C H A P T E R I. Research Methodology & Profile of Kalwan Taluka Contents

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Selection of Sugar Factory 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.4 Statements of Hypothesis 1.5 Methodology 1.5.1 iSelection of Sample Villages 1.5.2 Method of Sample Selection (Households) 1.6 Procedure of Data Collection 1.6.1 Primary Data 1.6.2 Collection of Secondary Data 1.7 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 1.8 Limitation of the Study 1.9 Chapter Scheme of the Study I.lO.Kalwan Taluka - A Profile 1.10.1 Location 1.10.2 Climate 1.10.3 Rainfall 1.10.4 Soils 1.10.5 Land use pattern 1.10.6 Inrigation 1.10.7 Population 1.10.8 Working and Dependent Population. 1.10.9 Occupational Distribution of Working Population. 1.10.10 Livestock Population 1.10.11 Cropping pattern 1.10.12 Availability of amenities Chapter-1 Research Methodology and Profile of Kalwan Taluka.

1.1 Introduction The root of cooperation can be traced as far back as the beginning of human civilization. Cooperation as a subject has attracted the attention of social reformers, economists, sociologists, politicians, theologists and cooperators alike e\er since its inception as a form of business organisation in the middle of the nineteenth centur)^ The cooperative movement came on the Indian scene when the situation was full of contradictions, when freedom was a distinct goal, when democracy was a misnomer in the country and exploitation of all kinds was the order of the day*. Cooperatives have been used as an instrument of all round development of the economy in and in many parts of the world and it also prepared a ground for the nourishment of democratic socialism. The cooperative method has been accepted as indispensable instrument of democratic planning and as an important medium for regeneration of the socio economic life The sugar industry being the second largest organised agro industry in India plays a vital role in the economy of India, and especially in . Usually, it is located in the rural area owing to the bulky and highly perishable nature of the raw material, i.e. sugar cane. The agro industry leaves a deep impact on the rural economy, for Math the development in agriculture it is felt necessary to start and promote related agro industries. These industries not only convert the agricultural goods into finished product but also add value to the basic product. The sugar cooperative in Maharashtra state has become a catalyst for all round development in rural area. Many cooperative sugar factories have made a greater contribution to the economic and social development of their areas according to the regional requirement. Some have been specially innovaUon in this respect. These factories are instrumental in establishing educational institutions, hospitals, dair>' and poultry' units, laboratories, consumer stores, cooperative banks, libraries, recreation centre etc. In fact, it would be no exaggeration to sa>’ that these sugar factories have taken over virtually all the welfare functions of the state in their areas of operation. If not for their initiative these area would have remained w'ithout these facilities for many ypars. The under developed character of the rural area covered (?> the cooperativ e sugar factories is undergoing tremendous change. Taking into consideration the importance of sugar industry in the rural economy, a number of researchers have worked on the various aspects of sugar industry, such as the development, prospects and problems of the industry, working conditions for workers in the industry, impact on the standard of living of farmers the importance of sugar cooperatives in the rural economy and other such aspects. Several case studies have also been attempted to analyse their overall economic impact on the rural economy. The present case study is also one of such attempts.

1.2 Selection of The Sugar Factory The researcher has selected Vasant Dada Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd., Gyandeodada nagar, situated in Kalwan taluka of district (it is now in the newly created Deola taluka) in the state of Maharashtra. Such a fairly well developed sugar factory is likely to have a significant impact on the rural economy. It is a fact that there is no other large-scale organised industry in Kalwan taluka except the Karkhana. The estabhshment of the Karkhana is the major source of bringing about visible socio economic changes in the taluka. It is necessary to explain as to why a particular sugar factory viz. VD P S S K Ltd., Vithewadi factory was selected fi-om the cooperative sector selected for the study though there were seven sugar factories in the of which only one is in the private sector working on joint stock company form of organisation In the first place, we shall see why a sugar factory firom the cooperative sector was selected and not jfrom the private sector. A factory firom the cooperative sector carries a good nany benefits for a^culturists in general. The reasons for considering the Vasant Dada Patil sugar cooperative factory fi-om amongst the six cooperative sugar factories of Nashik district for detailed investigation are as follows. 1) The Vasant Dada Patil cooperative sugar factory was established about 18 years ago, whereas others were established nearly 25 to 35 years ago. It was difficult to assess working of old factories on account of vast time series data that might have been difficult to analyse for an individual researcher. The selection of Vasant Dada Patil sugar factory for the purpose of study was made on the grounds of easy access and availabilit>' of reliable data for a much shorter period. 2) Secondly, it is found that though the factory was established in the recent past, it has developed itself quite efficiently and secured a sound financial positioiL For instance, the crushing capacity of the sugar factory was 1250 metric tonnes in the beginning. This has now been increased to 2500 M T in 1993-94. This is apparently one of the factors indicating the efficiency of the Vasant Dada Patil Sugar Factory. Such a factory is likely to have a significant impact on the rural economy of its surrounding area. 3) V D P S S K is the major source in bringing about the socio economic change in the taluka. Another reason is that the researcher is a resident of Karkhana command area and has minutely observed the multifarious eflfects of the Karkhana. Hence, for the purpose of convenience, this factory was selected as a representative sample. Researcher hope that this case study will give a fairly good idea of all round development in the long run by a cooperative sugar factory in its command area.

1J Objectives of the Study. The present study essentially highlights the transformation of the rural economy with special reference to agriculture, industry, trade and commerce employment generation infrastructure developments, etc, consequent upon the establishment of the cooperative sugar factory in Kalwan taluka of Nashik district. The principal object of this study is to examine the effects of a cooperative sugar factory on the socio economic transformation of the surrounding rural economy. In more precise terms, the following are the objectives of the study. i. To study the working and progress of VDPSS Karkhana Ltd. ii. To examine the changes in cropping pattern production and productivity of agriculture sector of Kalwan taluka after establishment of the sugar factory. iii. To study the changes in income and standard of living of the farmer in the region. iv. To study the effects of the sugar factory on rural employment.

V. To study the development of industry, trade and allied services in and around the Karkhana site, vi. To study the efforts made by the sugar factory for the infmtructure development in the taluka. 1.4: Statements of Hypothesis The present study aims at testing the following statement of hypothesis. (1) The establishment of VDPSS Karkhana has brought about positive socio economic changes in its command area. (2) The progress and performance of the V D P S S Karkhana is more satisfactory as compared to other coojjerative factories in the district.

1.5: Methodology: The main purpose of the present work is to assess the impact of a Cooperative Sugar factory on the socio-economic life of the residents in the command area of the factory. The researcher has adopted the case study method, a micro level study of a V sample sugar cooperative factory. Findings of this work can be generalised for all / other cooperative sugar factories in the state or nation.

1.5.1 Selection o f villages fo r the survey For the purpose of this study, 15 villages were selected from the command area of the VDPSSK. The centres are the villages supplying sugar cane to factory. In order to combat cutthroat competition among the sugar factories in obtaining sugarcane, the Si^arcane Control Order in 1966 was promulgated. The Order distributed the sugarcane supplying villages among the factories as cane feeding centres. According to the Sugarcane Control Order, there are 289 vill^es in the command area of this factory^ Of these, 175 are from the neighbouring talukas such as Baglan, Malegaon, Chandwad and Deola. 15 sample villages were randomly selected as 5 % sample of for the total 289 villages, in proportion of \allages from 5 talukas for the propose of this study. The names of these villages are Nivane. Bhendi Pale’. . Belbare. Kalamathe'. Kandhane'^. Satana, Dang-saundhane. Dasane^. Vithewadi\ Bhaur^, Chinchawad'. Saundane'* and Rahud^.

1.5.2 Method o f sample selection The villages and the beneficiary members form these villages were selected by random sampling method. Random numbers were picked up from the lots of farmers from each of the sample village. The researcher selected the sample design as showTi in Table 1.1 A Survey of 94 producer members of the sugar factor^' consisting of 30 marginal farmer, 46 small farmer and 18 big farmers were also undertaken to study the economic conditions and standard of living of the members and to asses their opinions regarding the performance of the sugar factory. Table 1.1 Sample Design for Selection of Sample Villages and Sample Households Village in Producer members Names of the 5 % Margi Small Big Taluka the sample Total command sample nal farmers farmers villages area farmers Kalwan 114(39.45) 06 Niwane 12 20 08 40 (40.00) Bhendi (40.00) (43.48) (44.44) (42.55) Pale Kalmathe Abhona Belbare Baglan 72 04 Satana 08 12 05 25 (24.91) (26.67) Kandhane (26.67) (26.09) (27.78) (26.60) Dang- Saudane Dasane Deola 53 Deola 04 06 02 12 i i m Bhaur 03:33) (13.04) l I M l i (12.76) Malegaon 35(12.11) Chinchawad 04 06 02 12 Samidane (13.33) (13.04) (12.76) Chaadwad 15 01 Rahud 02 02 01 05 jMH (5.56) (5-33) Total 289 15 15 30 46 18 94 i l M (100) (100) (100) (100) i m N.B. Figures in brackets indicate percentages to vertical total.

In order to find out the impact of sugar factories on the rural economy, some experts who have been working in the field of sugar industry were interviewed. The interviewed experts were officers in private and cooperative sugar factories and agriculturists belonging to the area of operation of the V D P S S K factory (1983-84) and after (2000-01). Some of the educated farmers provided the researcher with records relating to average and total yield they had obtained from various crops. They also provided the details of cost of production of various crops, at two points of time. This provided a guideline for undertaking the survey. ireimwe-?rsr-

7 1.6 Procedure of Data Collection: The data for study has been collected from all the possible sources, both, primary and secondary' data.

1.6.1. Primary Data: To collect the required primary data, the following techniques of data collection were used. 1. Questionnaire - Two sets of questionnaire were prepared to collect detailed information of research work from (1) Producer members and (2) Managing Director (M. D) of the Karkhana. 2. Field visits - In addition to the above techniques of data collection, field visits were also arranged to know the actual ftmctioning and services provided by the sugar factory. 3. Interviews - Personal interviews and meetings were held with the management of the sugar factory. The management authorities like the chairman, managing director, agricultural officer, labour officer, welfare officer, civil engineer, factory workers etc. have also been interviewed. Supplementary interviews of the officer of other organisation working in and around the sugar factory were also taken..

1.6.2 Collection o f Secondary Data Over and above the primary sources, secondary sources were also utilized. The secondary data used for the study was collected from the Annual Reports and statement of VD P S S K (1983-84 to 2000-01), official reports of the Central and State governments. Bureau of Economics and Statistics, State Cooperative Department, Sugar Cooperative Union, Federation of Sugar Cooperatives, VSI sugar research reports and annual reports, articles published in journals, newspapers, seminars, conference and workshops held at the state and national lesel, research studies and conference papers on cooperative sugar factories. The Profile of Kalwan taluka is based entirely on the secondar>' sources, like statistical information available from District Census Handbook, 1971, 1981 and 1991, District Gazetteer, and Statistical Abstracts of Nashik District etc. 1.7. Analysis and Interpretation of the Data. The analysis of the data was made with reference to the research problem at hand, the objectives of the study and the statements of hypotheses to be tested for analysis and interpretation of data. The researcher used statistical tools such as percentages, simple averages, graphs and diagrams, correlation and regression, wherever necessary.

1.8 Limitations of the study. The sample producer members were randomly selected from Karkhana command area, which are permanent residents within the Karkhana command area. The researcher had to rely on primary sources that were available at the time of his inquires. Some of the respondents to the questionnaires might not have understood the objectives of the study and might not have responded honestly. These responses might have led to a marginal statistical error. However, due care has been taken to keep the degree of error with in limits. The study does not cover the issues hke problems of the sugar industry, government controls, government policy regarding sugar industry etc.

1.9 Chapter scheme of the study. The study is divided into 8 chapters as detailed below;

Chapter I. Research Methodology and Profile of Kalwan Taluka. This chapter deals with choice of the topic under study, objective of study, hypothesis, methodology and profile of Kalwan taluka.

Chapter H. Review Literature on Cooperative Movement. In this chapter, the researcher presents a review of the literature on cooperative movement in the World, India, Maharashtra and in Nashik district.

Chapter III. Review Literature on Development of Sugar Cooperatives. Researcher, in this chapter, reviews literature on the development of sugar cooperatives in the World, India, Maharashtra and Nashik district.

Chapter IV. Origin and Development of VDPSSK, Vithewadi: The origin, need and brief history of the VDPSSK, its location, objective, membership, management and administrative structure, growth, production of sugar, capacity utihsation and recovery of sugar, sugar cane price and profit and loss analysis have been discussed at length in this chapter. Chapter V. Impact of VD P S S K on Agriculture and Allied Activities: Setting up of a sugar factory in an underdeveloped rural area must have a far reaching impact on agriculture in the command area, viz., change in the area under cultivation and irrigation, change in the cropping pattern and area under various crops, grovrth in the number of sugar cane cultivators and area under sugar cane, income, consumption and investment expenditure of the sample households, practices of mechanical farming, improvement in the standard of living of the people in the command area. Researcher has probed into such an impact of V D P S S K in its command area and described in this chapter.

Chapter VI. Effect on Rural Infrastructure Trade & Commerce: Road transport equipment, post - Telegraph and telephone services- cooperative credit health and medical facilities education, housing etc. js* studi^ in this chapter. Development of business activities in and around Karkhana campus, consumer store, credit society etc. ha^lso been considered.

Chapter VII. Effect on Employment: This chapter is concerned with the effect of the Karkhana on rural employment. The effects have been studied in terms of direct employment and indirect employment. Employment in agricultural sector and seasonal employment in harvesting and transport of sugar cane, functional classification of employment of Karkhana, composition of employment, employment in business activities around Vithewadi factory, and employment in allied activities have been studied.

Chapter VIII. Summary, Findings and Suges^ions: f The findings that emerged from the study along with the suggestions, for possible impro\'ements in the working of the factory have been presented hereunder.

10 1.10. Kalwan Taluka - A Profile: Wliile studying the effects of a sugar factory on the socio-economic life of the people living around it, it is necessary to have some knowledge of general features of its command area. Vasant Dada Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana (VDPSSK), is located in former Kalwan Taluka. After bifiircation of Kalwan taluka in 1999, V D P S S K is now in Deola taluka. However, as a number of villages from both the talukas fall within the command area of the VDPSSK, it is essential to know the basic features of combined Kalwan taluka for a proper understanding of the topic under study. Hence, the socio-economic conditions of the Kalwan taluka are narrated below in this section. It is to be noted that the Karkhana had a modest beginning with 1250 tonnes of crushing capacity in 1983-84 and had gradually expanded its crushing capacity upto 2500 tormes, akno^ double, by 1989-90. As a result, the number of members and the area under sugar cane increased considerably after 1989-90.

1.10.1 Location: The Nashik district conqjrises of 15 talukas, Kalwan taluka is situated in the northwest part of the district, and is bounded on the north by Baglan, on the east by Malegaon, on the soutfi by the Saptashringi Range, Dindori and Chandwad, and on the west by the Surgana taluka and the border of Gujrat state. The taluka covers an area of 1303.11 square kilometres. Among the 15 talukas in the district, Kalwan ranks 5*^ by geographical area. Kalwan taluka is located in northern-west part of the district, lies between 20.19° north to 20.44° north latitudes and the longitudinal extent is between 73.44° to 74.21° east. It is 73 Kms. to the north west of Nashik district

1.10.2 Climate: ^ As the taluka is located^from the seacoast, it experiences coiatinental type of climate, with large variations in the temperature as well as in the seasons. The region has a tropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, o Monsoon, from June to September, o Retreating monsoon, from October to November, o Winter, cold seasons from December to February, o Summer, hot season from March to May. The temperature for cane growth has a lower limit of about 10°C below which growdi ceases and also sucrose (inversion) gets damaged, which in turn inhibits crystallisation during manufacture of sugar.^ (Smith 1978)

11 1.10.3 Rainfall: Agriculture in the taluka mainly depends on the rainfall from southwest monsoon. The rain usually starts in the second week of the June and lasts till the end of September. The intensity of rainfall is high in July and a large part of the taluka receives it. The rainfall in the east part of the taluka is low and uncertain. The annual average rainfall of the taluka is 692.6 mm. The monthly rainfaU is shown in table 1.2

Table 1.2

Sr. No. Month Monthly Percentage of Annual RainfaU rainfaU. 1. June 115.4 16.65 2 July 198.1 28.60 3 August 123.6 17.85 4 September 133.7 19.30 5 October 54.7 7.90 6 November 32.8 4.75 7 December 4.3 0.60 8 January 3.1 0.45 9 February 1.3 0.20 10 March 2.0 0.30 11 April 6.3 0.90 12 May 17.3 2.50 Total 692.6 100.00

Source: Socio Economic Review ofNashik District 2000-01 Page No. 28-31 The seasonal distribution of rainfall is important in the context of good growth of sugar cane. The water table and water storage in the reservoirs are determined by rainfall intensity. Depending on the nature of rainfall concentration, the year can be divided into four seasons.

1. Rainy Season (June - September) About 80% of rainfall is concentrated during rainy season, which is characterised by its uneven distribution. This concentration rate in western part of taluka is more than 90% of the total, but the eastern part of the taluka has less than 60% and is regarded as the drought prone part of the taluka.

12 2. Post monsoon season (October - November) During this period northern-east monsoons are active and are associated with cyclones. About 13% of rainfall is concentrated during ranjTseasoh.

3. Cool season (December - February) About 1-2% rainfall of the yearly total is uniformly distributed all over the region, which is useful for rabbi crops.

4. Hot weather season (March - May) About 3% of the annual total rainfall occurs during this period.

1.10.4 S oils: The soils of the taluka are the end product of topography, rocks, climate and vegetation. The soil differs depending upon physical conditions of the places. The taluka has four types of soils. 1. Deep Black Son 2. Medium Black Soils 3. Shallow Black Soils 4. Course Shallow Soils

Deep Black Soil: Deep black soil is found in the area along the banks of the rivers and is mostly found in the Girana Valley. This black soil possesses good underground water table, and with its water retentive capacity, support irrigation crops like sugar cane, Bajra, Wheat and Green Vegetables.

M edium B lack Soils: These are similar in properties to the above type but depth is low. These soils in general are loamy to clayey in feature and are suitable for growing sugar cane, provided that there are adequate irrigation facilities.

13 Shallow B lack Soils. These soils are on the steep slope of the hills and contain gravel over which mainly grass and thorny scrub grows.

Coarse Shallow Soils: Coarse shallow soils are confined to hill ranges. These soils are high brown in colour and loamy to sandy in structure.

1.10.5 Land use pattern: The Kalwan taluka takes about 7.7 percent of the total geographical area of the district. The land use pattern for he year 1996-97 is shown in the Table 1.3

Table 13 Land Use Pattern -1996-97 Sr. No. Classification of land Area in hectares Percentage

1 Total geographical area 119500 100.00 2 Forest 39200 32.80 3 Land not available for cultivation 6100 5.10 4 Other uncultivated land 5700 4.76 5 Culturable waste 3700 3.09 6 Net area slfown ,64800 54.25

The land use study reveals that in 1996-97, the total area under forest accounted for 32.8 %. The area of land not available for cultivation consists of land put to non-agricultural uses and barren and uncultivable waste. The percentage of this category was of 5.10 other uncultivated land comprises culturally waste, permanent pastures and other grazing land. It accounted for about 3.09% of the cultural wasteland include follow land not cultivated for few year for one reason or the other. The net sown area was 54.25 % and rest 45.75 % was total uncultivated area.

14 1.10.6 Irrigation: Water is the most important single requirement for the growth of plants. Crops can be raised successfully only if water is available in right time and in adequate quantity. Irrigation is one of the important inputs and socio economic basis of agriculture. It is sine-qua-non for intensive and more economic agricultural operations. The success of agriculture depends, to a large extent, on how successfully water requirements of various crops can be met.^’ At present the taluka has the following sources of irrigation - a. Well - Wells are the main source of irrigation in the taluka. The number of wells increased from 2,902 in 1960-61 to 12001 in 2000-01 b. Canals - the Chankapur D a m is the biggest irrigation project in the taluka, which is situated near the village Chankapur (Kalwan taluka). The storage capacity of the dam is 2714 M. C. Ft. It was completed in 1918. The Chankapur right bank and Chankapur left bank canals emerging directly from the dam and pass through the taluka. These two canals have irrigation potential of 20055 hectares for the villages along both the sides of these two canals. c. Percolation Tanks - Another source of irrigation is the tanks, which serve to store water with a view to raise the water table and increase the water level of the traditional wells. These percolation tanks are imder the supervision of the Zilla Parishad. d. Lift Irrigation - The emergence of this source of irrigation is only due to the attempts of the VD P S S Karkhana. It has promoted lift irrigation schemes in the taluka. The information about the sources of irrigation and area irrigated by each of the sources in 1991 is given in Table 1.4

15 Table 1.4 Area Irrij;ated by Different Sources in Kalwan Taluka (1991) Sr. No. Source Area irrigated Percent to total 1 Government Source 491.26 4.40 2 Well 10620.54 94.89 3 Other 80.00 00.71 Total 11191.80 100.00; Source: District Census Hand Book, 1991 -Nashik P. 53.

1.10.7 Population: The population of the taluka and decade variations rates since 1951 are shown in Table 1.5

Table 1.5

Year Kalwan taluka Nashik district Population Decadal Rate of Population Decadal Rate of variation variation Variation variation r/Y© •') 1951 75000 0 0 1429916 0 0 1961 99593 +25593 1885246 +425330 +29.75 1971 124328 +24735 +24.84 ^\ 2369221 +513975 +27.70 1981 156087 +31759 +25.54 \2991739 +122518 +26.28 1991 198843 +42756 +27.39 j^l352 +859613 +28.73 Source; District census handbook, Nashik district 1971,1981 andT^l *NA-Not Available. From the table it is clear that the Kalwan taluka had registered a growth rate of 25.54 percent during the decade 1971-80 and 27.39 percent is the decade 1981 -1991. The growth rate of 1981-91 decade was substantially higher than that of 25.54 percent recorded during the decade 1971-80. However, the growth rate in the taluka was observed low in the decade 1971-80 and low'er in the decade 1981-91 than of Nashik district. The taluka ranks 9'^ in the district by the size of its population. It has an average density of 153 persons per sq. km. There is not a single city or town in Kalwan taluka and hence, the entire population of 1,98,843 persons in the taluka or 100% people live in the villages.

16 Table 1.6 Distribution of Inhabited Village by Population Ranges Sr. Range of population No. of villages in Percent of villages in No. each range each range. 1 Less than 200 04 2.3] 2 200 - 499 34 19.65 3 500- 1999 116 67.05 4 2000-4999 17 9.83 5 5000 - 9999 01 0.58 6 More than 10000 01 0.58 TOTAL 173 100.00 Source: District census Handbook, Nashik District 1991 p. 9.

Table 4 provide villages by population range and their percentages to total inhabited villages in the taluka as per the 1991 census. Thus, out of the 173 inhabited villages in the taluka, 4 (2.31) have a population below 200, 34 (19.65) are in the size class 200-499,116 (67.05) in the size class 500-1999, 17 (9.89) in the category 2000-4999, 01(0.58) in the population range of 5000-9999 and remaining 01 (0.50) village has a population of more than 10000. Within the taluka, medium sized villages (500-1999) have the highest share (67.05) in the total inhabited villages.

1.10.8. Working and Dependent Population: The proportion of workers and non-workers among the total population of Kalwan Taluka and Nashik District in 1981 and 1991 is given in Table 1.7

Table 1.7

Kalwan Taluka Nashik District Year Workers Non- Total Workers Non­ Total workers population workers population 1981 77553 78534 156087 1314271 1677468 2991739 1 1 (49.69) (50.31) (100%) (43.93) (56.07) (100) 1991 100924 97919 198843 1678804 2172648 3851352 1 1 (50.76) (49.24) (100%) (43.59) (56.41) (100) 1 Source: District Census Handbook, 198land 1991.

17 According to the 1981 population census, the proportion of workers in the population of the taluka was 49.69 % in 1981, slightly increased to 50.76 % in 1991. Proportion of working population in both the census years in Kalwan taluka was much higher than the District average. Proportion of workers to total population in Nashik District, on the other hand, was 43.93 percent in 1881, which fiirther declined to 43.59 percent.

1.10.9 Occupational Distribution o f Working Population: Distribution of working population in Kalwan Taluka by occupation in 1981 and 1991 is given in table 1.8;

Table 1.8

Year Total Main Cultivators Agricultural Household Other Workers Labourers Industry, workers Manufacturing Processing etc. 1981 67,505 35,828 23,791 837 7,049 (100.0) (53.07) (35.24) (1.24) (10.45) 1991 94037 53,995 28,816 2,642 8,584 (100.0) (57.40) ^ (30.66) 1 (2.81) t (9.13) f V

Source: Compiled from Census Tables, 1981 and 1991 pp.323 and 43 respectively.

Table 1.8 clearly shows that population depending on agriculture has slightly declined from 88.31 percent to 88.06 percent during the decade 1981-91. However, during the same period, population depending on secondary and tertiary sectors increased by 0.25 percent. W e can conveniently draw an iitference that after starting of the VDPSSK, employment in the sectors other than agriculture might have risen.

1.10.10 Livestock Population ^ ^ Livestock plays a pivotal role in the agricultural economy and also constitutes one of the valuable possessions of the farmers. The agricultural operations such as ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, transportation etc, are carried out with the help of bullocks. Cows and buffalos are a source of milk supply. Besides, the livestock provides much of the organic manure used on the farms. The position of the livestock population in the taluka as per 1992 Livestock Census is presented in table 1.9.

18 Table 1.9 Livestock Population in Kalwan Taluka (1992) (Numbers) Sr. No. Category KalwanTaluka District % Share of Kalwan Taluka in the District 1 Cattle 87727 1097860 7.99 (43.58) (47.01) 2 Buffaloes 20315 233951 9.96 (10.09) (10.00) 3 Sheep 25029 286139 8.74 (12.43) (12.25) 4 Goats 66836 688767 9.70 (33.20) (29.49) 5 Other livestock 1389 28319 4.90 (0.70) (1.25) Total 201296(100.00) 2335036 8.62 (100.00) Figures in tle parenthesis are percentages to total Source: Socio Economic Review of Nashik District 2000-01 pp., 88 - 94 From Table 1.9, it is clear that in 1992, the total livestock population in the taluka was 8.62 percent of the district, out of the total cattle, the percentage of buffaloes, sheep, goats and other Uvestock were 7.99, 9.96, 8.74, 9.70 and 4.90 respectively. Of the total livestock in the taluka 43.58 percent were cattle, 10.09 percent were buffaloes, 12.43 percent were sheep, and 33.20 were goats and 0.70 were other livestock.

1.10.11. Cropping Pattern: The choice and combination of crops grown by the individual cultivators depends on several factors. It primarily depends on the soil, climate, farmer’s requirements of food, market trend and prices of the agricultural produce etc. The availabilit}' of labour, capital and irrigation also influence the cropping pattern to a greater extent. Cropping pattern of a particular place or region is not a static phenomenon. It changes from year to year and season to season due to the factors mentioned above and the need for rotating the crops. However, the proportion of food crops and cash crops remains more or less constant in the short run. It can change

19 only when more sophisticated techniques are implemented by the farmers or there is a radical change in availability of irrigation facilities. The recent cropping pattern of the taluka for the year 2000-01 is presented in table 1.10.

Table 1.10 Cropping Pattern in Kalwan Taluka (2000-01) Sr. No. Crops Area under crops Percent of gross cropped (in hectares) area 1 Total Cereals 26973 59.87 2 Total Pulses 4099 9.10 3 Total Oil Seeds 1827 4.05 4 Cotton 17 0.05 5 1330. 2.95 ' Spices 6 Sugarcane 1496 OS c l 7 Tobacco & Narcotic 0 0 8 Others 9310 20.66 9 Gross cropped area 45052 100% Source: Socio Economic Review ofNashik District 2000-01 pp. 41-50

Looking at the area shared by individual crops in the year under review, it is observed that 59.57 percent of the gross cropped area was allotted for cultivation of food grains. Gram and Mung were the important pulses grown in the taluka. Among the non-food crops, oil seeds like sunflower and groundnut accounted for more than 5 percent. The area under sugarcane was only 1496 hectares and accounted for just 3.32 percent of the gross cropped area.

1.10.12. Availability of Amenities: The various amenities like provision of safe drinking water, medical services, post and telegraph, telephonic communication, approach by pucca road and power supply at village level are available in 173 inhabited villages in Kalwan taluka according to 1991 census are shown in Table 1.11.

20 Table 1.11 Distribution of Villages According to the Availability of Different Amenities (1991L)__. Sr. No. Availability of Amenities Number of Villages availing the Amenities 1. Education 170 (98.27) 2. Medical 81 (46.82) 3. Drinking water 173 (100.00) 4. Post and telegraph 48 (27.75) 5. Communication 162 (93.64) 6. Market 8 (4.62) 7. Approach by pucca road 63 (36.42) 8. Power supply 172 (99.42) Source; District Census Handbook 1991 p.45

The sum up, there is availability of education, drinking water, power supply and communication amenity in almost all the villages, 92 (53.18 percent) villages do not have medical facilities, 125 (75.25 percent) villages do not have post and telephone facility, 11 (6.36 percent) without facility of communication facilities, 110 (63.58 percent) villages were not approachable by pucca road and 169 (95.38 percent) villages were without power supply in Kalwan taluka.

21 References: 1. Misra J.P. “Principle of Organisation of Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies in India, The United Press Ltd., Patna, 1930 p. 4 2. Mahajan K. A. “Cooperative Marketing” books Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd. Ne w Delhi 1993 page no. 1 3. Government of Maharashtra, Sugar Control Order 1966, page no.4. Government of Maharashtra. 4. Government of India Nashik District Census Report, 1991 p. 333. 5. Smith S. I. “Perceiving and Using Climate in a Tropical Environment.” Essays on Meteorology and Climatology in honour of Richmoni W. Longly, Edited by Hale K. D. and Reinif E. R. the Department of Geography UTY, of Alberto Edmoton, 1978, pp. 277- 300 6. Arora R. C. Development of Agriculture and Allied Sectors, S. Chand and Co Ne w Delhi, 1976 pp. 17,36

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