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Craniofacial, Oral and Dental Manifestations of Oral Breathing

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Craniofacial, Oral and Dental Manifestations of Oral Breathing DOI: 10.18606/2318-1419/amazonia.sci.health.v6n1p34-42 ARTIGO DE REVISÃO << Recebido: 14 de março de 2017. Aceito: 07 de maio de 2018. >> CRANIOFACIAL, ORAL AND DENTAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ORAL BREATHING MANIFESTAÇÕES ORAIS, DENTÁRIAS E CRANIOFACIAIS DA RESPIRAÇÃO BUCAL Omar Franklin Molina1, Angra Silva Mendes2, Isabella Rodrigues da Silveira3, Karin Ferretto Collier4, Zeila Coelho Santos5, Vanessa Bastos Penoni6, Karla 7 Regina Gama . 1 Dentistry. Lecturer at the RESUMO ABSTRACT Dentistry Course of UnirG University Center. Introdução: A respiração bucal é um distúrbio Introdução: Mouth breathing is a pathological Postdoctoral degree from respiratório patológico que afeta muitas estruturas respiratory pathological disorder affecting many Harvard University, USA. orais, dentais e craniofaciais. oral, dental and craniofacial structures. Master in Pediatric Dentistry, Objetivo: Avaliar as manifestações clinicas da Objectives: Evaluate the clinical manifestations Federal University of Santa respiração bucal e explorar os mecanismos que of mouth breathing and explore the mechanisms Catarina, UFSC. provocam alterações dentárias, craniofaciais e causing oral breathing, craniofacial, oral and E-mail: omar-nyorker- orais em crianças. dental alterations in children. Metodologia: As palavras chaves ou termos Methodology: Using the key words mouth [email protected] respiração bucal e frequência, respiração bucal e breathing, frequency; mouth breathing etiology; etiologia, respiração bucal e sinais e sintomas, mouth breathing signs and symptoms, mouth respiração bucal e mecanismos, respiração bucal breathing pathophysiology; mouth breathing MAILING ADDRESS: e diagnóstico e respiração bucal e tratamento signs and symptoms, mouth breathing diagnosis Dentistry Clinic of UnirG foram usadas na procura de artigos científicos no and mouth breathing treatment, we entered these University Center, Pará Google Schoolar. key words in the Google Schollar. Resultados e discussão: A pesquisa obteve 25 Results and discussion: We retrieved 25 Avenue, 1544 - St. Central, artigos científicos escritos em inglês no período papers written in English in the period 200-2016 Gurupi - TO, 77403-010, 2000-2016 e 4 artigos publicados na mesma and four papers written in the same language and Phone: (63) 3612-7579. língua e no período1981-1997. Os artigos published in the period 1981-1997. All these mencionados tinham material escrito o suficiente papers had sufficient oral breathing associated para explorar os diversos aspectos da respiração content in order to prepare the current study. bucal. Final considerations: Clinical manifestations of Considerações finais: As manifestações clínicas mouth breathing associated with craniofacial da respiração bucal relacionada com alterações alterations in children include dental changes, craniofaciais em crianças e adolescentes incluem craniofacial alterations, postural abnormalities, alterações dentárias, posturais, anormalidades musculoskeletal disorders, anatomical musculares-esqueléticas, anatômicas, oclusais, alterations, occlusal, oral and neuromuscular orais e neuromusculares. Os mecanismos da disorders. Mechanisms of mouth breathing respiração bucal que provocam distúrbios causing pathological disorders in children include patológicos incluem fatores obstrutivos, posturais, obstructive, postural, reduction of vertical effect diminuição do efeito vertical dos músculos sobre on muscles, anterior tongue thrusting anatomical, os dentes posteriores, posicionamento lingual disruption of muscle forces exerted by the anterior, alteração das forças musculares tongue, increased expenditure of energy during exercidas pela língua, aumento do gasto de sleep, smaller oral cavity, retruded maxilla and energia, uma cavidade bucal menor, maxila e mandible and increased nasal airway resistance. mandíbula retruídas, e resistência aumentada do nariz na passagem do ar. Descriptors: Mouth breathing. Clinical manifestations. Pathophysiology. Mechanisms. Descritores: Respiração bucal. Manifestações Signs and Symptoms. clínicas. Patofisiologia. Mecanismos. Sinais e sintomas. INTRODUCTION adequate permeability of the nasal route, establishing itself as the main function of the body. Respiration is one of the body´s vital functions The nasal cavity has a fundamental role in the and under physiological conditions, breathing takes physiology of respiration as it promotes filtering, 2 place in the nose. The mouth breathing syndrome heating and humidification of the inhaled air . Nasal (MBS) is when a child has mixed breathing i.e., nose breathing is the primary mode of air intake for breathing is supplemented by the mouth1. Breathing humans, and is essential for a supply of properly is a vital function and is strongly dependent on the cleansed, moistened and warmed air for the lungs. If the primary airway is blocked, mouth breathing 34 10.18606/2318-1419/amazonia.sci.health.v6n1p34-42 Revista Amazônia Science & Health. Molina OF, Mendes AS, Silveira IR, Collier KF, Santos ZC, Penoni 2018 Jan/Mar VB, Gama KR. Craniofacial, Oral and Dental Manifestations of Oral Breathing. becomes the only airway available to get air into the DEVELOPMENT 3 lungs . Nasal breathing is the correct mode of breathing in order to attain correct growth and Mouth Breathing 4 development of the craniofacial complex . Because of nasal airway inadequacy or habit, in some Mouth breathing is a respiratory disorder that individuals the oral cavity becomes the established affect children, adolescents and even adults in a and predominant route for the passage of respiratory large percentage of the general population and is airflow. responsible for local and systemic pathological 5 According to the Moss theory or theory of the effects in the short and long-term. functional matrix, only nasal breathing allows proper Many domains of the general health of a child, growth of the dentofacial complex. Moss theory is adolescent and adult may be affected when mouth based on the principle that normal nasal respiratory breathing is present. Mouth breathing syndrome is activity influences the development of craniofacial defined as a set of signs and symptoms that may be structures, favoring a balanced growth pattern by completely or incompletely present in subjects who, adequately interacting with chewing and for several reasons replace the correct pattern of 6 swallowing . nose breathing by an oral or mixed pattern present The association between respiratory disorders for more than six months2. The mouth – breathing and oral, craniofacial and dental disorders has been syndrome is when a child has mixed breathing i.e., investigated using a number of approaches. There is during breathing the function of the nose is a potential or actual interaction between respiratory supplemented by the function of the mouth1. 7 function and craniofacial growth pattern . Mouth breathing usually occurs as a vicious habit out of the Frequency need to adapt due to partial nasopharyngeal 8 obstructions . Mouth breathing brings adverse Mouth breathing is a respiratory dysfunction 9 effects on one´s oral health . that affects approximately 10-15% of child Because it is not known to what extent nasal population10. Mouth breathing has a frequency of resistance or mouth breathing influences dental and 14% among children with dental and maxillary craniofacial complex, and the relevance of airway abnormalities, girls (55.8%) being more affected obstruction and mechanisms implicated in than boys and occurs very frequently in children alterations in facial growth and development, have living in urban areas (79%)11. In children, mouth not been fully determined, this study was designed breathing was found to be the second most common to: 1 - Evaluate the clinical manifestations of mouth oral habit after tongue thrust12. breathing in children; 2 - Assess the mechanisms One investigation11, evaluated a sample of causing oral breathing, craniofacial, oral and dental 307 children and adolescents aged 5-16 years and alterations in children. reported an incidence of 40.2% mouth breathing. The frequency of this disorder was almost equally METHODOLOGY distributed in girls and boys. When researchers11 analyzed the frequency of mouth breathing by age, We used the Key Words Mouth breathing they reported a higher frequency (62.8%) in 10-12 etiology; Mouth breathing pathophysiology; Mouth years-old children as compared to children and breathing frequency; Mouth breathing diagnosis and adolescents in other age groups. Mouth Breathing Treatment to collect papers in order to prepare this study. Etiology Inclusion criteria: Only papers written in English, papers with clinical cases, case reports and The most common cause of nasal obstruction published between 1999 and 2016 were accepted to in children is hypertrophy of the adenoids, which is carry out the current investigation. the nasopharyngeal pad of lymphoid tissue. Children Different key words were used to collect and adolescents usually present the so called papers in order to discuss different subjects in the “Adenoid Facies”. The features of “adenoid facies” literature review. The electronic site are listed below: 1.Pinched nostrils, short upper lip; scholar.google.com was the only one from which all 2.Open mouth posture and elongated face; scientific papers were retrieved. Exclusion criteria 3.Increased lower, steep angle of mandible; were the following: Papers published before 1999, 4.Mandibularretrognathism, vacant expression; papers written in Portuguese, Spanish, French
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