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CONTENTS Foreword xiii Introduction: Roots of Theological Anti-Semitism 1 Defining Anti-Semitism 5 The Analysis 9 Who are the Exegetes? On the Choice and Delimitation of Materials 12 Research Traditions versus the Scholars' Own Contextual Theology 18 What This Study Does and Does Not Do 19 PART I ENLIGHTENMENT EXEGESIS AND THE JEWS Introduction 23 The Jews in Enlightenment Exegesis From Deism to de Wette 29 An English Prelude: Enlightened Prejudice against the Jews 29 The Moral Philosopher: Judaism as an 'Egyptianiz'd' Degeneration 31 Christian is Good, Jewish is Evil 35 Conclusion 36 Johann Salomo Semler: Dejudaising Christianity 39 Sender's View on the Jews and Judaism 40 Idealistic Historiography 41 The Moral Element 43 Universalism and Particularism 44 View of the Old Testament 45 Semler on Tolerance 46 Conclusion 48 http://d-nb.info/1017047499 Vlll CONTENTS Johann Gottfried Herder: The Volk Concept and the Jews 51 Herder on the Jews 52 Degeneration Hypothesis 54 Herder and the Emancipation of the Jews 57 The Volk Concept and the Jews 58 Conclusion 59 F. D. E. Schleiermacher: Enlightenment Religion and Judaism 61 Schleiermacher and Judaism 64 Schleiermacher and the Old Testament 69 Schleiermacher on the Concrete Situation of the Jews 70 The Influence of Schleiermacher 74 Conclusion 74 W. M. L. de Wette: Judaism as Degenerated Hebraism 77 The Picture of the Jews: Hebraismus, Judenthum and Christianity 79 View of the Old Testament 83 Early Christianity and Jesus 84 de Wette and Contemporary Judaism 86 Conclusion 91 The Jews in Enlightenment Exegesis from Baur to Ritschl 95 Ferdinand Christian Baur: Judaism as an Historical Antipode of Christianity 97 A Dialectical Movement from Paganism and Judaism to Early Christianity 98 From the Jerusalem Church to World Religion 102 Paul, the Aposde of Jesus Christ 103 Dialectical Opposition in Corinth 105 The Letter to the Romans: Written to "Cut Jewish Particularism at its Root" 107 Jesus and Judaism 109 Judaism: A Pawn in the Game Ill Contextualising Baur's Philosophical Theology 113 Conclusion 118 CONTENTS ix David Friedrich Strauss: Judaism in Continuity and Discontinuity with Christianity 121 Reconstructing Jewish Past 122 Continuity and Discontinuity 123 Dialectics and the Emergence of Christianity 124 Strauss on the Jews 126 Jewish-Christian Past and German Present 127 Conclusion 129 Albrecht Ritschl: Kulturprotestantismus and the Jews 133 Ritschl on the Jews and Judaism 136 Jewish Christianity 138 Conclusion 141 The History of Religions School and the Jews— An Historical Turn? 143 Bousset and Weiss on the Jews 145 The Preaching of Jesus: Two Opposing Views 146 Wilhelm Bousset: The Religion of Judaism in the New Testament Age 150 Bousset's Overarching Historiography of Religions 152 Late Jewish Degeneration 154 Palestinian versus Diaspora Judaism 156 Controversial Use of Intertestamental Sources 161 Hugo Gressmann, Die Religion des Judentums, and the Berlin Institutum Judaicum 163 Gressmann's Revision of Bousset's Religion der Judentum .... 167 Johannes Weiss: The Jews in Das Urchristentum 171 Contextualising the History of Religions School and the Jews 175 Bousset's Philosophical Background 181 Conclusion 183 X CONTENTS PART II SALVATION-HISTORICAL EXEGESIS AND THE JEWS: FROM THOLUCK TO SCHLATTER Introduction • 191 Philo-Semitism 193 Friedrich August Tholuck: "Salvation Comes from the Jews" .. 195 Conclusion 199 Johann Tobias Beck: Organic Continuity Between Judaism and Christianity 203 An Organic View 204 Romans and Judaism 206 Abraham the Common Root 208 Romans 9-11 209 Conclusion 210 Franz Delitzsch: Pioneering Scholarship in Judaism 213 Organic Salvation History and the Jews 218 Hebrew Philology and Literary Criticism 221 Describing the Jewish Background of Jesus 223 Opposing Anti-Semitism 225 Confronting Jews and Judaism 226 Conclusion 234 Hermann Leberecht Strack: Missions to and Defence of Jews 239 Conclusion 247 Excursus: Defenders and Detractors? Alan Levenson on Strack and Delitzsch 248 Adolf Schlatter and Judaism: Great Erudition and Fierce Opposition 253 The Jews in Schlatter's Main Works 256 Faith in the New Testament 256 A Commentary on Romans 262 Schlatter's Works on Jewish History and Topography 264 Schlatter on Jews and Judaism in Contemporary Germany 272 CONTENTS xi Schlatter and the Jews during National Socialism 275 Schlatter's General View on National Socialism 279 Schlatter and the "Bethel Confession" 281 Schlatter's Dialogue with Volkisch Ideology 292 The Righteousness of God: Commentary on Romans .... 301 Will the Jew Prevail over Us? 305 Conclusion 318 PART III THE FORM CRITICS AND THE JEWS Introduction 329 Karl Ludwig Schmidt: A Chosen People and a Jewish Problem' 331 Schmidt on New Testament Judaism 334 Dialogue with Martin Buber on the Church, State, People and Judaism, 1933 335 The Jewish Problem in the Light of Romans 9-11 339 Conclusion 343 Martin Dibelius: Ambivalence to Jews and Judaism 347 The Jews in Dibelius's Exegetical Production 351 Jesus—Dibelius's Bestseller 353 Wozu Theologie? (Why Theology?) 359 Dibelius on Judaism and Christianity after National Socialism 364 Selbstbesinnung des Deutschen (Self-Reflection of the German) 367 Conclusion 368 Rudolf Bultmann: Liberal and Anti-Jewish 373 Bultmann's Scholarly Background 375 Bultmann and the Judaism of Antiquity 377 The Jesus Book 382 Bultmann on the Law in Judaism 385 The Commentary on John's Gospel and the Jews 391 Bultmann, Politics and the Jews 395 Bultmann and Heidegger 401 Conclusion 406 Xll CONTENTS PART IV NAZI EXEGESIS AND THE JEWS Introduction 415 Gerhard Kittel: Jewish Unheil Theologically Founded 417 From the Lutheran Professor's Home to Service under National Socialism 418 Kittel, New Testament Studies and Judaism 1913-1932 419 Jesus and the Rabbis 420 Kittels Main Monograph: Die Probleme des Palaslinischen Spatjudentums 423 Was Jesus an Aryan? 435 Positive Evaluation of Judaism at its Peak: Die Religionsgeschichte und das Urchristentum 437 Kittel and the Jews during National Socialism 440 Kittel and the National Socialist Party 446 Kittel's Production During National Socialism 452 Conservative Standpoints and Criticism of Popular Anti-Semitic Legends 473 Kittel's Work on Judaism in TDNT 474 Kittel's Race-Historical Works at Forschungsabteilung Judenfrage 478 The Emergence of Judaism as the Emergence of the Jewish Problem' 478 Kittel's Last Speeches 496 Kittel's Defence Evaluated 499 The Scholarly Evaluation of Kittel 517 Conclusion 521 Walter Grundmann: Towards a Non-Jewish Jesus 531 The Eisenach Institute 536 Grundmann's Overall Theology and Ideology 538 Grundmann 1933-1934: Vrilkisch Renewal of Lutheran Theology 543 Grundmann 1938: Germanentum and Christianity against the Jewish Myth 549 Dejudaisation as a Task of German Theology and Church 553 Grundmann's Exegetical Work and the Jews, 1938-1945 .... 555 CONTENTS xiii On the Jews in John: "The Struggle Against the Jews is Everywhere" 556 The Jews and the Sermon on the Mount 559 Dichotomising Judaism and Hellenism as Ideological Strategy 562 Grundmann's Magnum Opus: Jesus der Galilaer und das Judentum 565 Conclusion 572 Concluding Analysis 577 The Description of Jews and Judaism in New Testament Exegesis 578 The Characterisation of Jews and Judaism 578 Constructing Jewish Past 581 Christianity and Judaism: Connected or Disconnected? ... 584 The Jew' in the Symbolic World 588 Exegesis and Legitimation of Anti-Semitism 593 Anti-Judaism as Praeparatio Antisemitica 594 Legitimation and Delegitimation of the Social Oppression of Jews 594 Exegesis in Cultural-Political Context 601 Exegesis after Auschwitz 609 Archive Materials 615 Abbreviations 617 Bibliography 619 Name Index 653 Subject Index 661 New Testament Texts 677 .
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