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ON THE GENUS BOSELLIA (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA; ASCOGLOSSA) EVELINE D. B.-R. MARCUS Caixa Postal 6994, 01000 sao Paulo, Brazil ABSTRACT Three species of Bosellia Trinchese, 1891, were collected from two spe- cies of Halimeda: B. corinneae, new for science; B. mimetica curasoae Marcus, 1970, new for North America; and B. marcusi d. B.-R. Marcus, 1972. Anatomical descriptions and comparisons of the three species are given. Insemination is different: in B. m. curasoae sperm is injected into the female pore, in B. marcusi sperm is injected into the pore of a bursa at the hind end of the body, and in B. corinneae hypodermic impregnation occurs. INTRODUCTION A rich material of Bosellia Trinchese, 1891, from the warm western Atlantic comprises three different species: B. mimetica curasoae Marcus (1970: 50, figs. 91-98), B. marcusi d. B.-R. Marcus (1972: 294, figs. 19- 22), and 8. corinneae, spec. nov. Diva Diniz Correa, Sao Paulo, collected the first western Atlantic Bose/- fia, B. mimetica curasoae, at Cura(;ao in 1962 and 1966. A second species was found in Halimeda from Grassy Key, Florida, by Frederick M. Bayer, Robert C. Work, and me on 22. X. 1969, and described as Bosellia marcusi (1972). During a later stay at Miami (I.-II. 1972), I continued collecting Halimeda for Bosellias, helped by Lt. Col. Corinne E. Edwards, USAF, Coconut Grove, and succeeded in finding more specimens of 8. marcusi (Fig. 1) and B. mimetica cllrasoae (Fig. 2), new for North America, and a third species, which is new for science. I describe it here as Bosellia corinneae (Figs. 3, 4) in gratitude to my dear helper. Drs. Alden Hine, Miami, and Eurico Cabral de Oliveira Filho, Sao Paulo, kindly classified the Halimeda species for me. The association of the species of Bosellia, strictly specialized to their food plants (Portmann, 1958a: 405), with the species of Halimeda was only noted during the latest collections at Miami. Portmann found the Mediterranean B. m. mimetica on H. tuna. B. m. curasoae from Miami occurred on H. opuntia and on H. incrassata, where it was found together with B. corinneae. The latter was found on H. incrassata only. B. marcusi was collected on H. opuntia. I thank the Funda9ao de Amparo a Pesquisa of the State of Sao Paulo for a grant towards my trip to Curac;ao, Puerto Rico, and Miami (1971-1972). To Mr. Robert Austin Smith I am grateful for the revision of my manuscript and bibliography. 812 Bulletin of Marine Science [23(4) EXPLANATION OF LETTERING a, ampulla m, terminal vesicle as, ascus n, nerve ring b, bursa 0, oesophagus be, buccal cavity p, penis e, contiguous vesicle pc, pigment cells d, diverticula of digestive gland q, vaginal pore e, female aperture r, rhinophore ei, eye ra, radula f, right side furrow s, stomach g, membrane gland or sa, salivary glands focal chamber t, ovotestes h, pharynx u, mucus gland i, injected sperm v, vaginal duct in, ingluvies ve, afferent vessel j, male aperture w, anal opening k, male efferent duct x, heart ki, kidney y, prostatic glands I, albumen glands KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Bosellia 1. Eyes round B. mimetiea 2 1. Eyes stalked .. ... 3 2. Stylet straight B. m. mimetiea Trinchese, 1891 2. Stylet curved B. m. eurasoae Marcus, 1970 3. Ovotestes less than 20 B. mareusi d. B.-R. Marcus, 1972 3. Ovotestes more than 100 B. eorinneae, spec. nov. Bosellia corinneae, spec. nov. Figs. 3-9, 14 Material.-Florida, Key Biscayne, Bear Cut rocks, on Halimeda inerassata, 15 specimens from February to June 1972, together with B. mimetiea eurasoae, Lt. Col. Corinne E. Edwards, USAF, leg. Four color photographs of two animals with spawn, by Frederick M. Bayer. The collector wrote that the animal "likes to walk on top of the water, but is easy to miss as he looks just like a leaflet of the big green Halimeda. The little dots of green (= B. m. curasoae) came to the edges of the container, but the big one always floated or walked on the surface." Description.-The living animals (Fig. 3) were up to 12 mm long and almost as broad.l Preserved, the largest measures 7 x 6 mm. The color 1T. E. Thompson has recently obtained from the Red Sea a living specimen of a large Bosel/ia (length 21 mm) which is as yet unnamed. 1973] Marcus: The Genus Bosellia 813 FIGURES 1-3.-1, Bosellia marcusi.-2, BoselLia mimetica curasoae.-3, Bosellia corinneae, alive, from color photo by F. M. Bayer. alive is a bright yellowish green corresponding exactly to that of the Hali- meda on which they are living. The rhinophores are colorless. On the dorsal side, some animals have a slightly lighter radiating and anastomosing pattern, or tiny white specks along the border. Nothing of heart or vessels is seen in the living slugs nor on the photographs. The head is a little higher than the roundish body, but not set off by symmetrical transverse folds as in mimetica (Fig. 2). The very short and broad rhinophores are rolled in. They stand close together, 0.8 mm apart, in front of the eyes, which are 0.6 mm apart in the preserved 7-mm slug. On the right side, behind the first fourth or fifth of the body length there is a transverse furrow from the middle of the back around the border to 814 Bulletin of Marine Science [23(4) FIGURE 4. Bosellia corinneae, preserved and clarified. the middle of the sole (Figs. 3, 4, f). It receives the common anal and female opening on the dorsal side. The male opening lies farther in front, to the side of the right eye, and is connected with the furrow around the retracted rhinophore. The anterior border of the foot is notched. There is no special anterior foot gland as in B. mimetica curasoae. There are scattered basophilic glands over the whole ventral surface and, in several series, a concentration along the midline. There are also long, mostly sunken, glands on the back, some of which have granular, acidophilic contents. The eyes are club-shaped pigment cups as in B. marcusi; they measure 65p. to 92p. in length and lie at the end of the furrow which delimits the rhinophore. The wide anterior part lodges a refractive lens (Fig. 5, ei). 1973] Marcus: The Genus Bosellia 815 5 as l'Q FIGURES 5-6. Bosellia corinneae: 5, transverse section of pharyngeal region; 6, section of hind end with injected sperm (i). The mouth is surrounded by tufts of blue- and red-staining buccal glands. At the entrance of the mouth cavity there are two melanophores (Fig. 4, pc) as in many other ascoglossans, but these are wanting in B. m. curasoae. In the 7-mm animal, the big, round pharynx (Fig. 4, h) is 0.6 mm long and 0.53 mm in diameter. It has no ingluvies or pockets. The radula has 6-8 teeth in the upper and 8-10 in the lower limb, and a great number of discarded teeth heaped up irregularly in the ascus. The largest teeth are 215p. long and have a 100p.-long base (Fig. 7). They are slipper-shaped and pointed, and bear a row of about 25 fine dentic1es on either side. The salivary glands (Fig. 9, sa) are very big; they spread, branching on both sides, ventrally to and beyond the mucus gland. The muscular oesophagus is short; its wall contains blue-staining glands. There is no 816 Bulletin oj Marine Science [23(4) ~1 COrinn:~ ~--~-~~~<" 7 .so~ ~ ~'\ ~.~- mimetica mimeticil. m~rcu8i FIGURES 7-8.-7 (Right side), two radular teeth of Bosellia corinneae and teeth of B. marcusi and B. mimetica curasoae, drawn to scale; (left side), teeth of B. marcusi and B. m. curasoae drawn with higher power.-8, Bosellia corinneae, diagram of reproductive organs. oesophageal pouch as that of mimetica. The oesophagus opens into the transverse stomach (Fig. 4, s). The epithelium of the latter is thrown into many folds. From the stomach, two anterior and two posterior branches of the digestive gland (d) go out, and a wide and short intestine, which opens (Fig. 8, w) into the female duct near the female aperture (e) into 1973] Marcus: The Genus Bosellia 817 b FIGURES 9-10.-9, Bosellia corinneae, transverse section on level of anterior end of ampulla (a). Sides inverted.-lO, Bosellia mimetica curasoae, transverse section on level of stomach. the above-mentioned transverse fold (f). The four main branches of the digestive gland are lined with longitudinally folded epithelium. They dichotomize repeatedly towards the back (Fig. 9, d), and the outermost fine diverticula touch the dorsal muscle layer of the body wall. The heart is inconspicuous in the living animals, and not salient in the preserved ones and in the sections (Fig. 9, x), nor are afferent vessels visible. Also the kidney (ki) is very small compared with that of B. m. curasoae (Fig. 10). It opens to the right side of the midline, to the left, and in front, of the female and anal pore. There are a great number of ovotestes (t), a total of more than a hun- 818 Bulletin of Marine Science [23(4) c p d 5 u t FIGURES 11-12. Bosellia marcusi: 11, dorsal view of clarified specimen; 12, longitudinal section of hind end. dred, on the ventral side, up to 22 on one transverse section, with a diameter of about 200,u. The ovocytes lie ventrally, the spermatogonia dorsal to them. The hermaphrodite ductules go out from the dorsal side and unite to form a long ampulla (Fig.
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  • Identification Guide to the Heterobranch Sea Slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas Del Toro, Panama Jessica A

    Identification Guide to the Heterobranch Sea Slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas Del Toro, Panama Jessica A

    Goodheart et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2016) 9:56 DOI 10.1186/s41200-016-0048-z MARINE RECORD Open Access Identification guide to the heterobranch sea slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas del Toro, Panama Jessica A. Goodheart1,2, Ryan A. Ellingson3, Xochitl G. Vital4, Hilton C. Galvão Filho5, Jennifer B. McCarthy6, Sabrina M. Medrano6, Vishal J. Bhave7, Kimberly García-Méndez8, Lina M. Jiménez9, Gina López10,11, Craig A. Hoover6, Jaymes D. Awbrey3, Jessika M. De Jesus3, William Gowacki12, Patrick J. Krug3 and Ángel Valdés6* Abstract Background: The Bocas del Toro Archipelago is located off the Caribbean coast of Panama. Until now, only 19 species of heterobranch sea slugs have been formally reported from this area; this number constitutes a fraction of total diversity in the Caribbean region. Results: Based on newly conducted fieldwork, we increase the number of recorded heterobranch sea slug species in Bocas del Toro to 82. Descriptive information for each species is provided, including taxonomic and/or ecological notes for most taxa. The collecting effort is also described and compared with that of other field expeditions in the Caribbean and the tropical Eastern Pacific. Conclusions: This increase in known diversity strongly suggests that the distribution of species within the Caribbean is still poorly known and species ranges may need to be modified as more surveys are conducted. Keywords: Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Sacoglossa, Pleurobranchomorpha Introduction studies. However, this research has often been hampered The Bocas del Toro Archipelago is located on the Carib- by a lack of accurate and updated identification/field bean coast of Panama, near the Costa Rican border.
  • A Sea Slug's Guide to Plastid Symbiosis

    A Sea Slug's Guide to Plastid Symbiosis

    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae INVITED REVIEW Acta Soc Bot Pol 83(4):415–421 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2014.042 Received: 2014-10-29 Accepted: 2014-11-26 Published electronically: 2014-12-31 A sea slug’s guide to plastid symbiosis Jan de Vries1, Cessa Rauch1, Gregor Christa1,2, Sven B. Gould1* 1 Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany 2 CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Abstract Some 140 years ago sea slugs that contained chlorophyll-pigmented granules similar to those of plants were described. While we now understand that these “green granules” are plastids the slugs sequester from siphonaceous algae upon which they feed, surprisingly little is really known about the molecular details that underlie this one of a kind animal-plastid symbiosis. Kleptoplasts are stored in the cytosol of epithelial cells that form the slug’s digestive tubules, and one would guess that the stolen organelles are acquired for their ability to fix carbon, but studies have never really been able to prove that. We also do not know how the organelles are distinguished from the remaining food particles the slugs incorporate with their meal and that include algal mitochondria and nuclei. We know that the ability to store kleptoplasts long-term has evolved only a few times independently among hundreds of sacoglossan species, but we have no idea on what basis. Here we take a closer look at the history of sacoglossan research and discuss recent developments. We argue that, in order to understand what makes this symbiosis work, we will need to focus on the animal’s physiology just as much as we need to commence a detailed analysis of the plastids’ photobiology.