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NICKEL and the SKIN Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy DERMATOLOGY: CLINICAL & BASIC SCIENCE SERIES Series Editor Howard I

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NICKEL and the SKIN Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy DERMATOLOGY: CLINICAL & BASIC SCIENCE SERIES Series Editor Howard I VISIT… NICKEL AND THE SKIN Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy DERMATOLOGY: CLINICAL & BASIC SCIENCE SERIES Series Editor Howard I. Maibach, M.D. Published Titles: Pesticide Dermatoses Homero Penagos, Michael O’Malley, and Howard I. Maibach Hand Eczema, Second Edition Torkil Menné and Howard I. Maibach Dermatologic Botany Javier Avalos and Howard I. Maibach Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function Marie Loden and Howard I. Maibach Skin Reactions to Drugs Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, and Howard I. Maibach Contact Urticaria Syndrome Smita Amin, Arto Lahti, and Howard I. Maibach Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Surface, Imaging, and Analysis Klaus P. Wilhelm, Peter Elsner, Enzo Berardesca, and Howard I. Maibach Bioengineering of the Skin: Methods and Instrumentation Enzo Berardesca, Peter Elsner, Klaus P. Wilhelm, and Howard I. Maibach Bioengineering of the Skin: Cutaneous Blood Flow and Erythema Enzo Berardesca, Peter Elsner, and Howard I. Maibach Bioengineering of the Skin: Water and the Stratum Corneum Peter Elsner, Enzo Berardesca, and Howard I. Maibach Human Papillomavirus Infections in Dermatovenereology Gerd Gross and Geo von Krogh The Irritant Contact Dermatitis Syndrome Pieter van der Valk, Pieter Coenrads, and Howard I. Maibach Dermatologic Research Techniques Howard I. Maibach Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Human Relevance Hasan Mukhtar Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Human Relevance Hasan Mukhtar Protective Gloves for Occupational Use Gunh Mellström, J.E. Walhberg, and Howard I. Maibach Pigmentation and Pigmentary Disorders Norman Levine Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology Howard I. Maibach and Torkil Menné Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics Peter Elsner, Enzo Berardesca, Klaus-P. Wilhelm, and Howard I. Maibach Nickel and the Skin: Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy Jurij J. Hostyneck´ and Howard I. Maibach DERMATOLOGY: CLINICAL & BASIC SCIENCE SERIES NICKEL AND THE SKIN Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy Edited by Jurij J. Hostynek´ Howard I. Maibach CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nickel and the skin : absorption, immunology, epidemiology, and metallurgy / edited by Jurij J. Hostynek and Howard I. Maibach. p. ; cm. -- (Dermatology : clinical & basic science series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1072-5 (alk. paper) 1. Contact dermatitis. 2. Nickel--Toxicology. 3. Nickel--Immunology. I. Hostynek, Jurij J. II. Maibach, Howard I. (Howard Ira) III. Dermatology (CRC Press) [DNLM: 1. Dermatitis, Allergic Contact--etiology. 2. Nickel--adverse effects. 3. Nickel--immunology. WR 175 N6317 2002] RL244 .N534 2002 616.97′3--dc21 2002017440 Chapter 3, “Oxidative Properties of the Skin: A Determinant for Nickel Diffusion,” and Chapter 6, “Diagnostic Testing for Nickel Allergic Hypersensitivity: Patch Testing versus Lymphocyte Transforma- tion Test,” were originally published in Exogenous Dermatology. With permission from S. Karger, Basel. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1072- 5/02/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1072-5 Library of Congress Card Number 2002017440 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Ad majorem Dei gloriam, si hoc licet dicere in opusculo. Series Preface Our goal in creating the Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science Series is to present the insights of experts on emerging applied and experimental techniques and theo- retical concepts that are, or will be, at the vanguard of dermatology. These books cover new and exciting multidisciplinary areas of cutaneous research; and we want them to be the books every physician will use to become acquainted with new methodologies in skin research. These books can be given to graduate students and postdoctoral fellows when they are looking for guidance to start a new line of research. The series consists of books that are edited by experts and that consist of chapters written by the leaders in a particular field. The books are richly illustrated and contain comprehensive bibliographies. Each chapter provides substantial back- ground material relevant to the particular subject. These books contain detailed tricks of the trade and information regarding where the methods presented can be safely applied. In addition, information on where to buy equipment and helpful Web sites for solving both practical and theoretical problems are included. We are working with these goals in mind. As the books become available, the efforts put in by the publisher, book editors, and the individual authors will contribute to the further development of dermatology research and clinical practice. The extent to which we achieve this goal will be determined by the utility of these books. Howard I. Maibach, M.D. Preface From the viewpoint of immunotoxicology, hazards associated with nickel primarily derive from its type-IV immunogenic properties, as it consistently ranks as the premier anthropogenic allergen among the general population in industrialized coun- tries. Thus, immunology of nickel represents the major part of reviews addressing human health aspects of the metal. A comprehensive discussion of nickel immu- nology invariably presents a composite picture consisting of diverse environmental, physiological, and chemical components, and in 1989 a first such mosaic was composed by Maibach and Menné in their book, Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology, published by CRC Press. Since then much insight was gained into diverse aspects of nickel’s action in the human organism, mainly concerning the skin and the immune system, and a synoptic presentation of the subject from a somewhat different viewpoint now appears in order. Impetus for this new undertaking came from the Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), and for most of the chapters Katherine Reagan, toxicologist in that organization, collaborated as author. Subjects that are part of this review deal with the initial event of nickel-containing objects coming in contact with the skin and the formation of soluble, skin-diffusible salts, the phenomenon of skin penetration, induction and elicitation of allergic reactions, diagnosis, tolerance, and epidemiology. The biochemistry of nickel inter- acting with the organism is discussed by Baldassarré Santucci and collaborators, who had investigated and discussed that aspect in several earlier publications. Finally, the metallurgy of nickel and its interaction with other metals in alloys are addressed by Messrs. Flint and Cutler of the Nickel Development Institute. Partial support for the book project was provided by NiPERA. Editors Jurij J. Hostynek´ , Ph.D., currently serves as president of Euromerican Technology Resources, Inc., a Lafayette, California-based company that provides contract research and consulting services to the chemical, personal-care, and health-care industries. He is also an associate specialist at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine. Dr. Hostynek´ earned his Ph.D. in physical organic chemistry at the University of Basel, Switzerland, and conducted postdoctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley. He has published in the fields of physical organic chemistry, toxicology, dermatology, immunology, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR), and percutaneous absorption of organic and metallic compounds, and holds U.S. patents in metallurgy, organic synthesis, and cell biology. His current fields of research at UCSF include QSAR, skin permeation, and allergic sensitization potential of chemicals. Howard Maibach, M.D., is a professor of dermatology at the University of
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