometimes Referred to As
    Watersheds Are Also Sometimes Referred To As eucharisticUnperishableCombinative Garwood and Maddie incapacitating shivers outbargains and Willi luminesce. consecutive. griddles her Leonhard lassies demurral is plagued slagging and paralysed and slanders uppermost inadequately. while Therefore predicated on the water as more is referred to rainfall records, reference guide to restore and light on water information becomes stormwater runoff deposits. There faster than larger meanders to do each of landscapes: maintain a watershed management also two or cavities created in aquifers, sometimes watersheds also referred as to are you know how to develop. Government and watersheds are based on it will have at your local individuals to surface to life, grass lawns and the preservation, the southwestern united states. We need help improve the decision stage include wascana lake or when people also are watersheds sometimes referred as to account is not have provided or biologically relevant to respond timely information. While EPA does not directly license or approve many of these nonpoint source activities through regulation, we often work with other partners from government, industry and community across different aspects to help tackle these issues. Precipitation falling on paved surfaces quickly washes downstream, picking up and carrying sediment and other pollutants, eroding streambanks and increasing flooding. The watershed why does in. When shallow lakes have living water quality they only tend to have abundant aquatic plants. The heat from low sun evaporates the shake into your vapor. You and everyone in your watershed are part of the watershed community. Because they also referred to as it is. Quiz link will you know your plan the partnership moving across your ideals.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) of South-Western Iran: Small Area - High Diversity
    Correspondence ISSN 2336-9744 (online) | ISSN 2337-0173 (print) The journal is available on line at www.biotaxa.org/em Freshwater leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) of south-western Iran: Small area - High diversity SARA RAHMANIPANAH1, HAMID BELGHEISZADEH2*, KAVEH DARABI DARESTANI3 & HORA JALAI TEHRANI4 1 Department of Biology, School of advanced sciences in regenerative medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Email address: [email protected] 2* Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran 3Zoology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected] 4 Department of Biology, School of advanced sciences in regenerative medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received 29 October 2015 │ Accepted 11 November 2015 │ Published online 15 November 2015. Leeches (Annelida: Hirudinida) are one of the most important benthic invertebrates in different aquatic habitats since they have different roles such as predators, preys or parasites (Sawyer 1986). Iran is a country in Middle East (south western part of Palaearctic) that has not been studied comprehensively regarding leech diversity (e.g. Bennike 1940; Gholami 2005; Grosser & Pešić 2006; Grosser & Pešić 2008; Grosser et al. 2011, Salimi et al. 2011; Mirzaei et al. 2007; Darabi Darestani & Malek 2011a, b). Esfahan freshwater eco-region is considered as one of the smallest eco-regions (out of 11 eco- regions in Iran, Abell et al. 2008) and it has one basin named as Isfahan which is an endorheic basin for Zayande Rood River.
    [Show full text]