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Entrepreneurial Spirit in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT IN F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S THE GREAT GATSBY (SEMANGAT WIRAUSAHA DALAM NOVEL THE GREAT GATSBY KARYA F. SCOTT FITZGERALD) Nasrum Marjuni UIN Alauddin Makassar [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper analyzes American dream in the twenties with happiness as its last goal. American dream motivated people to come to America for prosperous and better life. It became promise land that could change everything better including from rags to riches. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is one of the novels that involved entrepreneurship which is one of the American Dream path ways in gaining success and happiness. It also contents F. Scott Fitzgerald’s critical view on the impressive prosperity and the growth of business owners in America in the era of industrialization in the twenties and the seriously occurred of corruption, crime, cheating, stealing and violence as their ways in running their businesses that decline the moral and spiritual of the dreamers. This paper depicts the phenomenon in America in the twenties that had more business owners who run their businesses with various purposes including gaining love, wealth, success and fame. Keywords: American dream, entrepreneurship, business. INTISARI menjadi kaya raya. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby adalah salah satu Tulisan ini menganalisis Impian novel yang melibatkan kewirausahaan Amerika di tahun sembilan belas dua yang merupakan salah satu jalan untuk puluhan dengan kebahagiaan sebagai mewujudkan American Dream (Impian tujuan terakhir. Falsafah Impian Amerika) dalam memperoleh Amerika mendorong orang datang ke kesuksesan dan kebahagiaan. Amerika untuk hidup makmur dan lebih baik. Amerika adalah tanah menjanjikan Tulisan ini juga berisi tentang yang bisa mengubah segalanya menjadi pandangan kritis F. Scott Fitzgerald pada lebih baik termasuk dari miskin papah kemakmuran yang luar biasa dan 92 bertambahnya pemilik bisnis di Amerika identification of unmet needs or through di masa industrialisasi pada tahun dua the identification of opportunities for puluhan dan terjadinya korupsi, kejahatan, kecurangan, pencurian dan change. Entrepreneurs see “problems” as kekerasan yang cukup serius sebagai “opportunities,” then take action to cara mereka dalam menjalankan bisnis yang mengakibatkan turunnya kualitas identify the solutions to those problems moral dan spiritual para penduduk and the customers who will pay to have setempat. those problems solved. Entrepreneurial Tulisan ini menggambarkan success is simply a function of the fenomena masyarakat di Amerika di tahun sembilan belas duapuluhan dimana ability of an entrepreneur to see these jumlah pemilik bisnis bertambah dan opportunities in the marketplace, initiate memiliki tujuan berbeda-beda pula termasuk menjadikannya sebagai alat change (or take advantage of change) untuk merebut kembali cinta yang and create value through solutions hilang, menjadi kaya raya, sukses dan tenar. (www.gregwatson.com/entrepreneurship -definition). Kata Kunci: Impian Amerika, Kewirausahaan, bisnis. The concept of an entrepreneur is further refined when principles and terms from a business, managerial, and CHAPTER I personal perspective are considered. In particular, the concept of INTRODUCTION entrepreneurship from a personal A. Background of Choosing the perspective has been explored in this Subject century. This exploration is reflected in the following three definitions of an Entrepreneurship is more than entrepreneur: simply “starting a business.” The definition of entrepreneurship is a In almost all of the definitions of process through which individuals entrepreneurship, there is agreement that identify opportunities, allocate we are talking about a kind of behavior resources, and create value. This that includes: (1) initiative taking, (2) the creation of value is often through the organizing and reorganizing of social 93 and economic mechanisms to turn their ports and the size of their rivers. resources and situations to practical The commercial superiority of the account, (3) the acceptance of risk or Americans less attributable, however, to failure (Albert Shapero, 1975: 187). physical circumstances than to moral and intellectual causes. Reason of this A prominent American writer, John opinion, future destiny of the Americans Dos Passos in the twenties regarded F. as a commercial nation (Tocqueville Scott Fitzgerald as ‘a sort of second 2000: 488). This idea is the main class historian’ of the age he lives in. concept of American dream. This “American writers who want to do the situation is depicted clearly in so many most valuable kind of work will find novels. John Locke in Alan themselves trying to discover the deep Trachtenberg’s Brooklyn Bridge had currents of historical change under the written that “in the beginning all the surface of opinions, orthodoxies, world was America so that Europeans in heresies, gossip and journalistic garbage the eighteenth century tended to believe of the day.”(Spindler,1983 in Setiawan that the tablets of the mind could be 1999: 7). Accordingly as a second-class indeed wiped clean and a new beginning historian, Fitzgerald likely did the same made in the world” (Trachtenberg,1979: thing as what Dos Passos said about the 44). writing process of his novels. He as an artist recorded his experiences he lived This new land offers dream for in, in such a way and put his for everyone who wants to pursue imaginations into a work of art in the happiness, being free, being successful, form of literary works. being powerful and of course being wealthy, one attempts to reach them is The United States of America is by running their own businesses. This a new promise land. It is a place for dream then is well-known as American those who pursue for a better life, good dream. American dream with happiness change and happiness. The American as its last goal has been the idea for destined by nature to be a great maritime everyone in America and has inspired people, extent of their coasts, depth of 94 many artists as well as writers to create This a valley of ashes- a their works like painting, films, songs, fantastic farm where and novels also artifacts such as ashes grow like wheat Brooklyn Bridge. This cultural symbol is into ridges and hills and a concrete example of American dream. grotesque gardens; where This enormous and fabulous bridge that ashes take the forms of stretches over the river from Manhattan houses and chimneys and to Brooklyn is the American dream that rising smoke and finally, has come true and real. with a transcendent effort, of ash-grey men American dream inspire many who move dimly and American novels. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s already crumbling The Great Gatsby is an example of the through the powder air. novel that depicts the pursuit of Occasionally a line grey happiness by creating and running their cars crawls along an own businesses of its major and minor invisible track, gives out characters. a ghastly creak, and The Great Gatsby is usually comes to rest, aand considered as Fitzgerald’s finest novel immadiately the ash grey (Piper, 1970: 127). Through this novel, men swarmp up with with the twenties as the setting of time, leaden spades and stir up and Long Island, New York mostly, as an impenetrable cloud, the setting of place, readers could learn which screens their that modernization and prosperity in obscure operations from America had achieved its remarkable your sight (Fitzgerald, level in this age. Through the novel it is 1925:23). portrayed that the modernization of the The problem of love, wealth, country which had brought the success, and fame are the major prosperity to the country as follows: concerns of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s works. 95 He hates the poor for their helplessness, refuges of life for the extraordinary inferiority of their ourselves (177). bargaining position (Pramesti: 1991). The lives of Fitzgerald’s heroines The manner of the rich is special are associated with money: having it or advantages to be enjoyed, though they needing it. They are often quite wealthy do not guide them in the quest for moral themselves, and therefore can buy what responsibility. In the beginning they need; they can buy love if they need Fitzgerald resents wealth because it can to. In the novel, Gatsby arrives in New “take his girl back.” According to York from Louisville with no money in Fitzgerald, as quoted in his short story his pocket; in three years he can buy an “The Rich Boy” the wealthy are estate at West Egg, equip it and service different from the poor: it and keep it bright and noisy far into Let me tell you about the the morning. No less incredible are very rich. They are Gatsby’s motives for behaving in this different from you and way; he believes that money will buy me. They possess and back the girl, since money had taken her enjoyed early, and it does away from him; with money Gatsby something to them, makes slowly maneuvers his way back into them soft where we are Daisy Buchanan’s world and succeeds, trustful, in a way that for a few months at least, in recapturing unless you are born rich it the past moment of beauty. Thus, Gatsby is very difficult to portrays a young people who has full of understand. They think spirit to make himself better. He deep in their hearts, that manages everything carefully to realize they are better than we his dream. are because we had to Fitzgerald’s works are intended discover the to portray the young generation of compensations and America in the 1920’s, their ambition to be wealthy, their entrepreneurial spirit 96 and their way of life. Mizener has richer by running their own businesses. commented that Fitzgerald’s best work There are luxurious houses in the Eggs “in fact grows out of his precise of Long Island. Started from the narrator understanding of his time” (4). Besides, Nick Caraway, he lived his life by talking about American Dreams, which joining the obligation market, a young usually means success in material things people names Jay Gatsby who has a is not automatically followed by success good combination between ambition and in one’s personal life.
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