基因序列在金龟总科(Scarabaeoidea)分子系统学研究中的应用

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基因序列在金龟总科(Scarabaeoidea)分子系统学研究中的应用 应用昆虫学报 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 2012,49(4):1048—1055 殤 檻檻檻檻檻檻檻殤檻 檻 檻 檻檻檻檻檻檻檻 檻 殤 综述与进展 殤 基因序列在金龟总科( Scarabaeoidea) 分子系统 学研究中的应用 * 方晨晨 郭晓华 ** 刘广纯 张 卓 ( 沈阳大学生物与环境工程学院 沈阳 110044) 摘 要 基因序列分析是揭示金龟总科系统发育关系的重要 工具。统计了应用 于金龟总科中 13 个科的线粒体 和核基因序列,综述了 COⅠ、16S rRNA、28S rRNA、18S rRNA 等基因序列在金龟总科分子系统学研究的新进展,探 讨了不同基因序列在分类鉴定、隐存种发现、系统发育关系重建等方面的作用,对未来研究趋势进行了展望,为进 一步阐明金龟总科系统发育机制奠定基础。 关键词 金龟总科,基因序列,分子系统学,线粒体基因,核基因 Application of gene sequences to the molecular systematics of the Scarabaeoidea FANG Chen-Chen GUO Xiao-Hua ** LIU Guang-Chun ZHANG Zhuo ( College of Biological anD Environmental Engineering,Shenyang University,Shenyang 110044,China) Abstract Analysis of gene sequences is an important approach to revealing the phylogenetic relationships of the ScarabaeoiDea. Here we summarize the mitochonDrial anD nuclear gene sequences of 13 families of the ScarabaeoiDea. ADvances in gene sequences ( COⅠ,16S rRNA,28S rRNA,18S rRNA,etc. ) anD their application to the molecular systematics of ScarabaeoiDea are revieweD. The application of these sequences in species’iDentification anD classification, the Discovery of cryptic species anD the phylogenetic analysis of the ScarabaeoiDea are DiscusseD. Developmental trenDs in the molecular systematics of the ScarabaeoiDea are summarizeD in orDer to proviDe a basis for further recovering the phylogenetic Dynamics of this group. Key words ScarabaeoiDea,gene sequences,molecular systematics,mitochonDrial genes,nuclear genes 金 龟 总 科 ScarabaeoiDea 隶 属 鞘 翅 目 始于林奈( Linnaeus) 时期,至今已有 200 多年的历 Coleoptera,多 食 亚 目 Polyphaga,目 前 全 球 记 载 约 史,涉及金龟子外部形态、内部结构、食性选择、行 3. 5 万种( Grebennikov anD Scholtz,2004)。金龟子 为特征、生态意义、化石记录、地理分布、染色体核 是该类昆虫的统称,按其食性可分为植食性、粪食 型、基因序 列 和 表 达 等 诸 多 方 面。国 内 学 者 也 曾 性或腐食 性 ( 白明 和 杨星 科,2008)。金 龟 子 的幼 对金龟子成虫、蛹、幼虫的形态分类 ( 包括新 种发 虫是重要土栖性农业害虫。该总科多数种类可危 现)、系统发育、生 活 习性、化 石记 录、生 态 学 价 值 害农作物、果 树、蔬 菜 等,给 农 业 生 产 带 来 严 重 影 以及 防 治 措 施 等 方 面 进 行 了 许 多 研 究 ( 林 平, 响,但部分粪食 性 或 腐 食 性 种 类 可 清 洁 粪 便 和 生 1980;张 芝 利,1983; 马 文 珍,1990; 方 红 等,2000; 物残骸,对保护环境,维持生态平衡有重要作用。 任国 栋,2003; 白 明 和 杨 星 科,2005; Bai et al. , 国内外对金龟总科分类和系统发育关系研究 2006,2010;白明和杨星科,2010)。但由于受金龟 * 资助项目:辽宁省科技厅农业攻关计划项目(2008214001)、辽宁省自然科学基金(201102157)。 **通讯作者,E-mail: zikexi@ 163. com 收稿日期:2011-03-06,接受日期:2011-04-28 4 期 方晨晨等:基因序列在金龟总科( ScarabaeoiDea) 分子系统学研究中的应用 ·1049· 子不同形态学鉴定标准、地理生态环境、发育阶段 列有 7 494 条记录。应用于不同分类阶元研究的 和鉴定者个 人 主观 意 见 等 因 素 影 响,国 内 外 依 据 基因片段 取 决 于 序 列 的 进 化 速 率。 线 粒 体 DNA 形态的分类鉴定和系统发育关系始终存在模糊和 ( mitochonDrial DNA,mtDNA) 序 列 进 化 速 率 较 快, 争议的现象,尤其 对 金 龟 总 科 下 某 些 类 群 作 为 科 具有区别形态相近种群的足够核苷酸变异( Avise, 级或亚 科 分 类 单 元 没 有 获 得 一 致 认 可 ( Lawrence 1994),是研究 种、属间系 统 发 育 关 系 的 良 好 标 记 anD Newton,1995; 刘 广 瑞 等,1997; Browne anD ( Simon et al. ,1994)。核基因进化速率相对较慢, Scholtz,1999;Grebennikov anD Scholtz,2004;Smith, 碱基组成较均匀,不存在替代偏好性,更适于解决 2006)。 高级分类阶元的系统发育关系 ( Lin anD Danforth, 基因序列 分 析 不 受 昆 虫 发 育 阶 段、形 态 特 征 2004),也有学者将核基因片段应用于低等分类的 不全、分类专家不足等因素的限制,是形态分类鉴 研究( Borer et al. ,2010 )。金 龟 总 科 研 究 常 用 的 定的重要补充,可 解 决 近 缘 种、新 种、隐 存 种 和 多 mtDNA 基 因 主 要 有 编 码 细 胞 色 素 氧 化 酶 亚 基 Ⅰ 型现象等形态 学问 题,揭 示 不 同 分 类 阶 元 种 群 的 ( cytochrome oxiDase subunit Ⅰ,CO Ⅰ / cox1 )、16S 系统发育关系,有望 成 为 物 种 快 速 分 类 鉴 定 的 新 rRNA( rrnL)、12S rRNA、细 胞 色 素 氧 化 酶 亚 基 Ⅱ 型工具 ( Hebert et al. ,2003)。与 其 它 昆 虫 比 较, ( cytochrome oxiDase subunit Ⅱ,COⅡ)、细胞色素 b 金龟子分类 基 础较 为 雄 厚,将 其 作 为 形 态 学 与 分 ( cytochrome b,Cyt b )、NADH 氧 化 还 原 酶 1 子水 平 联 合 分 析 的 代 表 性 昆 虫 具 有 一 定 优 势 ( DehyDrogenase subunit 1,ND1 ) 的 基 因 等,核 基 因 ( Forgie et al. ,2006;中国科协学会学术部,2010)。 有编码 28S rRNA、18S rRNA、氨 基 甲 酰 磷 酸 合 成 目前,应用基因 序 列 对 金 龟 总 科 分 子 系 统 学 研 究 酶( carbamoyl-phosphate synthase,CAD) 的 基 因 和 正在逐步深入。 无翅基因 wingless( wg) 等。国外应用于金龟总科 的基因 序 列 主 要 集 中 在 金 龟 科 ScarabaeiDae ( 表 1 金龟总科研究中的主要基因序列 1)。 国 内 研 究 报 道 较 少 ( 何 平,2004; 孙 娜 等, 随着分子 生 物 学 的 发 展,基 因 序 列 广 泛 应 用 2009)。COⅠ基 因 在 mtDNA 中 分布普遍,具 有多 于昆虫系统 学 研 究,并得 到 迅速 发展。截 至 2011 态性较高、基因进化速率适中、适于通用引物扩增 年 2 月 10 日,GenBank 有关金龟总科的核苷酸序 等特点,是分 子 系 统 学 研 究 中 应 用 最 多 的 分 子 标 表 1 金龟总科( Scarabaeoidea) 研究应用的基因序列 ( 来自 GenBank,截止 2011 年 2 月) * Table 1 Gene sequences used in Scarabaeoidea ( from GenBank,up to February,2011) 科名 线粒体基因 MitochonDrial genes 核基因 Nuclear genes Family COⅠ 16S 12S COⅡ ND1 /16S Cyt b 28S CAD wg 18S 金龟科 ScarabaeiDae 2 063 1 663 53 235 399 254 1 587 61 2 460 粪金龟科 GeotrupiDae 168 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 绒毛金龟科 GlaphyriDae 2 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 驼金龟科 HybosoriDae 6 1 0 0 5 0 16 0 0 4 锹甲科 LucaniDae 147 91 0 0 70 1 5 0 66 12 红金龟科 OchoDaeiDae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 黑蜣科 PassaliDae 25 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 皮金龟科 TrogiDae 1 57 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 角金龟科 CeratocanthiDae 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 毛金龟科 PleocomiDae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 重口金龟科 DiphllostomatiDae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 砂金龟科 GlaresiDae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 刺金龟科 BelohiniDae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 分类体系依照 Lawrence anD Newton(1995)。 Taxonomy following Lawrence anD Newton(1995) . ·1050· 应用昆虫学报 Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology 49 卷 记,也是 DNA 条形码( DNA barcoDing) 标准基因应 总科的分子 系 统 发 育 研 究 还 处 在 初 始 阶 段,已 有 用 的 理 想 序 列 ( Pfenninger et al. ,2007 )。 16S 的研究数据 还 较为 零 散,要 明 确 系 统 演 化 关 系 还 rRNA 基因在不同种群之间较为保守,进化速率较 需获得大量的分子数据。目前研究主要集中在金 慢,适 于 高 级 阶 元 的 分 类 鉴 定 研 究 ( Flook anD 龟子种群的 分类 鉴 定、隐 存 分 类 单 元 的 发 现 及 系 Rowell,1997),常单独使用( Han et al. ,2010) 或与 统发育和进化关系等方面。 ND1 基因联合使用。ND1 是 NADH 氧化还原酶的 2. 1 基因序列在分类鉴定中的应用 第 1 个亚基,是 线 粒 体 电 子 传 递 链 复 合 体 的 组 分 基因序列包含一定的物种亲缘关系和系统发 之一。与线粒体其他编码蛋白质 和 rRNA 基 因 相 育信息,可以用于种群的分类鉴定,探讨低级阶元 比,ND1 基因具有更快的进化速率,多数是和其他 ( Zhang anD Hewitt,1997) 以及高级阶元( 刘殿锋和 基因联合 使 用 ( Knisley et al. ,2008 )。CO Ⅱ 基 因 蒋国芳,2005 ) 的 分 类。 Piau 等 ( 1999 ) 基 于 COⅠ 为细胞色素 C 提供重 要 的 结合 位 点,进 化 速 率 较 基因研 究 了 蜉 金 亚 龟 科 的 Aphodius obsurus 及 A. 快,常用于分 析 亚 属、亲 缘 关 系 密 切 的 种、亚 种 之 immaturus 的种间亲缘关系,并通过印度洋金龟子 间的系统发育关系( Emlen et al. ,2005)。Cyt b 是 形态学、生态 学、CO Ⅰ 序 列 分 析,明 确 Hoplia freyi 参与氧化磷酸化合成 ATP 过程电子传递链中的重 BarauD 与 H. chlorophana Erichson 为 同 物 异 名 要物质,进化速度适中,用于研究种间乃至科间的 ( Piau et al. ,2003 )。Miller 等 (1999) 对澳大利亚 系统发育关系( 任竹梅等,2002;Cruz anD Whiting, 东部鳃金龟 族 ( Melolonthini) 幼 虫 CO Ⅱ 基 因 进 行 2003)。28S rRNA 基因是进化过程中比较保守的 分析,以确定种间 mtDNA 的多态性及其特定分类 核基因,包含较多的系统发育信息,且基因序列不 地位。Carisio 等(2004) 应用 CO Ⅰ 序 列 对 粪 金 龟 存在替换饱和 现象,可 用 于 探 讨 属 和 科 级 水 平 以 科 GeotrupiDae 的 Trypocopris 属的地理位置谱系和 上的系统发生关系 ( MarDulyn anD WhitfielD,1999; 种群内结构进行分析,证明COⅠ序列分析结果与 Dietrich et al. ,2001)。18S rRNA 基因在蛋白质合 形态学中 亚 种 分 类 地 位 一 致。 Villalba 等 (2002 ) 成中具有重要 的 功 能,是 至 今 发 现 的 最 为 保 守 的 对金龟 科 ScarabaeiDae 的 33 种样本进 行 了 CO Ⅰ 核 DNA 序列,经常被作为昆虫高级分类时的分子 CO , 标 记 ( Dohlen anD Moran,1995 )。 无 翅 基 因 与 Ⅱ序列研究 证实了大多数已知类群的组成 。Ocampo (2010) 28S rRNA ( wingless,wg) 是 昆 虫 飞 行 能 力 的 重 要 决 定 基 因, 及其合理性 等 利用 基 , 对昆虫翅的形成起主要 作 用 ( Brower anD Desalle, 因序列 和 形 态 学 的 支 序 分 析 对 阿 根 廷 特 有 属 1998)。CAD 是由参 与嘧啶 核 苷酸 从 头 合成 途径 Neogutierrezia ( ScarabaeiDae: Rutelinae ) 的 系 统 发 的氨甲酰磷酸合成 酶 ( CPS)、天冬 氨酸 转 氨 甲酰 育地位进 行 修 订,认 为 Neogutierrezia 属 为 丽 金 龟 酶 ( ATC) 和二氢乳清酸酶 ( DHO) 构成的融合蛋 亚科 Rutelinae 比鳃金龟金亚科 Melolonthinae 更合 白基因,具有片段较长、单拷贝、普遍存在、低杂合 理。我国学者 在 对 金 龟 总 科 进 行 形 态 分 类 时,将 性等特点( Moulton anD Wiegmann,2004)。 丽 金 龟 和 鳃 金 龟 列 为 科 级 ( RuteliDae 和 MelolonthiDae),分 别 下 设 不 同 的 属 和 种 ( 刘 广 瑞 2 基因序列在金龟总科分子系统学 等,1997),这与国外分类地位划分存在较大差异。 中的应用 Ahrens 等(2007 ) 对 金 龟 子 幼 虫 及 成 虫 的 线 粒 体 分子系统 学是 检 测、描 述 并 揭 示 生 物 在 分 子 cox1、16S rRNA ( rrnL) 和核 28S rRNA 基因片段分 水平 上 的 多 样 性 及 其 演 化 规 律 的 科 学 ( 黄 原, 别进行了分析对比,证明 DNA 标准序列能对不同 1998)。目前应 用 基 因序 列 对 昆 虫 分 子 系 统 学 研 发育阶 段 的 金 龟 子 进 行 有 效 的 种 类 鉴 定。 Smith 究主要是结合 形态 学 和 地 理 生 态 学,通 过 扩 增 候 等(2006) 对金 龟 总科 600 个 样本的 28S rRNA 和 选基因片 段、比 对 基 因 序 列、分 析 核 苷 酸 替 代 信 150 个样本的 18S rRNA 基因序列进行分析,把金 息、构建分子树等方法,探讨不同种群的系统发育 龟总科划分为 3 个类群:粪金龟科 GeotrupiDae、黑 关系,追溯物种的起源和进化进程,构建种群系统 蜣科 PassaliDae 和毛金龟科 PleocomiDae 为一个类 发育模式,解决现行系统发育关系中的疑难问题, 群; 锹 甲 科 LucaniDae、 重 口 金 龟 科 并对传统的分类系统加以验证。国内外对于金龟 DiphyllostomatiDae、皮 金 龟科 TrogiDae 和砂金 龟 科 4 期 方晨晨等:基因序列在金龟总科( ScarabaeoiDea) 分子系统学研究中的应用 ·1051· GlaresiDae 为 一 个 类 群; 驼 金 龟 科 HybosoriDae、红 段联合分析 可 界 定 物 种 并 提 高 分 类 鉴 定 的 速 度。 金龟科 OchoDaeiDae、绒毛金龟科 GlaphyriDae 和金 Monaghan 等 ( 2009 ) 用 GMYC 模 型 ( the general 龟子科 ScarabaeiDae 为一个类群。Hunt 等 (2007) mixeD Yule-coalescent ) 分 析 了 包 括 金 龟 亚 科 等采用 18S rRNA、16S rRNA( rrnL)、cox1 基因研究 ( ScarabaeiDae:Scarabaeinae) 在 内 的 4 个 目 12 个 了鞘翅目 高 阶 分 类 阶 元,对 代 表 80% 甲 虫 的 科, 科 270 个 种 的 mtDNA 和 核 28S rRNA 序 列,比 较 1 900种鞘翅目个体的系统发育关系进行了全面分 了形态学数据,提 出 了 发 现 物 种 和 生 物 多 样 性 评 析,定义了 3 万个种的多食亚目的基本关系,并确 估的方法,对基因序列的 DNA 条形码应用做了深 立了最早的五大家族谱系分支。Orsini 等 (2007 ) 入探讨。鉴定 隐 存 种 和 近 缘 种,揭 示 隐 存 生 物 多 利用线 粒 体 基 因 CO Ⅰ、16S rRNA、12S rRNA、CO 样性,是 DNA 条 形 码 对 分类 学的 特 殊 贡 献,在 金 Ⅱ、Cyt b 和 核 基 因 28S rRNA、18S rRNA 序 列,对 龟子隐 存 分 类 方 面 的 研 究 需 要 进 一 步 深 入 和 拓 马达加斯加 Canthonini 和 Helictopleurini 类群的 44 展。 种蜣螂( Dung beetle) 的分类地位进行了分析。 2.
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