DOCSLIB.ORG

Thailand Case Study: School Vaccination Checks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thailand Case Study: School Vaccination Checks Case Study: Checking vaccination status at entry to, or during, school THAILAND Law or policy What is the law or Vaccination history check at school entry is a “recommended” policy, i.e. policy? it is not a mandatory policy. Year first established? 2013 Who issued the law or The policy was supported by the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) and the policy? Ministry of Education (MoE) as part of Component 5 of the Health Promoting Schools Initiative (HPS). Scope? All schools under the MoE, Office of Basic Education Commission. Implementation Funding Although all hospitals and health centres provide immunization services free of charge, no additional funding is provided to schools to support school-based immunization activities nor for the checking of vaccination status. Resources are generated by a network of leaders, parents and students when needed. Who checks? The teachers of the children entering Grade 1 and Grade 7 collect the immunization history record from parents, and make a photocopy. The responsible health officer then checks the immunization histories for completeness. Information used to The immunization history of the child is contained in the Mother and Child check vaccination status Health Handbook or other vaccination card. What is done if children If a child is identified as un- or incompletely vaccinated, they are either are missing doses? referred to the local hospital or health centre to receive catch-up vaccines, or in some schools, health care staff may come to the school to deliver catch-up vaccines. An accelerated vaccination schedule is included in the national immunization programme schedule to provide guidance on how to vaccinate older children up to 7 years of age who have missed vaccines. Guidance and In 2013, the recommended policy was communicated to all schools by enforcement letter from the MoE which was accompanied by implementation guidelines. The vaccination screening policy is a recommendation only. It is not mandatory for schools to comply. There has been no active promotion of follow up on implementation by either the Ministry of Public Health or the Ministry of Education. Monitoring and A monitoring and evaluation plan was considered in the design of the Evaluation policy, but no system has been established to measure progress or effectiveness of this strategy. CASE STUDY: Checking vaccination status at entry to, or during, school - THAILAND Page 1 of 11 © UNICEF/UNI105758/Mohan BACKGROUND: Current estimates show a 2019 population in Thailand of 69.31 million, making it the 21st most populous country on earth. It is estimated that there are further 2.2 million unregistered illegal and legal migrants in Thailand increasing those numbers even further. Based on 2011 population figures, Thailand has a population density of 132.1 people per square kilometer (1). The National Immunization Programme (NIP) was introduced in Thailand in 1977, and since 2005 the NIP has consistently achieved immunization coverage of around 96–99 % among Thai children. The antigens contained in the Thai national immunization schedule are shown in Table 1 below. Thailand has a comprehensive multi-year plan for immunization for the period 2017-2021, and an annual workplan for immunization activities each year. Thailand is strongly committed to eradicate polio by 2018 and eliminate measles by 2020; however, a few challenges remain in the south of the country and among migrant communities. Thailand has never benefitted from support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and an actual GNI per capita of $5,950 means that is still the case. Universal health care (UHC) for Thai citizens, introduced in 2002, extended the scope of coverage to 18 million people who were uninsured and to a further 29 million who were previously covered by less comprehensive schemes. A Migrant Health Insurance Scheme has also been added. Since UHC introduction, public expenditure on health steadily increased from 56% in 2000 to 86% in 2011, while out-of-pocket expenditures decreased from 27.2% to 12.4% of total health spending. However, significant challenges remain (2). CASE STUDY: Checking vaccination status at entry to, or during, school - THAILAND Page 2 of 11 The Education system The education system in Thailand consists of the following (see chart below): ▪ Pre-primary from ages 3-6 ▪ Primary (Grades 1-6) from ages 6-12 ▪ Secondary (Grades 7-12) from ages 12-18 The law entitles all children within Thailand to enroll in school, regardless of their background or nationality. According to UNESCO’s 2017/18 Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report, 99% of children complete primary education in Thailand (3). The Health and Immunization System The administrative system in Thailand is made up of 76 provinces plus the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, which has its own administration system. The health system in Thailand consists of 3 levels: For the 76 provinces: There are 9,770 health promoting hospitals or health centres delivering health services at primary care level. They provide holistic health services including health promotion and prevention, primary treatment and rehabilitation at sub-district level. There are a further 771 community hospitals providing secondary health service at district level. For the Bangkok Metropolitan Area: There are 68 public health centers responsible for primary care similar to the health promoting hospitals in the provinces. There are a further 39 public hospitals and 92 private hospitals in the metropolitan area of Bangkok. CASE STUDY: Checking vaccination status at entry to, or during, school - THAILAND Page 3 of 11 The immunization service is integrated in the primary care units of all public health facilities in Thailand. Private hospitals and clinics also play an important role in providing vaccination service in Thailand. Unofficial data from the vaccination coverage survey conducted in Thailand in 2018 revealed that the private sector was responsible for 30% of all immunizations provided to children in Bangkok. However, the figure for private sector involvement in other provinces is lower at around 10-15%. The National Immunization Programme (NIP) was introduced in Thailand in 1977, and since 2005 the NIP has consistently achieved immunization coverage of around 96–99 % among Thai children. Schools provide routine immunization for HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) for girls in Grade 5 (11 years of age), and Td (tetanus and diphtheria) for both boys and girls in Grade 6 (12 years of age). However, vaccination rates among children along the Thailand-Myanmar border are notably lower (4). This is a region with many highly mobile and migratory people for whom receiving age-appropriate vaccines can be extremely difficult. The Ministry of Public Health is responsible for the pre-school health programme and the school health programme in close collaboration with the Ministry of Interior (pre- school) and the Ministry of Education (school). In Thailand, the WHO-recommended Health Promoting Schools Initiative (HPS) has been supported by the Ministry of Public Health to support health promotion in schools. According to the MoPH in 2017, over 88% of schools in Thailand were participating in the HPS Initiative (5). HPS consists of 10 elements for assessment and implementation: 1) school policy, 2) management in the school, 3) collaboration of school and community, 4) creating environments supportive of health, 5) school health services, 6) health education in school, 7) nutrition and safety of food at school, 8) exercise through sport and recreation, 9) provision of counseling and social support, and 10) health promotion for school staff. The fifth component is of direct relevance to this case study. Recent evaluations of the HPS Initiative (6, 7) identified the following two main factors for its success: (1) The role and engagement of school directors; and (2) the degree of collaboration between all parties, i.e. parents, students and teachers. The main obstacles identified were the lack of compliance by parents – which was overcome by education from subject matter experts - lack of a clear implementation policy, lack of staff time, poor cooperation between the main parties and shortage of resources. LAW OR POLICY Establishment of law or policy for checking of vaccination upon school entry In 2013, the Government of Thailand introduced a recommended policy for a vaccination history check of children at entry to Grade 1 (primary school) and Grade 7 (secondary school). The intent was as part of pillar 5 of the HPS Initiative, to increase the immunity of individuals, to prevent outbreaks of vaccine- preventable diseases in schools, and to improve school health programme management. This policy was communicated nationwide to all schools under the Ministry of Education (MoE) as part of Component 5 of the School Health Promotion Programme (SHPP) by a letter from the Ministry of Education, accompanied by guidelines to implement the vaccination history check. Both the letter and the guidelines were developed in collaboration with the Department of Disease Control (DDC), Division of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (DVPD) in the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). CASE STUDY: Checking vaccination status at entry to, or during, school - THAILAND Page 4 of 11 The letter details that the vaccination history check performed by schools at entry to Grade 1 (children 7 years of age) should include all vaccines recommended on the Thailand National Immunization Schedule (shown in Table 1 above) from birth to four years of age. For those children identified as un- or incompletely vaccinated, the Thailand National Immunization Schedule includes an accelerated schedule to help children receive catch-up vaccination that includes: BCG, OPV, MMR, HepB, live attenuated JE, IPV (for children aged 1-6 years), DTP (for children aged 1-6 years), and Td (for children aged 7 and older). The un- or incompletely vaccinated child is either referred to the local hospital or health centre to receive the catch-up vaccines, or, in some schools, health care staff may come to the school to deliver the catch-up vaccines.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Economic Impact of Obesity: the Thai Case
    Economic Impact of Obesity: the Thai Case Alia Luz, HITAP International Unit (HIU) 1 Outline • Health system context • Epidemiology of Obesity • Etiology and Risk Factors • Economic Impact • Methodology • Economic cost by gender, disease category, cost component • Discussion and Limitations • Recommendations 2 Health System Context • Population: 68 million (2016) • In 2013, Health expenditure: 3.9% of GDP (Public 80%) • Universal health insurance coverage (UHC) established in 2002 • Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) and National Health Security Office (NHSO) principal agencies • Increased demand for covering high-cost health interventions 3 Thailand’s three public health insurance schemes Civil Servants Social Security Scheme Universal Coverage Medical Benefit (SSS) Scheme (UC) Scheme (CSMBS) Start 1963 1990 2002 Eligible Government Formal-sector private The rest of population employees, employees who are not covered by pensioners and SSS and CSMBS their dependents Coverage 7% 13% 80% Source of General tax Tripartite from -General tax finance employer, - Managed by National employee, government Health Security Office (NHSO) 4 Epidemiology of Obesity • Obesity measures based on BMI cut-off 25 kg/m2 for Asian populations • 41% of females, 28% of males, and almost 10% of Thai children are obese (2009) • Obesity prevalence for females was 2x higher than their male counterparts (1991, 1996); but ratio of obese females to males has gone down 5 Epidemiology of Obesity Rural and Urban areas • Childhood obesity prevalence increased at a higher rate in rural areas, though total prevalence is higher in urban (13%) compared to rural (8%) areas • Males (36.1% vs. 25.1%) and females (44.9% vs. 38.8%) obesity prevalence in urban and rural areas, respectively (Aekplakorn et al) 6 Obesity prevalence, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and percentage of urban population in Thailand between 1991 and 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Policy and Bilingual Education in Thailand: Reconciling the Past, Anticipating the Future1
    LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2019 Language Policy and Bilingual Education in Thailand: Reconciling the Past, Anticipating the Future1 Thom Huebner San José State University, USA [email protected] Abstract Despite a century-old narrative as a monolingual country with quaint regional dialects, Thailand is in fact a country of vast linguistic diversity, where a population of approximately 60 million speak more than 70 languages representing five distinct language families (Luangthongkum, 2007; Premsrirat, 2011; Smalley, 1994), the result of a history of migration, cultural contact and annexation (Sridhar, 1996). However, more and more of the country’s linguistic resources are being recognized and employed to deal with both the centrifugal force of globalization and the centripetal force of economic and political unrest. Using Edwards’ (1992) sociopolitical typology of minority language situations and a comparative case study method, the current paper examines two minority language situations (Ferguson, 1991), one in the South and one in the Northeast, and describes how education reforms are attempting to address the economic and social challenges in each. Keywords: Language Policy, Bilingual Education, the Thai Context Background Since the early Twentieth Century, as a part of a larger effort at nation-building and creation of a sense of “Thai-ness.” (Howard, 2012; Laungaramsri, 2003; Simpson & Thammasathien, 2007), the Thai government has pursued a policy of monolingualism, establishing as the standard, official and national language a variety of Thai based on the dialect spoken in the central plains by ethnic Thais (Spolsky, 2004). In the official narrative presented to the outside world, Thais descended monoethnic and monocultural, from Southern China, bringing their language with them, which, in contact with indigenous languages, borrowed vocabulary.
    [Show full text]
  • Level of Implementation of Best Practice Policies for Creating Healthy Food Environments: Assessment by State and Non-State Actors in Thailand
    Public Health Nutrition: 20(3), 381–390 doi:10.1017/S1368980016002391 Level of implementation of best practice policies for creating healthy food environments: assessment by state and non-state actors in Thailand Sirinya Phulkerd1,2,*, Stefanie Vandevijvere3, Mark Lawrence4, Viroj Tangcharoensathien2 and Gary Sacks5 1School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia: 2International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand: 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand: 4Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia: 5WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Submitted 29 April 2016: Final revision received 26 July 2016: Accepted 1 August 2016: First published online 13 September 2016 Abstract Objective: To determine and compare the level of implementation of policies for healthy food environments in Thailand with reference to international best practice by state and non-state actors. Design: Data on the current level of implementation of food environment policies were assessed independently using the adapted Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) by two groups of actors. Concrete actions were proposed for Thai Government. A joint meeting between both groups was subsequently held to reach consensus on priority actions. Setting: Thailand. Subjects: Thirty state actors and twenty-seven non-state actors. Results: Level of policy implementation varied across different domains and actor groups. State actors rated implementation levels higher than non-state actors. Both state and non-state actors rated level of implementation of monitoring of BMI highest.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Obesity and Its Associated Risk of Diabetes in a Rural Bangladeshi Population
    Prevalence of obesity and its associated risk of diabetes in a rural Bangladeshi Population Dr. Tasnima Siddiquee Supervisor: Professor Akhtar Hussain Co-supervisor: Prof A K Azad Khan University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine Institute of Health and Society Department of Community Medicine Section of International Health Thesis submitted as a part of the Master of Philosophy Degree in International Community Health May 2014 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9 Abbreviation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10 Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 1.1 Overview of Bangladesh…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....13 1.1.1 Geography..............................................................................................................................13 1.1.2 Land and Climate…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 1.1.3 History………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14 1.1.4 People...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15 1.1.5 Economy……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..17 1.1.6 Life style and physical activity……………………………………………………………………………………………..18 1.1.7 Food habit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......19 1.1.8 Healthcare Service……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19 1.1.9
    [Show full text]
  • Obesity in Thailand and Its Economic Cost Estimation
    ADBI Working Paper Series OBESITY IN THAILAND AND ITS ECONOMIC COST ESTIMATION Yot Teerawattananon and Alia Luz No. 703 March 2017 Asian Development Bank Institute Yot Teerawattananon is the program leader of the Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP) under the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Alia Luz is a Project Associate under the HITAP International Unit. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. Working papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published. The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. ADBI encourages readers to post their comments on the main page for each working paper (given in the citation below). Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. Suggested citation: Teerawattananon, Y. and A. Luz. 2017. Obesity in Thailand. ADBI Working Paper 703. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: https://www.adb.org/publications/obesity-thailand-and-its-economic-cost-estimation Please contact the authors for information about this paper. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building, 8th Floor 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008, Japan Tel: +81-3-3593-5500 Fax: +81-3-3593-5571 URL: www.adbi.org E-mail: [email protected] © 2017 Asian Development Bank Institute ADBI Working Paper 703 Teerawattananon and Luz Abstract Obesity is becoming a global concern because many non-communicable diseases are attributable to obesity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effectiveness and Rightfulness of Tax on Sugary Beverages in Thailand
    The Effectiveness and Rightfulness of Tax on Sugary Beverages in Thailand Master Thesis International Business Law Author: Panuwud Wongcheen SNR: U736075 Master: International Business Law (LLM) Year: 2018-2019 Supervisor: Paul Obmina Abstract In 2017, Thailand started to imposed tax on sugary beverages from the concerns of the rise of obesity among adults, children, and monks. While other jurisdictions usually set the tax by volume-based, Thailand sets the tax based on sugar content in each beverage ranging approximately from 1-10percent of the price of the product. The tax is only imposed on the natural sugar-sweetened products; thus, artificial sweeteners can be used without any tax imposing on. Dairy products such as fresh milk, flavored milk, and yogurt drinks are exempted. The sweeter the product is, the more tax it has to pay. However, the weaknesses in achieving the obesity reduction goal still exist. It is true that when the consumer would avoid sweeter beverages and swap to the less sweet product. However, when the consumer drinks two bottles of less sweet products, the sugar which he receives could be more than one bottle sweet product. The consumer should consume less sugary beverages due to the higher price regarding the rational choice theory and other economic theories. However, there has been no evidence reporting the successfulness in any jurisdictions in the long term. This thesis will analyze what are the commonalities between each jurisdiction, the mutual overlook aspects and suggest the improvements that it should take into consideration. The rightfulness of tax is likely to be not. When the government enacts regulations, which impact rights and liberties of the people with the police power, it needs to comply with provisions under the constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Parental Obesity Compared with Serum Leptin and Serum Leptin Receptor
    Turk J Med Sci ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2009; 39 (4): 557-562 © TÜBİTAK E-mail: [email protected] doi:10.3906/sag-0706-6 Baker M. ZABUT1 Parental obesity compared with serum leptin Naji H. HOLI2 Yousef I. ALJEESH3 and serum leptin receptor levels among abese adults in the Gaza Strip Aims: To investigate whether parental obesity influences serum leptin hormone and soluble leptin receptor (Ob-Re) concentrations among obese adults in the Gaza Strip. Materials and methods: A case-control design was used. Sample used was convenient and obtained from 2 largest obesity clinics in the Gaza Strip. It consisted of 83 overweight and obese adults without history of other diseases (case group). Control group consisted of 83 ideal weight adults who were selectively chosen from the same clinics. Self reported structured interviews and serum blood samples were obtained from both groups. Human leptin competitive ELISA kits were used for determination of leptin and Ob-Re concentrations in the blood serum. SPSS system was used to analyze the data. 1 Department of Biochemistry/ Results: About 69% of the case group was found to have paternal and/or maternal obesity. Moreover, Chemistry, Faculty of Science, IUG, Gaza - PALESTINE the mean of serum leptin hormone levels for the obese adults with history of obese parents was 2 significantly higher than obese adults without history of obese parents (P = 0.02). No significant Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Science, correlation was observed between parental obesity and Ob-Re levels among the case group (P = 0.88). IUG, Gaza - PALESTINE Conclusions: Parental obesity plays an important role in obesity and serum leptin level during 3 Faculty of Nursing , adulthood.
    [Show full text]
  • Published Researches in the Year 2010 1
    PUBLISHED RESEARCHES IN THE YEAR 2010 VOLUME 4 No.1 Title: An application of Decision Tree Algorithms with Diagnosis of the Diseases of the Respiratory System ∗ Researchers: Ditapol , † Mantuam Lily Ingsrisawang† ∗ Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] † Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Abstract: The Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) has been extensively used through “data mining”, a statistics and computer sciences, to organize the crucial useful data into knowledge base form for further research purpose. The data classification is a techniques applied by the KDD to various fields and medical research. The primary purpose of this study was aimed to applications and compare the performance of the 3 decision-tree algorithms, including ID3, C4.5, and CART, which have currently become famous in sorting data. The results would be expected to support the screening process and to be used as guidelines for primary diagnosis. The medical record of 7,327 out-patients at the Pranakorn Sri Ayutthaya Hospital during 2004-2006 was examined. The results have demonstrated that algorithm C4.5 which percentage split method was used to divide the data into 70:30 was 99.41% accurate in respect of no selection of variables. The Kappa was 0.9881. Sensitivity was 99.31% while specificity 99.50%. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 99.40% while negative predictive value (NPV) was 99.41, ROC area was 99.70%, regarded as the most effective classifier. On the other hand, it found that algorithm ID3 which percentage split method was used to divide the data into 70:30 was 95.85% accurate in case of selection for variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Issn 2697-522X
    Vol. 14 No. 4 July - August 2019 ISSN 2697-522X Interdisciplinary Research Review Editorial Board of International Editorial Board of Interdisciplinary Research Review Interdisciplinary Research Review Yongyudh Vajaradul (Editor) Muhammad Yunus (Editorial Board) Pranom Othaganont (Deputy Editor) Manfred Koch (Editorial Board) Sommay Peathanom (Deputy Editor) Jun Yu (Editorial Board) Prabhas Chongstitvatana (Editorial Board) Tou Teck Yong (Editorial Board) Orawon Chailapakul (Editorial Board) Lance Chun Che Fung (Editorial Board) Tuantan Kitpaisalsakul (Editorial Board) Warren Y. Brockelman (Editorial Board) Kanchana Boonsong (Editorial Board) Manfred Hartard (Editorial Board) Sayam Aroonsrimorakot (Editorial Board) Administrative Committees of Journal Wilairat Kirin (Editorial Board) Virat Pingkeaw (President) Wanida Treesawat (Editorial Board) Sommay Peathanom (Vice President) Surapong Charasrosjanakul (Editorial Board) Yongyudh Vajaradul (Committee) Sumnieng Ongsupankul (Editorial Board) Pranom Othaganon (Committee) Porntip Andhivarothai (Editorial Board) Phatcharasak Arlai (Committee and Secretary) Orapun Metadilogkul (Editorial Board) Management and Distribution Section Prasutr Thavornchaisit (Editorial Board) Ladda Khemnark Artcha Boongrapu (Editorial Board) Phatcharasak Arlai (Editorial Board and Secretary) Santi Koonkarnkhai (Manager) Publisher : Research and Development Institute, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, 85 Malaiman road, Amphur Muang, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand Origin : The Interdisciplinary Research Review was
    [Show full text]
  • Children's Education by Folklore in Thailand Historical Background of Education in Thailand
    feature Children's Education by folklore in Thailand Historical background of Education in Thailand by Khunying Maenmas Chavalit ducation of children in Thailand, before the were oral explanation, demonstration and supervi- reformation of its educational system, was sion on the child who was taught to listen, E under the responsibilities of three institu- memorise and practice. The child was also ex- tions; namely the family, the temple, and the King. pected to ask questions, although this activity was The education system was reformed in Buddhist not much encouraged. Era (B.E.) 2411-2453 (A.D. 1868-1910) during the Four activities were required for learning: reign of King Chulalongkorn, who initiated the Suttee (listening);Jitta (thinking); Pucha (inquir- modernization programme of the country's socio- ing), and Likhit (writing). economy and political infrastructure. Before then, The subjects taught were mainly spiritual, there had been no schools in the modern sense; vocational and literary. Girls were given instruc- neither were there a systematically prescribed tions at home, by the mother, the grandmother curriculum and teachers trained in teaching meth- or female adult relatives. They learned etiquette, ods. Knowledgeable persons who were willing to cooking, household management, grass or cane teach, would apply and transfer their knowledge weaving, and most important of all, textile weav- which they had acquired through years of prac- ing. Textile weaving was not only to provide gar- tice, observations, analysis or which they had in- ments for the family, but was also regarded as a herited from their parents. The methods used prestige, and a requirement for respectable women.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Research in Thailand: a Systematic Scoping Review Nucharapon Liangruenrom1,2, Kanyapat Suttikasem2, Melinda Craike1, Jason A
    Liangruenrom et al. BMC Public Health (2018) 18:733 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5643-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Physical activity and sedentary behaviour research in Thailand: a systematic scoping review Nucharapon Liangruenrom1,2, Kanyapat Suttikasem2, Melinda Craike1, Jason A. Bennie3, Stuart J. H. Biddle3 and Zeljko Pedisic1* Abstract Background: The number of deaths per year attributed to non-communicable diseases is increasing in low- and middle-income countries, including Thailand. To facilitate the development of evidence-based public health programs and policies in Thailand, research on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) is needed. The aims of this scoping review were to: (i) map all available evidence on PA and SB in Thailand; (ii) identify research gaps; and (iii) suggest directions for future research. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted through 10 bibliographic databases. Additional articles were identified through secondary searches of reference lists, websites of relevant Thai health organisations, Google, and Google Scholar. Studies written in Thai or English were screened independently by two authors and included if they presented quantitative or qualitative data relevant to public health research on PA and/or SB. Results: Out of 25,007 screened articles, a total of 564 studies were included in the review. Most studies included PA only (80%), 6.7% included SB only, and 13.3% included both PA and SB. The most common research focus was correlates (58.9%), followed by outcomes of PA/SB (22.2%), prevalence of PA/SB (12.4%), and instrument validation (3.2%). Most PA/SB research was cross-sectional (69.3%), while interventions (19.7%) and longitudinal studies (2.8%) were less represented.
    [Show full text]
  • Children and Youth in Thailand
    1 Children and Youth in Thailand Wirot Sanrattana Merrill M. Oaks Being published 2 National Profile Thailand is a rich tapestry of traditional and modern culture. Located in Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Myanmar (Burma) – see map. “Siam” is the name by which the country was known to the world until 1949. On May 11, 1949 an official proclamation changed the name to “Prathet Thai” or “Thailand”. The word “Thai” means “free”, and therefore “Thailand” means “Land of the Free”. Thailand’s known as the “Land of Smiles” for the friendliness of its people. A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European or other world power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. The provisions relating in the constitutional government and monarchy laid down in the 1932 Constitution specified three basic concepts regarding the governmental structure. First, the Monarch is regarded as Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces and Upholder of the Buddhist Religion and all other religions. Second, a bicameral National Assembly, which is comprised of members of Parliament and members of Senate, administers the legislative branch. Third, the Prime Minister as head of the government and chief executive oversees the executive branch covering the Council of Ministers which is responsible for the administration of 19 ministries and the Office of the Prime Minister. Buddhism is the pre-dominate religion with a minority of other world religions represented throughout the nation.
    [Show full text]