Charakterisierung Heptahelikaler Rezeptoren in Aspergillus Fumigatus

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Charakterisierung Heptahelikaler Rezeptoren in Aspergillus Fumigatus Charakterisierung heptahelikaler Rezeptoren in Aspergillus fumigatus Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Biologisch-Pharmazeutischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Diplom-Biologe Alexander Gehrke geboren am 11. April 1978 in Peine Gutachter 1. Prof. Axel A. Brakhage , Jena 2. Prof. Erika Kothe, Jena 3. Prof. Hubertus Haas, Innsbruck Tag der öffentlichen Verteidigung: 26. Januar 2009 Inhaltsverzeichnis A. Einleitung........................................................................................................................... 1 Aspergillus fumigatus – Saprophyt und Pathogen......................................................................1 Signalwahrnehmung, Signaltransduktion und Zellantwort................................................... 3 Intrazelluläre Signalweiterleitung – eine kurze Übersicht....................................................4 Sensierung von Stress............................................................................................................6 Heterotrimere G-Proteine, cAMP und Proteinkinase A........................................................ 6 G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren....................................................................................... 10 Ziele der Arbeit........................................................................................................................ 12 B. Material – Methoden...................................................................................................... 13 Mikrobiologische Methoden.................................................................................................... 13 Molekularbiologische Methoden ............................................................................................ 17 Proteinchemische Methoden ...................................................................................................24 Mikroskopie & Photographie...................................................................................................28 Virulenzstudien........................................................................................................................ 29 Chemikalien und Enzyme........................................................................................................ 29 C. Ergebnisse....................................................................................................................... 30 Identifizierung putativer GPCRs in A. fumigatus.................................................................... 30 Identifizierung von Transmembranrezeptoren.................................................................... 30 PTH11-ähnliche Transmembranrezeptoren.........................................................................34 Charakterisierung putativer GPCRs in A. fumigatus................................................................36 Deletion der heptahelikalen Rezeptoren GprC und GprD...................................................39 Mikrobiologische Charakterisierung der Deletionsmutanten..............................................42 gprC- und gprD-Expressionsanalyse ................................................................................. 47 Sensitivitätsstudien der gprC- und gprD-Deletionsmutanten.................................................. 48 Expressionsanalysen der Stressantwort...............................................................................53 Hitzestress-Antwort in A. fumigatus....................................................................................55 eGFP-Lokalisationstudien .......................................................................................................56 Virulenzstudien mit gprC- /gprD-Deletionsmutanten............................................................. 61 Transkriptomanalyse der ΔGprC und ΔGprD Mutante...........................................................66 Proteomanalyse der Deletionsmutanten...................................................................................77 D. Diskussion....................................................................................................................... 79 G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs) in A. fumigatus................................................... 79 Pheromonrezeptoren in einem Deuteromyceten...................................................................... 80 Sind GprC und GprD Kohlenhydratrezeptoren?......................................................................80 cAMP-Rezeptoren sensieren Aminosäuren..............................................................................83 Prostaglandinrezeptoren – Kommunikation zwischen Wirt und Pathogen?............................83 Eine Klasse Pezizomycota-spezifischer GPCRS: PTH11........................................................85 GprC-eGFP hat eine GPCR-typische Lokalisation..................................................................85 Polaritätsdefekte in den Mutanten............................................................................................87 Was regulieren die beiden Rezeptoren GprC und GprD?........................................................ 89 E. Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................................................94 F. Zusammenfassung / Abstract....................................................................................102 Eigenständigkeitserklärung.................................................................................................... 104 Danksagung............................................................................................................................106 Anhang................................................................................................................................... 107 Einleitung A. Einleitung Aspergillus fumigatus – Saprophyt und Pathogen „Aspergillus fumigatus: Saprophyt oder Pathogen?“ Diese Frage ist zugleich der Titel eines kürzlich erschienenen Übersichtsartikels von Tekaia und Latgé (2005). Häufig wird der Deuteromyzet Aspergillus fumigatus einzig unter dem Blickwinkel betrachtet, dass er Erreger von Erkrankungen mit verschieden schweren Krankheitsbildern ist. A. fumigatus ist jedoch in erster Linie ein saprophytischer, filamentöser Schimmelpilz, dessen ökologische Aufgabe im Abbau von organischem Material besteht (Mullins et al., 1976). Die Verbreitung findet über haploide, uninukleäre Konidien statt. Diese werden von Phialiden abgeschnürt, welche ihrerseits auf einer terminal verdickten Zelle, dem Vesikel, gebildet werden. Aufgrund der geringen Größe von 2-3 µm werden die Konidien zum Aeroplankton gezählt (Abb. 1). Der Artname ist auf die rauchgrüne Farbe der asexuellen Sporen (lateinisch fumus für Rauch) zurückzuführen. Als Saprophyt ist Aspergillus fumigatus mit einem großen Arsenal an Enzymen ausgestattet, die es dem Organismus erlauben, auf die vielen verschiedenen Umweltanforderungen und verfügbaren Nährstoffe zu reagieren. Hierzu gehören sowohl Enzyme, die dem Abbau zahlreicher Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffquellen dienen, als auch Proteine, die zur Entgiftung oder zum Schutz vor Schadstoffen nötig sind. Unter anderem enthält das Genom von A. fumigatus mehr als 100 putative Proteine, die als aktive Pumpen schädigende Moleküle, wie z.B. Schwermetalle, aus der Zelle befördern (Tekaia und Latgé, 2005). Eine weitere herausragende Eigenschaft ist die ausgeprägte Abbildung 1: REM-Aufnahme Thermotoleranz. Konidien überstehen Temperaturen bis eines A. fumigatus Konidiophors (pers. Mitteilung J. Schmaler-Ripke) 75 °C, das Hyphenwachstum ist bis zu 55 °C möglich (Tansey und Brock, 1978; Ryckeboer et al., 2003). Unter der Berücksichtigung seines natürlichen Habitats ergibt diese Widerstandsfähigkeit Sinn, da z.B. in verrottendem Heu durch mikrobiologische Aktivität Temperaturen erreicht werden, die sogar zur Entzündung 1 Einleitung des Heus führen können. Bei Raumtemperatur kann A. fumigatus innerhalb einer Woche auf Minimalmedium Kolonien mit einem Durchmesser von mehr als 3 cm bilden. Mit dieser Ausstattung und einem äußerst versatilen Metabolismus versehen kann A. fumigatus eine Vielzahl ökologischer Nischen besiedeln. Eine eher zufällig durch A. fumigatus besiedelte ökologische Nische ist der menschliche Körper. Von den gut zweihundert bekannten Aspergillus-Spezies ist A. fumigatus mit 90 % das am häufigsten vorkommende klinische Isolat (Denning, 1998). Dabei ist es auch interessant hervorzuheben, dass der Anteil der A. fumigatus-Sporen in der Umwelt nur einen geringen Anteil an der Gesamtheit ausmacht (Rüchel und Reichard, 1999; Brakhage und Langfelder, 2002). Die durch diese Spezies verursachten Krankheiten reichen von der „Farmer´s lung“, über die allergische, broncho-pulmonale Aspergillose (ABPA) bis zur schwerwiegendsten Manifestation, der invasiven Aspergillose. Zusätzlich, aber weniger häufig, können Infektionen der oberen Atemwege (Sinusitis), der Dermis (kutane Aspergillose), der Ohren (Otitis) oder der Augen (Keratitis) auftreten (Rüchel und Reichard, 1999). Aufgrund der Luftverbreitung der A. fumigatus Konidien atmet jeder Mensch täglich mehrere hundert Sporen dieses Schimmelpilzes ein, wobei gerade die geringe Größe der Konidien (2- 3µm) ermöglicht das Vordringen bis in die Alveolen der Lunge ermöglicht. In immunokompetenten Individuen werden die Sporen durch die auf der Lungenoberfläche präsenten Immunzellen, wie z.B. alveolare
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