Evaporation Technology

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more

Astrolex Industries Pvt. Ltd. Inspiring Innovative Engineering Solutions Evaporation Technology About Astrolex Astrolex Process Systems (a subsidiary of Astrolex Industries Pvt. Ltd.) is a process engineering company offering an extensive range of projects, equipment and innovative process solutions based on advance technology and a real understanding of customer needs. In today's competitive world, rising manufacturing costs coupled with higher customer expectations make it a challenging task to maintain profitability of plant operations. Astrolex Process Systems has the express business mandate of delivering focused, high- value added products & services to the Process Industry. We understand the need of the customers, who are under increasing economic competitive and regulatory pressures and partner with them to design and deliver the most reliable, efficient and innovative solutions for the process and overall project implementation. Our Mission Our vision To render unparalleled and innovative To grow as a globally recognized name, to be known by our customers technical solutions & services to a vast clientele with utmost integrity, for providing innovative Process dedication, resolute core values and technologies & Services that help committed deliverances for leaving an them be even more successful. indelible mark on the chemical & wide To be a place where passionate range of other processing industries. employees have room for creativity and entrepreneurship to make our Group unique Comprehensive Process Solutions for Chemical Industry Evaporation | Distillation | Vacuum Systems | Heat Transfer Solutions Plasticizer Trunkey Plant | Caustic Recovery Plant | Process Equipment Environmental Technologies | Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) Engineering Services | Essential oil Distillation Plant Our Portfolio Evaporation Technology Falling Film Evaporator (FFE) Rising Film Evaporator (RFE) Forced Circulation Evaporator Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) Thermal Vapor Recompression (TVR) Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) Short path Evaporation- Distillation Agitated Thin Film Evaporator (ATFE) Distillation Technology Solvent Recovery Steam Distillation Vacuum Technology Ejectors Multistage Steam Jet Vacuum Systems Jet Mixers – Tank Mixing Systems Steam Jet Heaters Steam Jet & LRVP Thermocompressors Condensers Heat Transfer Solutions Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger Hairpin / Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Twisted Tube Heat Exchanger Tank Heating Coils Environmental Technologies Packed Bed Tower Scrubbers High Energy Venturi Scrubber Fluidized Bed Scrubber Spray Tower Scrubber Jet Ejector Venturi Scrubber Tray Scrubbers Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) MEE System Essential oil Distillation Plant Steam operated Distillation system Caustic Recovery Plant Multiple effect evaporation plant Plasticizer Technology Turnkey Solutions Process Equipment Process Reactors Pressure vessels Storage vessels Engineering Services Process Engineering Consultancy & Services Brownfield Verification / As-Built Process AUTOCAD, PDMS Drafting Energy Audit Evaporation Technology Falling Film Evaporator (FFE) | Rising Film Evaporator (RFE) Forced Circulation Evaporator (FCE) | Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) Thermal Vapor Recompression (TVR) | Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) Short Path Evaporation / Distillation Unit (SPEU / SPDU) Agitated Thin Film Dryer / Evaporator (ATFD / ATFE) Evaporation Technology Astrolex offers evaporation systems for your product evaporation, concentration or solvent recovery to treat your heat-sensitive, viscous and complex products. Astrolex has expertise in design of Evaporation Evaporation technology is used in any System that guarantees high process quality, process that requires concentration of a resource conservation and the lowest possible stream by removal of water or other operating costs. Our activities focus on the solvent. It is used extensively in processing construction of new plants and the optimization of foods, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fruit existing plants and processes. Considering your juices, dairy products, paper and pulp, and requirements, we develop a balanced concept that both malt and grain beverages. brings investment costs and operating costs into an efficient balance. Falling Film Evaporator (FFE) Gentle evaporation for heat- sensitive products The falling film evaporator is a type of film evaporator which is used most commonly because of its wide operating range. A Falling Film Evaporator (FFE) is a vertical shell & tube type of heat exchanger with vapor- liquid separator (VLS) mounted at the bottom. The liquid to be concentrated is fed at the top of heated tubes and distributed in a way that it flows down on the inside surface of the tubes as at thin film. The liquid distributor at the top assures uniform liquid loading of all tubes. As the film gets heated, the vapors generated flow downwards through the tube bundle in co- current with the concentrate. The drag of the vapors increases the turbulence & improves heat transfer performance. Subsequently, the vapor phase is separated from the liquid phase in vapor liquid separator (VLS). Falling Film Evaporator Advantages: Applications: • High heat transfer coefficients • Particularly suited for temperature- • Short residence time on the heated tube surface sensitive products • Can be used from smallest evaporation • Recovery of solvents & alcohols capacities • For low viscous products • Little space needed • Suited for products with low fouling • Low pressure drop tendency • Suitable for operation under high vacuum • Separation of multicomponent mixtures • High evaporation ratios • Concentration of starch products and • Low susceptibility for fouling derivatives in the starch industry • Suitable for GMP applications • Concentration of spent liquor in the • Single pass or with recirculation pulp industry • Process vapors and liquid flow co-currently or counter-currently • Chemical industry • Petrochemical industry • Several evaporator stages are possible in one apparatus • Polymer industry Rising Film Evaporator (RFE) Evaporation technology for concentration of moderately heat- sensitive liquids The rising/climbing film evaporator is a type of film evaporator which can achieve moderate evaporation, suitable for high viscosity and heat sensitive materials. A Rising Film Evaporator (RFE) is a vertical shell & tube type of heat exchanger with vapor-liquid separator (VLS) mounted at the top. The rising film evaporator operates with the density difference of liquid / liquid-vapor mixture inside the tubes. The liquid to be concentrated is fed at the bottom of heated tube bundle. As the liquid feed receives the heat, the vapors generated lift the liquid upwards. The vapor and balance liquid are separated in vapor-liquid separator (VLS) Rising Film Evaporator Advantages: Applications: • Shorter residence time • Juice concentration & food processing • High evaporation ratio • Polymer production • Suitable for evaporation of a wide range of liquid • thermal desalination, concentrations • Pharmaceuticals • High tube velocity minimizes fouling • Solvent recovery • System may be turned down without loss of efficiency or effectiveness • Waste water & Effluent treatment • Able to achieve high concentrations at low temperatures • Suitable for materials with higher evaporation temperature • Suitable for low to medium viscosities liquids • Suitable for heat sensitive materials • Suitable for foamy liquids & liquids with suspended solids Forced Circulation Evaporator (FCE) Forced Circulation Evaporator with axial flow pump experience reduced scaling The forced circulation evaporator is designed for liquids with a high solids content, high viscosity & tendency to foul. A Forced Circulation Evaporator (FCE) has Horizontal or vertical shell-and-tube heat exchanger as the calandria, with flash vessel/separator & a circulation pump for circulation of slurry through the tubes. Use of axial flow pump ensures good velocity in the tubes with minimum power requirement. Forced circulation leads to high tube side velocities (6-18 ft/s), and hence higher heat-transfer coefficients and smaller heating surfaces. Boiling in the forced circulation evaporator is suppressed in the heat exchanger by backpressure and takes place when the liquid enters the flash vessel/separator. Forced Circulation Evaporator Advantages: Applications: • Suitable for highly viscous, scaling & salting • Spent wash from distillery liquids • Corn Steep Liquor • Suitable for waste water with high suspended solids • Liquids with high tendency of fouling • Fouling is minimized due to high liquid velocities • Highly viscous liquids & suppressed boiling in the tubes • Effluent Treatment Plants • High tube side velocities can be achieved • Polymers • Higher heat-transfer coefficients • Food products • Easy installation and move, skid mounted with • Pharmaceuticals small footprint • Optimally suited as crystallizing evaporators for saline solutions. • Axial flow pump ensures good velocity in the tubes with minimum power requirement • Robust and reliable process • Low energy consumption and minimum need of maintenance Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) Multiple-effect evaporators (MEE) maximize steam economy as vapor generated from one effect is used to heat another. In large-scale industrial production, it MEE system is perfect for continuous feed is often necessary to evaporate a applications, as fluids are progressively large amount of water which requires reduced in each effect to final concentration a large amount
Recommended publications
  • Plate Heat Exchangers for Refrigeration Applications

    Plate Heat Exchangers for Refrigeration Applications

    Plate heat exchangers for refrigeration applications Technical reference manual A Technical Reference Manual for Plate Heat Exchangers in Refrigeration & Air conditioning Applications by Dr. Claes Stenhede/Alfa Laval AB Fifth edition, February 2nd, 2004. Alfa Laval AB II No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Alfa Laval AB. Permission is usually granted for a limited number of illustrations for non-commer- cial purposes provided proper acknowledgement of the original source is made. The information in this manual is furnished for information only. It is subject to change without notice and is not intended as a commitment by Alfa Laval, nor can Alfa Laval assume responsibility for errors and inaccuracies that might appear. This is especially valid for the various flow sheets and systems shown. These are intended purely as demonstrations of how plate heat exchangers can be used and installed and shall not be considered as examples of actual installations. Local pressure vessel codes, refrigeration codes, practice and the intended use and in- stallation of the plant affect the choice of components, safety system, materials, control systems, etc. Alfa Laval is not in the business of selling plants and cannot take any responsibility for plant designs. Copyright: Alfa Laval Lund AB, Sweden. This manual is written in Word 2000 and the illustrations are made in Designer 3.1. Word is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation and Designer of Micrografx Inc. Printed by Prinfo Paritas Kolding A/S, Kolding, Denmark ISBN 91-630-5853-7 III Content Foreword.
  • Merrimack Station

    Merrimack Station

    IWC 12‐57 Chemistry of FGD Blowdown TOM HIGGINS CH2M HILL Chantilly, Virginia KRISTEN JENKINS CH2M HILL Atlanta, Georgia NATARAJAN SEKHAR CH2M HILL Englewood, Colorado KEN MARTINS CH2M HILL Santa Ana, California KRYSTAL PEREZ CH2M HILL Bellevue, Washington LAURA REID CH2M HILL Charlotte, North Carolina IWC 12‐57 KEYWORDS: Zero liquid discharge, ZLD, evaporation, crystallization ABSTRACT As limits for metals are lowered and new parameters regulated, the complexity and cost of treatment to meet these low limits and add on treatment technology has made zero liquid discharge a more viable option for flue gas desulfurization blowdown. Coal and blowdown chemical make-up impacts the water chemistry and treatment technologies. This paper discusses the water chemistry associated with concentrating and crystallizing blowdown and presents a commercial model used in the evaluation. IWC 12‐57 BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION Past applications of zero liquid discharge Due to the complex water chemistry of FGD (ZLD) systems in the power industry have been blowdown, a tool that can predict the impacts of confined typically to cooling tower blowdown in evaporation and crystallization is critical to areas where water was scarce, in terms of either understand potential impacts of the water source waters or discharge locations for waste‐ chemistry. OLI System’s StreamAnalyzer™ has water. The ZLD designs for these wastewaters been effective in evaluating water chemistry in generally considered water chemistries involving evaporation/crystallization processes including the concentration of sodium chloride. Because modeling boiling point rise, solids formed, and sodium chloride can be crystallized at a relatively potential scaling issues. StreamAnalyzer™ is an low temperature, ZLD of cooling tower equilibrium‐based, multi‐phase simulation of blowdown treatment is simpler than ZLD of flue electrolyte systems produced by OLI Systems, gas desulfurization (FGD) blowdown water.
  • Heat Transfer and Fouling in Film Evaporators with Rotating Surfaces

    Heat Transfer and Fouling in Film Evaporators with Rotating Surfaces

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY MASSEY UNIVERSITY PALMERSTON NORTH NEW ZEALAND HEAT TRANSFER AND FOULING IN FILM EVAPORATORS WITH ROTATING SURFACES A THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY AT MASSEY UNIVERSITY HONG CHEN B.E., M.Tech. (Honours) 1997 --------- Heat Transfer and Fouling in Film Evaporators with Rotating Surfaces ii ABSTRACT A study was made on the heat transfer and fouling in thin film evaporators with rotating surfaces. Both theoretical and experimental studies were carried out, order to gain a better understanding of these evaporators and their design in principles, so that this type of evaporator could be effectively used in an on-farm milk evaporation system. By using Nusselt-type assumptions, a theoretical model, which was used to predict the liquid film thickness and heat transfer coefficients on the rotating cone, was developed. The theoretical equations obtained revealed basic relationships between the variables and provided a fundamental knowledge of the liquid flow and heat transfer in thefilm evaporators with rotating surfaces. The experimental studies on heat transfer were conducted on a Centritherm evaporator, which is available commercially (400 half cone angle), a specially made cone evaporator (100 half cone angle) and a falling film evaporator with a rotating tube. Variables evaluated were the rotating speed, the cone angle, the feed flow rate, the evaporating temperature, the temperature difference between the steam condensing and the liquid evaporating temperatures, and sugar concentration when sugar solution was used.
  • Design of Multiple Effect Forced-Circulation Evaporators and Crystallization Systems - U

    Design of Multiple Effect Forced-Circulation Evaporators and Crystallization Systems - U

    THERMAL DESALINATION PROCESSES – Vol. II - Design of Multiple Effect Forced-Circulation Evaporators and Crystallization Systems - U. Hansen, W. Hinsen and A. Pavlik DESIGN OF MULTIPLE EFFECT FORCED-CIRCULATION EVAPORATORS AND CRYSTALLIZATION SYSTEMS U. Hansen and W. Hinsen Balcke-Dürr, Ratingen, Germany A. Pavlik Balcke-Dürr, Swenson, France Keywords : Evaporators, Hydraulic Design, Yeast Production, Vinasses, Distilleries, Elutriation leg, Magma, Flash tank Contents 1. Features and Applications of Forced-circulation Evaporators 2. Multiple-effect Forced-circulation Evaporator 3. Thermodynamic Design 4. Hydraulic Design 5. Brine Distribution 6. Concentration Process for Vinasses from Distilleries and Yeast Production 6.1. Process Description 6.2. Description of Equipment 6.3. Utility Consumption 6.4. Product Quality 6.5. Operating Cycles 6.6. Operating Data of Plants Already Built 6.7. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography and Suggestions for further study Summary Forced-circulation evaporators can be regarded as the most versatile type of evaporators in the range of possible applications. They are used mainly to evaporate media containing solids brought in by the feed or crystallized during evaporation. In addition, forced-circulation evaporators have large advantages, if the feed contains substances which UNESCOcause encrustations. – EOLSS The minimizationSAMPLE of the energy consumption forCHAPTERS heating and the cooling water quantity for condensation of the vapors is only one of the advantages of using multiple-effect forced-circulation evaporators, as the same effect can often also be reached by using an evaporator with a mechanical vapor recompression, if the boiling point elevation of the final product solution is not excessively high. A plant consisting of multiple-effect forced-circulation evaporators is, however, very flexible for the optimization of crystallization processes.
  • 14.6. Evaporator Operation

    802 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Enthalpy of steam saturated at 101.3kN/m2 = 2676 kJ/kg. Thus: energy from steam = (2764 − 2676) = 88 kJ/kg or 0.088 MJ/kg and: steam required = (0.489/0.088) = 5.56 kg/kg evaporation at a cost of: (0.01 × 5.56)/10 = 0.0056 £/kg water evaporated and hence: the Diesel engine would be used for driving the compressor. 14.6. EVAPORATOR OPERATION In evaporation, solids may come out of solution and form a deposit or scale on the heat transfer surfaces. This causes a gradual increase in the resistance to heat transfer and, if the same temperature difference is maintained, the rate of evaporation decreases with time and it is necessary to shut down the unit for cleaning at periodic intervals. The longer the boiling time, the lower is the number of shutdowns which are required in a given period although the rate of evaporation would fall to very low levels and the cost per unit mass of material handled would become very high. A far better approach is to make a balance which gives a minimum number of shutdowns whilst maintaining an acceptable throughput. It has long been established(18) that, with scale formation, the overall coefficient of heat transfer may be expressed as a function of the boiling time by an equation of the form: 2 1/U = atb + b(14.11) where tb is the boiling time. If Qb is the total heat transferred in this time, then: dQ b = UAT dtb and substituting for U from equation 14.11 gives: dQ AT b = (14.12) 0.5 dtb (atb + b) Integrating between 0 and Qb and 0 and tb gives: 0.5 0.5 Qb = (2AT /a)[(atb + b) − b ] (14.13) There are two conditions for which an optimum value of the boiling time may be sought–the time whereby the heat transferred and hence the solvent evaporated is a maximum and secondly, the time for which the cost per unit mass of solvent evaporated is a minimum.
  • Evaporator Handbook CONTENTS

    Evaporator Handbook CONTENTS

    Evaporator Handbook CONTENTS Introduction..........................................3 Evaporators..........................................4 Evaporator Type Selection......................20 Configurations For Energy Conservation....24 Residence Time In Film Evaporation..........28 Designing For Energy Efficiency...............32 Physical Properties...............................34 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Evaporators...................36 Evaporators For Industrial And Chemical Applications..........................42 Waste Water Evaporators......................47 Evaporator Control...............................50 Preassembled Evaporators.....................52 The Production Of High Quality Juice Concentrates..............53 Engineering Conversion.........................58 Properties Of Saturated Steam Temperature Tables......................59 2 Introduction As one of the most energy intensive processes used in the dairy, food and chemical industries, it is essential that evaporation be approached from the viewpoint of economical energy utilization as well as process effectiveness. This can be done only if the equipment manufacturer is able to offer a full selection of evaporation technology and systems developed to accommodate various product characteristics, the percent of concentration required, and regional energy costs. This handbook describes the many types of evaporators and operating options available through the experience and manufacturing capabilities of APV. 3 Evaporators Types and Design In the evaporation process,
  • Chapter 21: Evaporation – Principles, Types Of

    Chapter 21: Evaporation – Principles, Types Of

    CHAPTER 21: EVAPORATION – PRINCIPLES, TYPES OF EVAPORATORS Evaporation is an operation used to remove a liquid from a solution, suspension, or emulsion by boiling off some of the liquid. It is thus a thermal separation, or thermal concentration, process. We define the evaporation process as one that starts with a liquid product and ends up with a more concentrated, but still liquid and still pumpable concentrate as the main product from the process. There are actually a few instances where the evaporated, volatile component is the main product, but we will not discuss that here. In most cases it is essential that the product be subject to minimal thermal degradation during the evaporation process, requiring that temperature and time exposure must be minimized. This and other requirements brought on by the physical characteristics of the processed product have resulted in the development of a large range of different evaporator types. Additional demands for energy efficiency and minimized environmental impact have driven development toward very innovative plant configurations and equipment design. In the field of thermal separation / concentration technology, evaporation plants are widely used for concentration of liquids in the form of solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. The major requirement in the field of evaporation technology is to maintain the quality of the liquid during evaporation and to avoid damage to the product. This may require the liquid to be exposed to the lowest possible boiling temperature for the shortest period of time. This and numerous other requirements and limitations have resulted in a wide variation of designs available today. In almost all evaporators the heating medium is steam, which heats a product on the other side of a heat transfer surface.
  • APV Evaporator Hndbook 12/6/00 11:07 AM Page 2

    APV Evaporator Hndbook 12/6/00 11:07 AM Page 2

    APV Evaporator Hndbook 12/6/00 11:13 AM Page 69 EHB-599 FOURTH EDITION An Invensys company APV Evaporator Hndbook 12/6/00 11:07 AM Page 2 CONTENTS Introduction...................................................3 Evaporators...................................................4 Evaporator Type Selection ............................20 Configurations For Energy Conservation .......24 Residence Time In Film Evaporation ..............28 Designing For Energy Efficiency....................32 Physical Properties.......................................34 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Evaporators..........................36 Evaporators For Industrial And Chemical Applications .................................42 Waste Water Evaporators ............................47 Tubular Evaporators For Sanitary Standards ................................50 Evaporator Control ......................................52 Preassembled Evaporators............................54 The Production Of High Quality Juice Concentrates ...................55 Engineering Conversions..............................60 Properties Of Saturated Steam Temperature Tables ............................61 2 APV Evaporator Hndbook 12/6/00 11:07 AM Page 3 INTRODUCTION As one of the most energy intensive processes used in the dairy, food and chemical industries, it is essential that evaporation be approached from the viewpoint of economical energy utilization as well as process effectiveness. This can be done only if the equipment manufacturer is able to offer a full selection of evaporation technology
  • Leading Evaporation & Crystallization

    Leading Evaporation & Crystallization

    Leading Evaporation & Crystallization Over a hundred years of innovative and proven solutions engineering for a better world GEA Process Engineering Technological excellence Serving industrial performance Proven technology carries Continuous Innovation.„ Content “ 03 Our Commitment or over 100 years GEA Process Engineering has provided leading evaporation and crystallization technology for several markets worldwide. Today's customers' concerns cannot be satisfied by technology alone: they need 04 About the GEA Group know-how. F 05 About the Evaporation & Crystallization Technology Center Know-how, gained from experience, is critical to ensure a successful project. It’s essential to make sure that socio-economic factors are taken into account particularly in rapidly-growing markets. It provides the resource to bring customers’ ideas 06 Markets we serve to life. It improves Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE) to optimize performance, long-term productivity and product 08 Overview of technologies quality. It helps save energy and reduce the impact on the environment. And it reduces both capital and production expenditure. 10 Sustainable Engineering 12 Expertise in Engineering & Design At GEA Process Engineering we understand the challenges of fast growing and mature markets; we know the effects of changing legislation and help customers to plan for future developments; everything we do has the environment at its Laboratory and Test Center 14 heart yet we know that every innovation has to contribute to customers’ bottom lines. 16 Complete Services Offer Our commitment 18 Why Choosing Us? We believe that true business partnerships are forged out of trust, commitment and a mutual respect for each-other’s abilities. We commit, therefore, to: listen carefully to our customers’ needs; be flexible to ensure that we achieve their objectives despite changing circumstances; add value, improve performance and increase profitability; and be the guardians of the environment on their behalf.
  • Evaporators and Condensers in a New Dimension

    Evaporators and Condensers in a New Dimension

    Evaporators and condensers in a new dimension The complete range Optimize your performance Drawing on a complete portfolio of Alfa Laval evaporation and condensation solutions enables you to optimize the performance of your process better than ever before. From space-saving AlfaVap and AlfaCond units to the renowned FilmVap falling-film evaporators and from fouling-resistant AlfaFlash evaporators to ConVap scraped-surface evaporators, Alfa Laval provides you with the most effective way to achieve the best performance. Why use AlfaVap and AlfaCond? 16 m (52’) 8 m (26’) Comparison between shell-and-tube and AlfaVap for a three-effect system that evaporates NaOH from 32 to 50%. The savings in installation costs and space are clearly apparent from the layouts shown above. Save money Save space volume of both AlfaVap and AlfaCond, The unique designs of AlfaVap and The compact, versatile design of only very small amounts of cleaning AlfaCond provide substantially higher AlfaVap and AlfaCond means that chemicals are needed compared to thermal efficiency than conventional transportation, erection and installation shell-and-tube installations. shell-and-tube units, which means costs are all drastically reduced much less heat transfer area is needed. compared to conventional shell-and- Easy to increase capacity This makes AlfaVap and AlfaCond tube units. AlfaVap and AlfaCond make it easy extremely economical, especially to adjust capacity to meet changing when exotic materials such as SMO, Easy maintenance needs, simply by adding or removing titanium, nickel and Hastelloy are The plate construction of AlfaVap plates, while retaining the existing required. and AlfaCond means that the heat frame.