ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT IN F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S THE GREAT GATSBY
(SEMANGAT WIRAUSAHA DALAM NOVEL THE GREAT GATSBY KARYA F. SCOTT FITZGERALD)
Nasrum Marjuni UIN Alauddin Makassar [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes American dream in the twenties with happiness as its last goal. American dream motivated people to come to America for prosperous and better life. It became promise land that could change everything better including from rags to riches. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is one of the novels that involved entrepreneurship which is one of the American Dream path ways in gaining success and happiness. It also contents F. Scott Fitzgerald’s critical view on the impressive prosperity and the growth of business owners in America in the era of industrialization in the twenties and the seriously occurred of corruption, crime, cheating, stealing and violence as their ways in running their businesses that decline the moral and spiritual of the dreamers. This paper depicts the phenomenon in America in the twenties that had more business owners who run their businesses with various purposes including gaining love, wealth, success and fame. Keywords: American dream, entrepreneurship, business.
INTISARI menjadi kaya raya. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby adalah salah satu Tulisan ini menganalisis Impian novel yang melibatkan kewirausahaan Amerika di tahun sembilan belas dua yang merupakan salah satu jalan untuk puluhan dengan kebahagiaan sebagai mewujudkan American Dream (Impian tujuan terakhir. Falsafah Impian Amerika) dalam memperoleh Amerika mendorong orang datang ke kesuksesan dan kebahagiaan. Amerika untuk hidup makmur dan lebih baik. Amerika adalah tanah menjanjikan Tulisan ini juga berisi tentang yang bisa mengubah segalanya menjadi pandangan kritis F. Scott Fitzgerald pada lebih baik termasuk dari miskin papah kemakmuran yang luar biasa dan
92 bertambahnya pemilik bisnis di Amerika identification of unmet needs or through di masa industrialisasi pada tahun dua the identification of opportunities for puluhan dan terjadinya korupsi, kejahatan, kecurangan, pencurian dan change. Entrepreneurs see “problems” as kekerasan yang cukup serius sebagai “opportunities,” then take action to cara mereka dalam menjalankan bisnis yang mengakibatkan turunnya kualitas identify the solutions to those problems moral dan spiritual para penduduk and the customers who will pay to have setempat. those problems solved. Entrepreneurial Tulisan ini menggambarkan success is simply a function of the fenomena masyarakat di Amerika di tahun sembilan belas duapuluhan dimana ability of an entrepreneur to see these jumlah pemilik bisnis bertambah dan opportunities in the marketplace, initiate memiliki tujuan berbeda-beda pula termasuk menjadikannya sebagai alat change (or take advantage of change) untuk merebut kembali cinta yang and create value through solutions hilang, menjadi kaya raya, sukses dan tenar. (www.gregwatson.com/entrepreneurship
-definition). Kata Kunci: Impian Amerika, Kewirausahaan, bisnis. The concept of an entrepreneur is
further refined when principles and
terms from a business, managerial, and CHAPTER I personal perspective are considered. In particular, the concept of INTRODUCTION entrepreneurship from a personal A. Background of Choosing the perspective has been explored in this Subject century. This exploration is reflected in the following three definitions of an Entrepreneurship is more than entrepreneur: simply “starting a business.” The definition of entrepreneurship is a In almost all of the definitions of process through which individuals entrepreneurship, there is agreement that identify opportunities, allocate we are talking about a kind of behavior resources, and create value. This that includes: (1) initiative taking, (2) the creation of value is often through the organizing and reorganizing of social
93 and economic mechanisms to turn their ports and the size of their rivers. resources and situations to practical The commercial superiority of the account, (3) the acceptance of risk or Americans less attributable, however, to failure (Albert Shapero, 1975: 187). physical circumstances than to moral and intellectual causes. Reason of this A prominent American writer, John opinion, future destiny of the Americans Dos Passos in the twenties regarded F. as a commercial nation (Tocqueville Scott Fitzgerald as ‘a sort of second 2000: 488). This idea is the main class historian’ of the age he lives in. concept of American dream. This “American writers who want to do the situation is depicted clearly in so many most valuable kind of work will find novels. John Locke in Alan themselves trying to discover the deep Trachtenberg’s Brooklyn Bridge had currents of historical change under the written that “in the beginning all the surface of opinions, orthodoxies, world was America so that Europeans in heresies, gossip and journalistic garbage the eighteenth century tended to believe of the day.”(Spindler,1983 in Setiawan that the tablets of the mind could be 1999: 7). Accordingly as a second-class indeed wiped clean and a new beginning historian, Fitzgerald likely did the same made in the world” (Trachtenberg,1979: thing as what Dos Passos said about the 44). writing process of his novels. He as an artist recorded his experiences he lived This new land offers dream for in, in such a way and put his for everyone who wants to pursue imaginations into a work of art in the happiness, being free, being successful, form of literary works. being powerful and of course being wealthy, one attempts to reach them is The United States of America is by running their own businesses. This a new promise land. It is a place for dream then is well-known as American those who pursue for a better life, good dream. American dream with happiness change and happiness. The American as its last goal has been the idea for destined by nature to be a great maritime everyone in America and has inspired people, extent of their coasts, depth of
94 many artists as well as writers to create This a valley of ashes- a their works like painting, films, songs, fantastic farm where and novels also artifacts such as ashes grow like wheat Brooklyn Bridge. This cultural symbol is into ridges and hills and a concrete example of American dream. grotesque gardens; where This enormous and fabulous bridge that ashes take the forms of stretches over the river from Manhattan houses and chimneys and to Brooklyn is the American dream that rising smoke and finally, has come true and real. with a transcendent effort, of ash-grey men American dream inspire many who move dimly and American novels. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s already crumbling The Great Gatsby is an example of the through the powder air. novel that depicts the pursuit of Occasionally a line grey happiness by creating and running their cars crawls along an own businesses of its major and minor invisible track, gives out characters. a ghastly creak, and The Great Gatsby is usually comes to rest, aand considered as Fitzgerald’s finest novel immadiately the ash grey (Piper, 1970: 127). Through this novel, men swarmp up with with the twenties as the setting of time, leaden spades and stir up and Long Island, New York mostly, as an impenetrable cloud, the setting of place, readers could learn which screens their that modernization and prosperity in obscure operations from America had achieved its remarkable your sight (Fitzgerald, level in this age. Through the novel it is 1925:23). portrayed that the modernization of the The problem of love, wealth, country which had brought the success, and fame are the major prosperity to the country as follows: concerns of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s works.
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He hates the poor for their helplessness, refuges of life for the extraordinary inferiority of their ourselves (177). bargaining position (Pramesti: 1991). The lives of Fitzgerald’s heroines The manner of the rich is special are associated with money: having it or advantages to be enjoyed, though they needing it. They are often quite wealthy do not guide them in the quest for moral themselves, and therefore can buy what responsibility. In the beginning they need; they can buy love if they need Fitzgerald resents wealth because it can to. In the novel, Gatsby arrives in New “take his girl back.” According to York from Louisville with no money in Fitzgerald, as quoted in his short story his pocket; in three years he can buy an “The Rich Boy” the wealthy are estate at West Egg, equip it and service different from the poor: it and keep it bright and noisy far into Let me tell you about the the morning. No less incredible are very rich. They are Gatsby’s motives for behaving in this different from you and way; he believes that money will buy me. They possess and back the girl, since money had taken her enjoyed early, and it does away from him; with money Gatsby something to them, makes slowly maneuvers his way back into them soft where we are Daisy Buchanan’s world and succeeds, trustful, in a way that for a few months at least, in recapturing unless you are born rich it the past moment of beauty. Thus, Gatsby is very difficult to portrays a young people who has full of understand. They think spirit to make himself better. He deep in their hearts, that manages everything carefully to realize they are better than we his dream. are because we had to Fitzgerald’s works are intended discover the to portray the young generation of compensations and America in the 1920’s, their ambition to be wealthy, their entrepreneurial spirit
96 and their way of life. Mizener has richer by running their own businesses. commented that Fitzgerald’s best work There are luxurious houses in the Eggs “in fact grows out of his precise of Long Island. Started from the narrator understanding of his time” (4). Besides, Nick Caraway, he lived his life by talking about American Dreams, which joining the obligation market, a young usually means success in material things people names Jay Gatsby who has a is not automatically followed by success good combination between ambition and in one’s personal life. dream. He realizes that material as a measure for success, Gatsby comes from Besides, F. Scott Fitzgerald was poor beginnings and created a fantasy one of American writers who became and comfortable world where he was famous and prosperous during the rich and powerful. He wanted money, so decade after the First World War. His he managed to get it. He tries to create novel and short stories are known for for himself. He tries to create and run his portraying the excesses of the 1920’s some businesses. There are people like and the attainment of American Dream Tom Buchanan who gets money easily by running businesses during that period. because having spirit in running his own One of his novel is The Great Gatsby businesses. Moreover, there are also becomes the best seller novel at that time people like George Wilson and his wife because it can explain and remind the who have worked hard in earning money readers of the essential of because they wanted to reach their entrepreneurial spirit of America. ambition and dream in affording their Portraying the extravagant lives of the living and being rich people. Jordan 1920’s with the parties and exhibition of Baker was also categorized as an material wealth, the story sound grand entrepreneur because she was a skillful and is told beautifully, however the story golfer. In addition, she always joined is actually deep criticism toward the golf tournaments where money, gifts and society at that time. It seems that the era fame were the last goal. was prosperous period, actually the economic soared and the people got
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This novel has some aspects the writer formulates the statements which are very interesting to study. One of the problems as follows: of them is the characters in the novel. 1. What are the relation between Each character in this novel has a different management to acquire their American dream and the ambition and their dreams by running entrepreneurial spirit on their own businesses. Most of them are American in twenties? young people and they have a great ambition and dreams. The most 2. How can entrepreneurial spirit interesting character in this novel is Jay occur on the characters of The Gatsby. He doesn’t only have a good Great Gatsby? performance but also, has a wonderful and amazing spirit to improve his life. 3. What are the effects of religious He always watches to the future, and he teachings in gaining success? believes that the changes must be C. Significance of the Study followed by hard work. So, since he is still a boy has managed it perfectly. In the background of the paper, I Although Gatsby is not a perfect man but his spirit to be better can be an have been stated this research has two example, especially for young people. main significances. First, it is hoped to
be a useful reference for the
understanding of American dream,
American Capitalism and the B. Statements of the Problems entrepreunarial spirit through American Based on the explanation concerning literature. Second, it is also expected to the background of this paper above, give contribution to the study on
American experience from its good sides
98 and as well as its bad sides for the world This thesis uses this kind of especially in Indonesia. reconciliation in analyzing the
entrepreneurial spirit in America in the D. Theoretical Approach twenties. This approach will be very The study is conducted under useful to support the objective to see American studies discipline so that the whether the incidents portrayed in The theorerical approach used in this thesis is Great Gatsby are the representation of based on the American Studies the real life of America in the twenties. discipline. Tremaine Mc. Dowell in his This study also suggests that the American Studies, the Minnesota entrepreneurial spirit that related to the Program stated that American Studies American in twenties, also occures in the “moves toward the reconciliation of the present day as well as in the future. tenses: past, present, and future; the The second reconciliation is the reconciliation of the academic reconciliation of academic discipline. disciplines; and the reconciliation of the Mc. Dowell suggests that American region, nation, and world or from the Studies doesn’t have a special discipline micro to macro analysis” (1948:82). so that it requires other discipline in The first reconcilition is the order to study American experiences reconciliation of time or tenses that (1948: 1-11). Studying American consists of the past, the present and the experiences needs to consider various future. Those three sequences of time are academic disciplines using related one another and unseparatable. interdisciplinary approach. Robert
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Meredith in his essays Subverting relevant and supporting to the topic of
Culture the Radical as Teacher says that the study as the secondary sources.
“American Studies is an interdisciplinary To give a clear picture of the discipline which utilizes social science, genesis of the novels, understanding literature, history, politics, social, about the writer’s autobiography, essays economics, etc” (1969:1). The theory and criticism of his works will give more views a cultural phenomenon through information on the study. Books on different perspectives; inter-relates history, social sciences, psychology, and various academic disciplines to culture are also referred to since the understand the detail aspects of the approaches to the study are the cultural. combination of historical, sociological as
E. Method of the Research well as psychological one.
This study is based on a library research and close in reading as the DISCUSSION methods. The research is focusing A. ENTREPRENEURIAL mainly on bibliographical sources which SPIRIT IN AMERICAN DREAM are supportive and crucial to the topic as 1. American Dream the source of the data. The data was The terms ‘American Dream’ had taken from the novels as the primary emerged since the early immigrants in sources and some other references such the seventeenth century came to as: autobiography, anthology, literature, America. There is an important question a scholar can ask dealing with the history, criticism, journal which are
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American Dream. Why did million On July 4, 1876 the American people leave Europe and stay in the New Republic celebrated one World? This question might become a hundred years of National very difficult one to answer. One independence. That century had therefore needs a kind of generalized been characterized by an conceptual framework within which the expansion of territory examined immigrants or groups can be population, material wealth and structured, compared and constrasted. power that appeared almost miraculous. That expansion was Palludan Phillip, in his book Issues designed to show that the Past and Present defines that “American American experiment had Dream means a dream that had come produced a society that was not true for many people” (1978: 3). only morally and ethically Nowadays, with a modern understanding superior to that of the Old we will call them tendencies or some World, but economically more such more flexible terms, but remarkably potent as well (Palludan, 1978: Phillip’s definition seems valid to 3-4). contemporary scholars. The dream of immigrants have connections with some Certainly Americans in their factors of the immigrants background National birthday as in the centennial coming to America. Parillo states that anniversary 1876 had celebrated the “Ethic groups came to the New World success of their dream. They were proud for economic, political, and religious of their economic wealth, their great reasons or sometimes for the adventure cities, their inventions and their political of beginning a new life in the New system. Land” (1985: 110). These ideals came They believed that America had true after they had struggled for many remained a land of opportunity. This years in the New World. In their national land offers to all the chances to improve birthday they can see and realize the their material and spiritual ‘well-being’. truth of their dream: The upswing of American economic
101 system, capitalism, invigorated the ideal from every part of the world. These and reality of the American dream. people brought their respective cultures American experience in the revolution which in many cases differed from one war, in the ‘frontier’ and its influence another. They came into the New World strengthened capitalism economically as immigrants. and ideologically. American ideology 2. The Jazz Age: The emergence based on the American Dream is real of Consumerism in America enough to dominate the labor movement, the agrarian revolts, and the The decade of the 1920s, or “The development of American business can Jazz Age” as Fitzgerald called it, began be a basis of American individual’s way about the time of the May Day riots in of life to reach psychical and moral 1919 and ended in October 1929. This success since the qualitative terms. decade offered America material Someone is assumed a worthwhile if he prosperity and optimism. America or she works hard and has something to quickly learned that the secret of the show then. Although there are other good life lay in business and production. measures of human value and dignity, The businessman was king. Social they wont have power of materialistic criticism and philosophic idealism were measurement. The success of the dream regarded as disturbing formulas because seems to be a product of hard work done the people were tired of empty idealism by the individuals who have strong (Horton & Edwards: 309-15). moral character. So the failurers in the Careful discussions of the phrase land of opportunity are assumed to be in recent years, like Dolan’s own those who show their weaknesses and Modern Lives: A Cultural Re-Reading laziness. of “The Lost Generation” (1996), also Nevertheless, the American nation underline the manner in which these consists of remarkable diversity of words have consistently “illuminated people composing various ethic, racial too limited a grouping to explain the and religious background. They came full weep of the American 1920s.” The
102 journey by which postwar disillusion in to earn or to borrow than before the United States was but temporarily (Garraty: 428). assuaged by the dizzying temptation of The booming of America industry excess could never be described simply no longer left any room for the code of as loss; however, the ambivalence with polite behavior. Young people were which that prosperity was embraced, expected to battle for success. They even in its greatest moments of became reckless and confident, not only overindulgence, was evident in the about money but also about life in fiction of F. Scott Fitzgerald long before general. As the country grew in wealth, it was proven illusory on the floor of the each man began to seek his private New York Stock Exchange. This may interest. They plunged into their personal have been the reason Fitzgerald himself adventures; they took risk which did not preferred the label “Jazz Age” or the impress them as being risks because they years that “bore him up, flattered him believed in the happy ending (Cowley: and gave him more money than he had 25). dreamed of, simply for telling people that he felt as they did, that something The ideal for the man of the 1920s had been done with all the nervous was, according to Cowley, to be an energy stored up and unexpended in the ‘entire man,’ to be someone who did War.” everything, whether it was good or bad, and who realized all the potentiality of More important, the 1920s were his nature and thereby acquired wisdom. the age when the production ethic gave To be admired, the 1920s young man way to consumption ethic; America had to do “all shorts of actions and had needed to provide markets for its to posses enough energy and boldness to commodities. People were exhorted to carry out even momentary wishes” buy, to enjoy newer and more expensive (Cowley: 27). In order to be ‘an entire models. More goods were produced and man,’ he became rebellious and revolted consumed or wasted, money was easier, against the older generation. He had to make an absolute break with the
103 standards of the pre-war generation. He buy for the working man (Morison: celebrated the value of experiences such 448). as love, foreign travel, good food, Beside production, sport became big partying and drunkenness. Everyone business. Professional baseball team recognized the value of being truthful, played to capacity crowds, and so did even if it hurt their families or their boxers and wrestlers. Intercollegiate friends and most of all if it hurt football attracted millions of spectators, themselves (Cowley: 26). Following and high-school basketball tournaments their own standards, the young became events of state-wide importance. generation began to take interest in Jazz. Tennis and golf became popular, while For them “Jazz carried with it the old-fashioned games such as croquet, constant message of change, excitement, which required well-kept lawns and violent escape, with an undertone of family groups, disappeared. Card games sadness, but with a promise of became fashionable, and adeptness at enjoyment somewhere around the corner bridge came to be as important an of next week, perhaps at midnight in a ingredient in social success as distant country” (Cowley: 29). The membership in a country club. The press young man heard the message and agents of the sports world created a new followed it anywhere. Though they crop of heroes with professional athletes drank too much and danced too much, completely routing the once revered they also worked hard in order to rise, to statesmen, financiers, and generals as earn social rank and to buy new major deities in the national shrine luxurious products. (Morison: 452). The automobile, originally a luxury The emancipation of women was item, became a necessity; when a man greatly enhanced in this decade. They has a problem with money, the car was won relative equality in education and in the last thing to sell and when he again suffrage. The greatest changes came in had money, the car was the first thing to the social and psychological realms. Women, who were supposed to be the
104 guardians of morality, became more years earlier. It was even interested in pursuing careers than in more bitter to find that being housewives. The divorced rate their old jobs had been increased dramatically. The American taken by the stay at home, women, or ‘flapper,’ as H.L. Mencken that business was had called her, became free in speech suffering a recession that and manners: she went to petting parties; prevented the opening up danced and drank and smoked until of new jobs, and that midnight; cut her hair and wore thin and veterans were considered low-cut gowns (Allen: 64). problem children and less desirable than non Most of the returning veterans veterans for whatever suffered disillusionment and a great business opportunities did sense of loss when they discovered that exist.(318). their old jobs had been taken by the stay at homes. They were doing nothing but A bewildering world-weariness sleeping and drinking and making which neither they nor their relatives everyone else miserable. Their could understand had developed among experience in Europe had spoiled them. them; they felt uncomfortable in their They had no idea how to do something homes and with their conventional meaningful in life. Horton and Edwards materialistic life. commented that: In its confident and eager economic It was bitter to return to a maturity, the country was experiencing home town virtually spiritual and moral poverty. Church untouched by the conflict, attendance declined sharply because where citizens still talked people preferred to pursue material with the native fourth of satisfaction (Horton & Edwards: 294). July bombast they Besides, they were not certain that they themselves had been were going to meet God when they went guilty of two or three to church. With the change in religious
105 convictions came inevitable change in corrupting, debasing, destroying morals. Young men and women were spirituality, increasing carnality” (Allen: becoming sophisticated about sex at an 64). Gertrude Stein’s phrase ‘the lost earlier age. Actually they could not generation’ was applied by Hemingway endure a life without values, but the only and Scott Fitzgerald to the disobeyed values they had been trained to youth of 1920s, who refused to obey the understand were being undermined. law or follow the traditional conventions Everything seemed meaningless and and who created their own life style. unimportant (Allen: 81). By the middle of the 1920s During this period the government drunkenness was fashionable; even prohibited the manufacture and sale of moderate or reluctant drinkers found that alcoholic beverages. However, although being publicly intoxicated was a means prohibition intended to eliminate the of achieving social acceptance. Those saloon and the drunkard from America, who had not suffered real it created thousands of unlawful drinking disillusionment in the war began to places or “speakeasies.” Crime, like imitate the manners of their elders smuggling alcoholic beverage, selling (Horton & Edwards: 320). medical and industrial alcohol, operating Material success brought moral breweries or illicit stills, was also and spiritual laxity. With it, patriotism appeared with the resultant excesses. among the younger generation turned to Criminals, like Johnny Torrio, Al cynical disillusionment; the church Copone, Dion O’Banion, were also belonged to the institutions of the past product of prohibition. The gang warfare because it was no longer able to give of dispute over domination in Chicago security; organized crime, violence and also characterized the 1920s (Allen: political corruption flourished. As the 176). moral fiber became more relaxed and The young generation became the more permissive, writers began to topic of anxious discussion. Their criticize and analyze the failing of their modern dance, according to the own society (Morison in Pramesti 1991: fundamentalists, “was impure, 32).
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Writers portrayed the situation of if he finds the world disillusioning. Man the world of the 1920s pessimistically. had to find his own code. Sinclair Lewis, with his book Main The symbol of the lost generation, Street and Babbitt, made the revolt in his own mind as well as to his against the small town and against contemporaries and to later critics, was business a popular preoccupation. Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald. He rose to sudden satirized the ideals of the smug middle- fame in 1920s when he published This class society into which he had been Side of Paradise, “a somewhat born and in which he moved so uneasily. sophomoric novel that captured the fears He rebelled against the dullness and and confusions of the lost generation and provincialism of Gopher Prairie and the facade of frenetic gaiety that Zenith City rather than against the moral concealed them” (Garraty: 420). He anarchy of the industrial order which wrote about the very rich in the post war they represented. Lewis, however, was years, depicting the worlds of glitter and preeminently a product of the twenties. of wealth, of Princeton and the St. Regis When times changed, he could no longer Roof, the Riviera and the Ritz bar in portray society with such striking Paris, West Egg and Hollywood. He was verisimilitude. “the symbol of ambition that can be Hemingway, from the depth of his gratified, of wealth that in the end makes war time pessimism, wrote about a no difference, of pleasure that brings world of lost values and lost illusions. ennui and passion that can not achieve His book The Sun Also Rises portrayed lasting love” (Morrison: 480). the aimlessness of a group of American There were many writers who and English expatriates who represented produced important works during this the so called “lost generation” following decade. Most of them reflected the the disillusionment of World War I, disillusionment of the period’s Hemingway’s fiction suggested that in intellectuals. They abandoned the pre- order to give meaning of the world, man war period, a period of progressivism must search for his own individual way, and realism, of hopeful experimentation, through action, to live in this world even which had been inherited from Howells
107 and the naturalists. The writer became of increase in per capita product disillusioned, as Garraty stated, “because (averaging about 1.7 percent per of World War I, because of the antics of year over the entire period 1870- the fundamentalists, the cruelty of the 1920) was higher than ever before red-baiters and the philistinism of the in U.S. history, and total factor dull politicos of the 1920s” (Garraty: productivity grew from an index 420). value of 51.0 in 1889, the first year for which figures are available, to B. THE RELATION BETWEEN 81.2 in 1920 (1929=100). These AMERICAN DREAM AND THE productivity figures, moreover, ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT greatly underestimate the extent of ON AMERICAN IN TWENTIES technological progress. Because they are calculated as residuals, they 1. Entrepreneurship in do not capture improvements America embodied in capital or other inputs a. A Period of Rapid Expansion to production (Susan B. Carter, The half-century or so following 2006: 23). the Civil War was a period of Although many factors extraordinarily rapid economic contributed to the extensive growth growth in the United States. Real of the period, including high rates of gross domestic product (GDP) immigration and a substantial rise in multiplied more than seven times the savings rate, perhaps the most between 1865 and 1920, and real important was the expansion and per capita product more than improvement of the nation’s doubled. As the much higher transportation and communications growth rates of total compared to network. This development per capita GDP suggest, the permitted the abundant agricultural economy expanded more by adding and mineral resources of the western new inputs than it did by increasing parts of the country to be brought productivity. Nevertheless the rate into profitable production. It also
108 contributed to the rise of per capita frontiers of technological income, most obviously by making knowledge continually outward and it possible to exploit economies of dramatically transforming American scale and to concentrate production society in the process. Indeed, so in areas of the country that for one many people came up with so many reason or another had a comparative new technological ideas and advantage. During this period founded so many new businesses industry became both more during this period that it has regionally specialized and generally been considered a golden increasingly dominated by large- age for both the independent scale enterprises (Sukkoo Kim, inventor and the entrepreneur ( 1995: 81) Thomas P. Hughes, 1989: 30) Another important way in which b. The Entrepreneur’s Status improvements in transportation in American Society raised per capita income was by If ever there was a time or place stimulating technological innovation when entrepreneurs were the most and entrepreneurship. As admired figures in society, it was entrepreneurs responded to the new the United States during the late opportunities for profit provided by nineteenth century. Americans the country’s rapidly growing knew the names and avidly followed markets, per capita patenting rates the exploits of the period’s “captains soared and technology advanced in of industry.” They devoured the directions that were so novel as to rags-to-riches novels of Horatio constitute a Second Industrial Alger, poured over P. T. Barnum’s Revolution. The Art of Money-Getting and other Entrepreneurs formed startup success manuals, and turned out by enterprises to exploit cutting-edge the hundreds of thousands to hear developments in new industries the Revered Russell Conwell such as steel, electricity, chemicals, deliverer his how-to-get-rich and automobiles, pushing the lecture, “Acres of Diamonds.”
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There was no higher goal for a powerful incentives to young American male to pursue entrepreneurship because they during this period than to become a showed that the way to move “self-made man”—to make a great upward in society was to start one’s deal of money through dint of his own business. Indeed, in the late own hard work and “pluck.” (Irvin nineteenth century to be an G. Wyllie, 1954: 16). employee (even a genteel, white- Of course, the number of people collar employee) was to forsake a who actually rose all the way from life of striving for a condition of rags to riches was very small. “dependency”—itself a sign of Studies of the origins of the moral failing (Cindy Sondik Aron, country’s business leaders showed 1987: 37). that the vast majority had middle- or This was the era when Social even upper-class backgrounds. Darwinist ideas were in the Nonetheless, there was significant ascendancy, and they were more upward mobility during this period, influential in the U.S. than and the extent of this mobility anywhere else. According to this seems to have been great enough to view, business people were engaged give real substance to the myth. in a competitive struggle. Only the After studying iron, locomotive, and fittest would succeed. Moreover, machinery manufacturers in because Americans of the time nineteenth-century Patterson, New thought the qualities that determined Jersey, Herbert Gutman concluded who was fittest were the Protestant that “so many successful virtues of hard work, thrift, and manufacturers who had begun as probity, success was taken to be a workers walked the streets of that sign of a man’s moral worth. city” that the idea that “hard work‟ Judgments of creditworthiness resulted in spectacular material and during this period were primarily social improvement” was entirely judgments of character. Men who believable. Such examples were failed in business had not only
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proved themselves unfit in a his lesson at last and could see through Darwinian sense, they had the reality. Thus he could manage his demonstrated serious moral dream wisely and he did not make too deficiencies. This idea that failure much desires and dreams. He was the reflected inner weaknesses was so only character who was safe and was not powerful that movements like the trapped with the American Dream. Populists had to rebuild the self- The issues of American Dream found in esteem of farmers hit hard by forces The Great Gatsby are: beyond their control in order to mobilize them politically. The 1. Wealth Populists organized networks of Almost every character in this cooperative enterprises in order to novel dreamt about being wealthy. Jay relieve farmers‟ economic distress Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, Daisy Fay and but also with the aim of substituting Myrtle Wilson were the examples of an ethic of mutual self-help for the people who were materialistic and ideal of the self-made man placed money as their main goal. This (Lawrence Goodwyn, 1978: 12). condition had led them to run their own businesses in the pursuit of their desires. The characters in The Great For the sake of material comfort and Gatsby were the people of twenties. At “dignity” they were dreaming of, they this time American Dream had specific justified the means. They did not care kind and version. But of course the the legality of the way they took to American Dream still has its typical goal achieve their goals; as long as it worked from time to time, i.e. wealth, success out well and gave them benefits, they and fame. selfishly do it. Because legality and Just like many Americans, illegality were determined by religion almost every character in The Great and society only. The most important Gatsby dreamt of being wealthy, point is to have spirit in being successful and famous. Only Nick entrepreneurs. Carraway, the wise man who could learn
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The main character here, Jay arrogant and did everything to keep his Gatsby held some illegal and illicit wealth last forever. The same as Tom, businesses to become the rich and Daisy Fay was also very selfish and powerful Great Gatsby to make his heartless to maintain her extravagant woman which voice was “full of money” life. Sometimes they even sacrificed come back to him. others to keep their lives on. “that drug-store His family business was just small were enormously change,’ continues wealthy – even in Tom slowly, ‘but college his freedom you’ve got something with money was a on now that Walter’s matter of reproach – afraid to tell me about’ but now he’d left (Fitzgerald, 1925: Chicago and come 135). East in a fashion that
rather took your breath ‘Yes, ’His eyes away; for instance, went over it, every he’d bought down a arched door and square string of Polo ponies tower. ‘It took me just from Lake Forest. It three years to earn the was hard to believe money that bought it’ that a man in my own (1925:91). generation was Different from Gatsby who was wealthy enough to do born poor and got his wealth by doing that (1925:6). some illegal business and, Tom They were Buchanan inherited his enormous wealth careless people, Tom from his ancestor. The power that was and Daisy – they given by his wealth had made Tom very smashed up things and
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creatures and then Instead of retreated back into being the warm centre their money or their of the world, the vast carelessness, or Middle West now whatever it was that seemed like the edge kept them together and of the universe – so I let other people clean decided to go East and up the mess they had learn the bond made...(1925: 146). business. Everybody I knew was in the bond Unlike Daisy who came from a business, so I rich family, Myrtle Wilson was born supposed it could poor like Jay Gatsby. She was not as support one more beautiful as Daisy Buchanan but she also single man (1925: 3). had a dream to be wealthy or at least to be wife of a wealthy man. The luck The garage and gasoline stand could make her be a mistress of the rich keeper, George Wilson also had a dream Tom. Being Tom’s mistress had made to be successful in his business although Myrtle thought that her dream of being he did not have any possible access to wealthy was about to come true. She make it come true. Only Tom’s false hoped someday she would be Tom’s promise to sell his car could make him wife so that she could enjoy the wealth sure to renew his business. However, he that Tom had. still has spirit in maintaining his business. 2. Success ‘Hello, Wilson, Every character of this novel had old man,’ said Tom, this kind of dream. Even Nick Carraway slapping him jovially on dreamt to be a successful businessman the shoulder. ‘how’s and it was the reason why he moved to business?’ the East to learn the bond business.
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‘I can’t newspapers – a complain,’ answered suggestion that she had Wilson unconvincingly, moved her ball from a ‘When are you going to bad lie in the semi- sell me that car?’ final round. The thing approached the ‘Next week; I’ve got proportions of a my man working on it scandal – then died now’ (1925: 25). away. A caddy Jordan Baker, Tom Buchanan, retracted his statement, and Gatsby also dreamt of success in and the only witness their own business. Jordan Baker even admitted that he might often did something bad and dishonest to have been mistaken get what she wanted. (1925: 58).
When were on Gatsby, Tom, Daisy and Jordan a house-party together Baker were examples of the moral up in Warwick, she failure in the twenties. They often left the borrowed car cheated and did bad things to get what out in the rain with the they called “success”. This often harmed top down, and then others and even themselves. lied about it – and They suddenly I were careless people, remembered the story Tom and Daisy – they about her that had smashed up things and eluded me that night at creatures and then Daisy’s. At her first retreated back into big golf tournament their money or their there was a row that vast carelessness, or nearly reached the what ever it was that
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kept them together, Every young men and women of and let other people the twenties dreamt to get an education clean up the mess they in a college to raise their prestige and had made…. (1925: social status. Tom and Nick were 180-181). examples of the educated young men from New Haven University. 3. Fame I graduated Jay Gatsby, Jordan baker, Tom from New Haven in Buchanan and Daisy Fay also wanted to 1915, just a quarter of get this kind of dream. They did a century after my everything in order to be famous and father, and a little later well-known. Daisy Buchanan used her I participated in that charm, beauty, and wealth to get it. delayed Teutonic Other characters also took any scandals; migration known as i.e. Tom and Gatsby did everything so the Great War (1925: that people would make a sight towards 3). them and remembered them all the time. Gatsby used his elaborate parties and Gatsby once went to Oxford fabulous wealth and Tom used the University but he left because he had not fashion he wore and his way of life; such realized yet about the importance of as travelling all over interesting places in being educated. But then, he told the world and held an enormous everybody that he was from Oxford wedding party when he got married with University since he knew that college’s Daisy. education could raise one’s status.
Jordan Baker also cowardly ‘... I was brought made a cheat in her golf tournament up in America but since she thought that being the winner educated at Oxford, would make her very famous. because all my ancestors have been educated, there 4. Education in College
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for many years. It is a aunts and uncles talked family tradition’ (1925: it over as if they were 65). choosing a prep school for me…. (1925: 3). 5. Freedom and Liberty C. THE OCCURENCE OF The era of the twenties was the new ENTREPRENEURIAL era of the United States. Everything in SPIRIT ON THE this era was changed and new including CHARACTERS OF THE lifestyle and the way of thinking. The GREAT GATSBY young generations dreamt of being free 1. The Factors of Business to live on their way. Owning on Characters I liked to walk The factors that influence why the up Fifth Avenue and characters in The Great Gatsby have a pick out romantic highly entrepreneurial spirit are similar women from the to the factors that most American in crowd and imagine twenties had, such as: that in a few minutes I was going to enter into 1. Love and wealth their lives, and no one Jay Gatsby in this novel dreamt would ever know or about having back his love to Daisy. disapprove (1925: 57). That is why he placed money as the means to reach his goal. This condition …so I decided to had led him to run his some illicit and go East and learn the amoral businesses in the pursuit of his bond business. desires. He was considering them as the Everybody I knew was best and the fastest way in getting his in the bond business, love back. He did not care the legality of so I supposed it could the way he took to achieve his goals; as support one more long as it worked out well and gave him single man. All my
116 benefits, he selfishly do it. Because from his ancestor where he could feel legality and illegality were determined free travelling to a number of interesting by religion and society only. The main places in the world. It could be character here, Jay Gatsby held some concluded from this phenomenon that illegal and illicit businesses to become Tom Buchanan was also an entrepreneur the rich and powerful Great Gatsby to where he had more leisure time and make his woman which voice was “full nobody was able to command him in of money” come back to him. making money and also in living his life. “that drug-store The power that was given by his wealth business was just small had made Tom very arrogant and did change,’ continues everything to keep his wealth last Tom slowly, ‘but forever. The same as Tom, Daisy Fay you’ve got something was also very selfish and heartless to on now that Walter’s maintain her extravagant life. Sometimes afraid to tell me about’ they even sacrificed others to keep their (Fitzgerald, 1925: lives on. 135). His family
were enormously ‘Yes, ’His eyes wealthy – even in went over it, every college his freedom arched door and square with money was a tower. ‘It took me just matter of reproach – three years to earn the but now he’d left money that bought it’ Chicago and come (1925: 91). East in a fashion that Different from Gatsby who was rather took your breath born poor and got his wealth by doing away; for instance, some illegal business and, Tom he’d bought down a Buchanan inherited his enormous wealth string of Polo ponies
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from Lake Forest. It hoped someday she would be Tom’s was hard to believe wife so that she could enjoy the wealth that a man in my own that Tom had. generation was 2. Success wealthy enough to do that (1925:6). Nick Carraway moved to the East to learn business as an attempt to reach They were his dream to be a successful careless people, Tom businessman. As well every character of and Daisy – they The Great Gatsby novel had this kind of smashed up things and dream. creatures and then retreated back into Instead of their money or their being the warm centre vast carelessness, or of the world, the whatever it was that Middle West now kept them together and seemed like the edge let other people clean of the universe – so I up the mess they had decided to go East and made… (1925: 146). learn the bond business. Everybody I Unlike Daisy who came from a knew was in the bond rich family, Myrtle Wilson was born business, so I poor like Jay Gatsby. She was not as supposed it could beautiful as Daisy Buchanan but she also support one more had a dream to be healthy or at least to single man (1925: 3). be wife of a wealthy man. The luck could make her be a mistress of the rich Although he did not have any Tom. Being Tom’s mistress had made possible access to make it come true, Myrtle thought that her dream of being George Wilson, the garage and gasoline wealthy was about to come true. She stand keeper also had a dream to be
118 successful in his business. To renew his borrowed car out in business, only Tom’s false promise to the rain with the top sell his car could make him sure. down, and then lied However, he still has spirit in maintain about it – and his business. suddenly I remembered the story ‘Hello, Wilson, about her that had old man,’ said Tom, eluded me that night at slapping him jovially on Daisy’s. At her first the shoulder. ‘how’s big golf tournament business?’ there was a row that ‘I can’t nearly reached the complain,’ answered newspapers – a Wilson unconvincingly, suggestion that she had ‘When are you going to moved her ball from a sell me that car?’ bad lie in the semi- final round. The thing ‘Next week; I’ve got approached the my man working on it proportions of a now’ (1925: 25). scandal – then died Jordan Baker, Tom Buchanan, away. A caddy and Gatsby also dreamt of success in retracted his statement, their own business. Jordan Baker even and the only witness often did something bad and dishonest to admitted that he might get what she wanted. have been mistaken (1925: 58). When we were on a house-party Gatsby, Tom, Daisy and Jordan together up in Baker often cheated and did bad things Warwick, she left the to get what they called “success”. This
119 often harmed others and even Gatsby used his elaborate parties and themselves. These were examples of the fabulous wealth and Tom used the moral failure in the twenties. fashion he wore and his way of life; such as travelling all over interesting places in They the world and held an enormous were careless people, wedding party when he got married with Tom and Daisy – they Daisy. smashed up things and creatures and then Jordan Baker also cowardly retreated back into made a cheat in her golf tournament their money or their since she thought that being the winner vast carelessness, or would make her very famous. But the what ever it was that writer think it is a such kind of her kept them together, strategy in winning the match. and let other people
clean up the mess they had made…. (1925: 4. Education in College 180-181). Every young men and women of 3. Fame the twenties dreamt to get an education in a college to raise their prestige and Jay Gatsby, Jordan baker, Tom social status. It happened also in this Buchanan and Daisy Fay also wanted to novel that reflected that era where Tom get this kind of dream. They did and Nick were examples of the educated everything in order to be famous and young men from New Haven University. well-known. Daisy Buchanan used her charm, beauty, and wealth to get it. I graduated Other characters also took any scandals; from New Haven in i.e. Tom and Gatsby did everything so 1915, just a quarter of that people would make a sight towards a century after my them and remembered them all the time. father, and a little later
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I participated in that I liked delayed Teutonic to walk up Fifth migration known as Avenue and pick out the Great War (1925: romantic women from 3). the crowd and imagine that in a few minutes I Gatsby once went to Oxford was going to enter into University but he left because he had not their lives, and no one realized yet about the importance of would ever know or being educated. But then, he told disapprove (1925: 57). everybody that he was from Oxford University since he knew that college’s ……so education could raise one’s status. I decided to go East and learn the bond ….I was brought business. Everybody I up in America but knew was in the bond educated at Oxford, business, so I because all my ancestors supposed it could have been educated, support one more there for many years. It single man. All my is a family tradition’ aunts and uncles talked (1925: 65). it over as if they were 5. Freedom and Liberty choosing a prep school for me…. (1925: 3). The era of the twenties was the new era of the United States. Everything in this D. RELIGIOUS TEACHING era was changed and new including EFFECTS IN GAINING lifestyle and the way of thinking. The SUCCESS young generations dreamt of being free 1. Growing Entrepreneurial to live on their way. Spirit
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Religion as a teaching means 7). He wanted to show us that structural functions as a normative ideology in factor and mind pattern (ideas and human sociological consciousness. In values) must be analyzed equally and this case, Geertz (1974:90), says religion carefully, so religious behaviors and even can function to build and support economic behaviors are able to be the strength and motivate someone to understood perfectly. reach the reality. Religion then becomes Based on Weber’s analysis, Warner a value system which affects the inner Sombart reveals that religion and church and spiritual life and cover all human systems absolutely can give some activities. It means an activity can be an influences on economic behaviors with implementation of religious teachings, or different ways. The strengths of those at least religion supports, affects and systems will assist our mind to reach the determines the working spirit of its goal. Those effects, directly or indirectly believers. will give particular stimulation and One of the most popular studies about motivation. It is not a surprise, because the relation between religion and the the history of the capitalism spirit working spirit is “The Protestant Ethic equally emerged with the history of and the Spirit of Capitalism” (Talcott church and religion systems (Green, Parson: 1958) by Max Weber. He said in 1959: 29). Therefore, we can conclude his book that modern capitalism that modern capitalism spirit is emerged as a cumulative result of social traditionally symbolized by a unique strength, politics, economy, and religion combination of desire to get wealth by that is deep rooted from European running some businesses. On the other history. However, from reformation era hand, followed by carrying on the until 18th century, the influences of religious teachings consistently. religion were determined. Weber Protestant ethics transforms some analyzed that religion especially pressures to avoid laziness, develop protestant as a determined factor which diligent spirit, discipline in working, and affects capitalism spirit (Turner, 1974: having high spirit in completing daily
122 routines, especially in running economic Calvinists to find out “Certitudo activities (Johnson, 1986: 238). The Salutis”, which Weber (1982:66) said as relation between carrying on the an indication that they are included religious teachings and the economic among chosen people that salved to behavior can be seen as elective affinity heaven. Thus, succeeding in running between particular ethics that are from businesses and being wealthy for the religious teachings and economic God glory is believed as a “sign” or motivation that is needed for capitalism “confirmation” that they are included development. In history there have been chosen people or Weber called it as “The four principal forms of ascetic God blessing sign”. Here also was seen Protestantism – Calvinism, Pietism, in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Methodism and Baptism that have noted explained as follows: honesty, discipline, the amazing and remarkable success in and diligence. economic at the beginning of modern 2. Social Awareness capitalism development (Weber, 1982: - Party/ alcoholic drinking party 53). The symbol for what Gatsby dreamt In protestant Ethic (1958), Weber of is his parties. At Gatsby’s fabulous reveals that how important the estate: predestination in Calvinist faith. The main idea is how the Calvinists believe Every Friday five crates of oranges and that they are included chosen people?. In lemons arrived from a caterer in New Calvinism theology, there is what we York- every Monday these same oranges called multiple predestination which and lemons left his back door in a make Calvinists confused whether they pyramid of pulpless halves. There was a are included in chosen people or in machine in the kitchen which could condemned people?. Because the extract the juice of two hundred oranges Calvinist God is so transcendent, so they in half an hour if a little button was face some serious problems in uncertain pressed two hundred times by a butler’s religion. This circumstance insisted thumb (39).
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There are other evidences of colored lights to make a Christmas tree preparations for an elaborate party: of Gatsby’s enormous garden.
“On buffet tables, garnished with The action of this great man then glistening hors-d’ouvre, spiced baked became more irrational. Supported by hams crowded against salads of the wealth he had, every week he held harlequin design and pastry pigs and fabulous parties in order to attract turkeys bewitched to a dark gold” (39- Daisy’s attention. He badly hoped that 40), In the main hall a huge bar was someday Daisy Fay would come to one stocked with all the liquors the law had of his parties and he would show her that forbidden. At seven in the evening the he was not the old poor Gatsby anymore. orchestra for the party makes its The present Gatsby was the Great appearance, “a whole pitful of oboes and Gatsby who was very different from the trombones and saxophones and viols and past. He would make this beautiful cornets and piccolos, and low and high woman see that he had everything she drum” (40). When the guests come, the wanted; a large amount of money, cars are parked “five deep in the drive” enormous house with luxurious (40). The guests are not invited, they just furniture, marble swimming pool, went there” and afterward “conducted jewelries, dozen of silk shirts and themselves according to the rules of elaborate parties. behavior associated with amusement There was park” (41). music from my - Generosity neighbor’s house through the summer Gatsby tried to launch his social nights. In his blue interactions by throwing big and lavish gardens men and girls parties. At least once a fortnight a corps came and went like of caterers came down with several moths among the hundred feet of canvas and enough whisperings and the champagne and the
124 tars. At high tide in the ravages of the night afternoon I watched before (1925: 39). his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor boats slit the water of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week-ends his Roll-
Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while CONCLUSION his station wagon, scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all Entrepreneurial spirit occurred trains. And on not only for gaining wealth, success, Mondays eight fame and prosperity reasons but also it servants, including an was influenced by a number of other extra gardener, toiled factors. It was clearly depicted in The all day with mops and Great Gatsby novel that Gatsby was scrubbing brushes and encouraged by some reasons in reaching hammers and garden- his wealth and success in short time. shears, repairing the Besides, the 1920s were the age when the production ethic gave opportunities
125 to consumption ethic where America celebrating the value of experiences such needed to provide markets to its as love, foreign travel, good food, commodities. People have more chances partying and drunkenness. to buy, to enjoy newer and more The income was increased from expensive models. The condition was year to year as well as the increasing of highly different than before, it was seen entrepreneurial spirit of the people at the in more goods were produced and time. Many settlers earned money and consumed, money was easier to earn or lived their lives by running their own to borrow. The effects of this condition businesses. The new prosperity was that the people celebrated the value of made possible due to the efficiency experiences. which came out as the result of the new The decade of the 1920s or “The invention as well as innovation of Jazz Age” as Fitzgerald called it, the technology and the professional manufacture and the sale of alcoholic management in the production sector. beverages were prohibited by the Machines replaced crude labor workers government. However, although it was in many sectors in a startling rate, for eliminating the saloon and the assembly line system using an endless drunkard from America, thousands of chain conveyor applied by Ford so the unlawful drinking places or speakeasies mass production was possible while its were created. It was the result of the cost could be reduced to a minimum. economic growth of the people that Many people had radio and more than encourage them to extend their one cars also having parties that businesses in this sector. Besides, it was involved technology in them. Everything also the result of the high spirit of the changed into the new ones. Music, young in gaining material prosperity lifestyle, hair-style, clothes and the way where young people were expected to people thinking also changes. Along battle for success. Success here was with the spread of modernization, the signed and completed not only by moral failure also occurred in this time, becoming wealthy people but also by it was seen from the characters of F.
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Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby that land to attract many people moving there run illegal and illicit businesses in order and try their fate and fortune in the to gain wealthy instantly. “New Garden of Eden” later is well known as American Dream and its The Great Gatsby which took ultimate goal is the happiness. Everyone Long Island, New York as the setting of who wants to succeed in gaining of place and the twenties as the setting of happiness should consider the rules time Fitzgerald would say that the which implicit in American Dream that people at the time had high spirit in relating to moral and religious values in business but unfortunately, they still gaining it. Ordinary religion consists of faced problem with the morality by norms and rules was used by the first running and having illicit businesses. settlement to lead them in pursuing their American people lost their balance due goals namely success, riches, reputation, to the people’s decline in morals. People conscience, good will to men, became more materialistic and they run contentment and the favor of God. their businesses without seeing the People should use the “Ladder of lawfulness and legality of their products. Fortune” to reach these achievements They just paid attention and thought that consists of industry, temperance, about how quick they could reach their prudence, integrity, economy, wealth and happiness. They valued punctuality, courage and perseverance. human beings with the wealth they had People should also consider material in possession. Wealth no longer became values consist of morality and honesty in a means to an end but the end of life order to be successful besides those itself which they should pursue as much material rules above. and as quick as possible The Protestant ethic was a This land is settled by the religious heritage and at the same time a explorers and the settlers that have their cultural value which came out of own dream which is different from one Protestantism, a major religious and to another. The dream that was offered cultural tradition on which America by the richness and potentiality of this
127 came to be centered around. The shown by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Most of Protestant ethic contains a basic the characters in The Great Gatsby as the ideology which underlined the moral people of twenties also placed material values of the people in this age. gain such as money, love, success, fame and wealth as their last goal. In gaining Considering the values of the their dreams, they sometimes even took Protestant ethic as the basic ideology of no care of moral and spiritual values. the standard measure of morality; it is The wealthy Gatsby, Daisy, Tom and concluded that crime and corruption Jordan Baker lived restlessly and burgeoned in the twenties horribly unhappily, it was nicely and clearly because physical development which depicted by F. Scott Fitzgerald. This had brought the country to its impressive novel is such a kind of Fitzgerald’s prosperity in this era was not critics toward people who interpreted proportionally balanced by the country’s American Dream into the material gains development in morals. only so they lived and dedicated their The best examples of how the lives for attempting them. Hence, gain of material comfort set aside happiness was failed to be attempted in religious and spiritual values were their lives. Besides, Gatsby himself American dreamers in the twenties with implemented the religious teachings that their illicit businesses which was he understood by holding remarkable characteristically moral. Cheating, and fascinating frequent parties and stealing, violence, crimes and inviting people around to attend it in his corruptions decline the moral and great mansion. The pursuit of happiness spiritual of the dreamers because money is the real purpose of American Dream. became the chief goal of life itself, not Money, love, success, fame and wealth as the means to pursue the goal. are only the means to get the happiness.
The struggle of The Great Gatsby’s characters to pursue happiness as the last goal of American Dream was
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