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Margaret Macdonald and Gilbert Ryle: a Philosophical Friendship

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British Journal for the History of Philosophy ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rbjh20 Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle: a philosophical friendship Michael Kremer To cite this article: Michael Kremer (2021): Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle: a philosophical friendship, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, DOI: 10.1080/09608788.2021.1932409 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2021.1932409 Published online: 15 Jun 2021. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 28 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rbjh20 BRITISH JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2021.1932409 ARTICLE Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle: a philosophical friendship Michael Kremer Department of Philosophy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ABSTRACT This article considers the personal and philosophical relationship between two philosophers, Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle. I show that a letter from MacDonald to Ryle found at Linacre College, Oxford, was part of an extensive correspondence, and that the two were intimate friends and philosophical interlocutors, and I explore the relationship between their respective philosophies. MacDonald, who studied with Wittgenstein before coming to Oxford in 1937, deployed and developed Wittgensteinian themes in her own subsequent work. I show that this work was an important source of ideas in Ryle’s philosophy. I examine two episodes: (1) a 1937 symposium in which MacDonald gave the lead paper, and Ryle was a respondent – I argue that Ryle derived his famous distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that from her paper; and (2) Ryle’s rejection in Dilemmas (1953/4) of the central importance of the idea of a ‘category mistake’–I argue that this may have been in response to MacDonald’scriticalreviewof The Concept of Mind. Along the way I consider the development of MacDonald’s metaphilosophical views, and I shed new light on MacDonald’s remarkable biography. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 21 January 2021; Revised 20 April 2021; Accepted 17 May 2021 KEYWORDS Margaret MacDonald; Gilbert Ryle; knowledge-how; category mistake; analogy Introduction “Dear Gilbert, Well, I am glad they have seen the light at last! Congratu- lations! I shall look forward to seeing the Trinity Shining with the effects of Board of Trade Stockinette!” These cryptic words open a letter, dated 12 December 1942, from Margaret MacDonald, on leave for war service with the Board of Trade from her post as librarian of St. Hilda’s College, Oxford, to Gilbert Ryle, also on leave from his position at Christ Church, Oxford while serving in military intelligence. This letter, the only remaining piece of a long and personal correspondence, shows that the two philosophers were intimate friends. I present the evi- dence for this friendship, and explore the relationship between their CONTACT Michael Kremer [email protected] © 2021 BSHP 2 M. KREMER philosophical works in the light of this discovery. MacDonald, who studied with Wittgenstein before coming to Oxford in 1937, deployed and developed Wittgensteinian themes in her own subsequent work. I show that this work was an important source of ideas in Ryle’s philos- ophy, influencing both his famous distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that, and the development of his philosophical method- ology. I begin, however, with a sketch of MacDonald’slife– overcoming poverty, ill-health, and misogyny to achieve prominence in her field, before her premature death at the age of 52. 1. MacDonald’s life and character In the next section, I present the evidence for MacDonald and Ryle’s friend- ship. Here, I establish the background of MacDonald’s biography – remark- able in itself, and for its contrast with Ryle’s. Ryle, as he himself said in 1972, lived a seemingly boring life: “Apart from four bloodless years in khaki during the Second World War, my career has been the uninterruptedly scholastic one of an Oxford undergraduate, an Oxford graduate, an Oxford tutor, an Oxford proctor, and an Oxford University Professor” (Chanan, Logic Lane, Episode 6). His progress through these ranks was apparently easy and inevitable, supported by a solidly upper-middle-class background. His grandfather was the first Bishop of Liverpool, and his father was a phys- ician, practising in Brighton, where Ryle and his twin sister Mary were born on 19 August 1900.1 After attending Brighton College as a day student, Ryle matriculated at Queen’s College, Oxford. Upon graduation in 1924, he was appointed lec- turer at Christ Church, Oxford, where he remained until the Second World War. In 1929, he met Ludwig Wittgenstein at the joint meeting of the Mind Association and the Aristotelian Society, and they “struck up a friendship” close enough that they “occasionally accompanied each other on walking holidays” in the 1930s (Monk, Wittgenstein, 275–6). When war broke out, Ryle volunteered for the Welsh Guards; in September 1941 he moved into the Radio Intelligence Service (RIS), as a member of “a team of brilli- ance unparalleled anywhere in the intelligence machine”, including Stuart Hampshire, and the historians Hugh Trevor-Roper and Charles Stuart (Har- rison, “British Radio Security”, 68). In 1945, he succeeded R. G. Collingwood as Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy; at the pinnacle of his career, he became editor of Mind, publishing his main work, The Concept of Mind in 1949, followed by Dilemmas in 1954. He retired in 1968, and died on 6 October 1976 while on a walking holiday. 1Information about Ryle’s life is from Strawson, “Ryle, Gilbert”, unless otherwise indicated. BRITISH JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 3 The contrast between Ryle’s relatively easy life and MacDonald’sisstriking. She was born on 9 April 1903, in Queen Charlotte’s Hospital, London.2 Her hos- pital birth was a marker of poverty – hospitals were charitable organizations for the care of the working class and indigent (Rivett, London Hospital System,23– 4). Her birth certificate lists only her mother’sname:“Christina MacDonald, dressmaker of Marylebone”. The space for her father’s name is blank. Diseases of poverty marked her childhood; she survived rheumatic fever (Bradbrook, “Margaret MacDonald”, 27), and on 15 November 1913, at the age of nine, she was admitted into a sanatorium run by the National Children’sHome and Orphanage (NCHO) as a tuberculous patient.3 Her admission records, and correspondence in the NCHO files, show that her mother had abandoned her and left for Australia; the family with whom she was living had an income of less than 15 shillings a week. She had attended a local school where, because of her history of tuberculosis, she had been isolated from the other children. In March 1914, when MacDonald was well enough to leave the sanatorium, the NCHO transferred her to their orphanage at Alverstoke, rather than returning her to her impoverished foster family.4 She was educated there until 1919, when she went to the NCHO Office in London for clerical training. On 1 June 1922, she was released from the NCHO’s care at the age of 19; her records contain the notation: “disposal: situation”. In fact, she may have con- tinued to work for the NCHO; in November 1931, the Tuberculosis Medical Officer for the County of Middlesex wrote to them, proposing to admit her for observation and possible Sanatorium treatment. She had suffered a relapse of her tuberculosis; letters from MacDonald in the NCHO records show that she was sent to Barmouth for fresh air. By this time MacDonald was a student at the University of London, where she began her studies in 1929, at the age of 26 (Addis, “MacDonald, Margaret (1907–56)”, 1997). Her January 1934 fellowship application to Girton College, Cambridge, states that she passed the matriculation examination and the Intermediate Arts examination at Birkbeck College “while engaged during the day in a clerical occupation”, a remarkable achievement given her pre- vious education.5 The NCHO supported MacDonald’s studies, eventually pro- viding 522 pounds – half in the form of a loan, which she struggled to pay back over the course of her career.6 Their archives show that in 1930 she 2Addis, “MacDonald, Margaret (1907–56)”, 1997, gives her birthdate as 9 April 1907. However, her birth certificate, and the records of both the National Children’s Home and Orphanage, and Girton College, confirm the date of 9 April 1903. 3NCHO records obtained through Action for Children (https://www.actionforchildren.org.uk/) on 9 Sep- tember 2020. 4MacDonald seems to have retained affection for her foster family. In correspondence with the NCHO in 1946 she explains that she cannot afford much towards repaying a loan due to “other responsibilities (partial support of elderly foster parents)”. 5Girton College archive, Margaret MacDonald file, archive reference: GCAR 2/5/6/1/4. 6The NCHO file for MacDonald contains considerable correspondence concerning this loan. 4 M. KREMER had moved from Birkbeck to University College, where she graduated with First Class Honours in Philosophy in June 1932.7 Later that year she began graduate studies, working with Susan Stebbing (Addis, “MacDonald, Margaret (1907–56)”, 1997). For her last year of studies, she won a John Stuart Mill Scholarship, which covered her fees.8 She joined the Aristotelian Society in 1932 (Aristotelian Society, “Officers and Members”, 350), and began to participate in their meetings, where she probably first met Ryle – both were discussants for a paper given by A. J. Ayer on 11 December 1933 (Aristotelian Society, “Abstract of the Minutes”, 295). Ayer recalls her as one of a number of mainly younger “like-minded” philosophers some of whom, at the joint meeting in July of 1933, founded the journal Analysis, which was edited by Austin Duncan-Jones with the assistance of Stebbing, Ryle, and C.A.
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