Texas Borderlands - Learning & Earning 22
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Demographics of the Frontier of the Future 3 Chapter 2: Higher Education in the Texas Borderlands - Learning & Earning 22 Chapter 3: Ground Zero of Health Care in America 51 Chapter 4: Access to Capitol and Credit 103 Chapter 5: Public Education - Investing in Our Future 144 Chapter 6: The Environmental and Economic Consequences of Border Industrialization 163 Chapter 7: The Border Workforce - Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities 197 Chapter 8: Housing Challenges Along the Border 251 Chapter 9: Bridging the Digital Divide in the Texas Borderlands 272 Chapter 10: The State of Border Transportation and Security 302 Chapter 11: The Texas Tax System: Inadequate and Inequitable 343 Chapter 12: Immigration - Lifting the Lamp Beside Texas' Door 364 Chapter 13: Voting - Democracy's Front Line 404 TEXAS BORDERLANDS: FRONTIER OF THE FUTURE Senator Eliot Shapleigh presents the 5th edition of the Texas Borderlands: Frontier of the Future report. The report chronicles the opportunities and challenges faced on the Texas-Mexico Border, and covers topics ranging from higher and pubic education to access to capital and credit, to immigration and border security. Our Border is home to a proud and resilient people who live in fast growing communities, work hard to educate their children, and are full of hope for a prosperous future, which is the heart of the American Dream. Today, that dream is distant. Texas' "low-tax, low-service ideology" denies opportunity, lowers standards for quality education, and destroys access to health care for millions of low and middle-income Texans. Texas continues to lead the U.S. in the percentage and number of children without health insurance, with about half of all uninsured Texas children currently eligible for Medicaid or CHIP, but enrolled in neither. Nearly half a million children that qualify for Medicaid aren't enrolled. This systematic and institutional denial of opportunity and services in basic programs, like public education—programs that have created the foundation of prosperity and success for generations of working families throughout America's history— represents an era of "The Two Texases." In this new era, an elite few grow and prosper by virtue of diversion of tax dollars from critical services while others, the vast majority of Texans, meet devastating challenges placed in their path because leaders value tax cuts over kids and budget cuts over the elderly. Texas' record is reflected in the chart Texas on the Brink, which shows Texas' ranking among the 50 states. Our state ranks at the bottom or near the bottom on a number of key indicators reflecting education, health care, and quality of life. Texas on the Brink (1st = Highest, 50th = Lowest) Percentage of Uninsured Children 1st Income Inequality Between the Rich and the Poor 9th Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) Scores 46th Percentage of Population over 25 with a High School Diploma 50th Percentage of Non-Elderly Women with Health Insurance 50th Rate of Women Aged 40+ Who Receive Mammograms 42nd Rate of Women Aged 18+ Who Receive Pap Smears 46th Cervical Cancer Rate 6th Women's Voter Registration 31st Women's Voter Turnout 49th Percentage of Eligible Voters that Vote 50th 1 Today, our state is at a crossroads. Texans must demand a government that invests in a "21st century educational excellence." With a new administration in the White House and federal stimulus money available, now is the time to invest in our children and our future. It is time for a government that invests in great schools and opens the doors to great universities, not universities where the middle class can no longer attend because of tuition hikes. We must keep the promise of the American Dream that every generation can be more prosperous than the last. Each of us must affirm basic principles of opportunities and justice and fight a future where only a wealthy few succeed and the vast majority are left behind by a government led by those for whom tax cuts are more important than Texans. Only then will our state truly shine as the beacon of hope, freedom and opportunity for every Texan. 2 Texas Borderlands 2009 Demographics of the Frontier of the Future Texas Senator Eliot Shapleigh District 29 El Paso, Texas September 2008 3 This report, "Texas Borderlands—Frontier of the Future," examines various areas of daily life in Texas' 43-county Border region. To offer a current overview of the region, each subsequent chapter will detail the challenges and opportunities of Texas' vibrant, fast-growing and ever-changing Border. In 2004, Texas became a majority- minority state.1 In 2026, Texas is predicted to become a majority Hispanic state.2 In so many ways, the Texas Borderlands of today represent the Texas of tomorrow. What happens in this vibrant region will define the frontier of our future. Chapter One presents the demographics of the Border Region. The Texas-Mexico Border Region covers 1,254 miles from El Paso-Cuidad Juarez to Brownsville-Matamoros. Texas' 43 Border counties are currently home to over 4.6 million Texans.3 Moreover, the population on both sides of the Border is rapidly growing. In the 1990s, the populations of El Paso-Cuidad Juarez grew by 38 percent, Laredo-Nuevo Laredo by 48 percent, and the McAllen-Reynosa area by 38 percent.4 Rapid growth is projected to continue along the Texas-Mexico border.5 With its fast growing, young population, one of the Border's primary assets is its vast labor force, which leads to a robust manufacturing sector. In 2005, manufacturing in the Border region accounted for $6.25 billion worth of private earnings.6 Trade with Mexico accounts for one in every five manufacturing jobs in the state, and exports make up 14 percent of the state's gross product.7 Mexico is the country's third-largest trading partner and, by far, Texas' largest trading partner, accounting for 36 percent of Texas' exports. Moreover, strong trade relations with Mexico, Canada and China have allowed Texas to play a significant role in the national economy, surpassing California and New York as America's top exporting state. Texas' exports totaled $150.9 billion in 2006, accounting for over 14.5 percent of total U.S. exports.8 Today, Texas’ exports to Mexico far exceed all trade with the European Union countries combined. Despite strong trade relations, the Border presents serious challenges. If the Border Region made up a "51st" state, the 43 Border counties would rank last in per capita personal income, first in poverty and fifth in unemployment.9 Under current policies, the state demographer predicts that the average Texas household income will decline more than $6,000 by 2040.10 As one of Texas' leading economists points out, leadership and investment will make the difference. In a briefing to Texas legislators, Dr. Ray Perryman stated that the Border region is a "social, economic, and demographic time bomb. It demands immediate attention, with both the gains from doing something and the consequences of doing nothing being enormous."11 Population Growth U.S. Border Region Growth Beginning in 1970, both sides of the Border experienced rapid population growth due to a young population, relatively high birth rates, and migration fueled by economic development.12 The Texas Border region is characterized by high rates of migration north and south. In Texas alone, over 65 million legal pedestrians, trucks, autos, and rail 4 cars crossed the border in 2007.13 Moreover, the percentage of Mexico-born residents is higher in Texas than in Arizona or New Mexico.14 In the counties located directly on the Texas Border, the percentage of residents born in Mexico is almost twice as high as any other state along the Border including New Mexico, Arizona, and California.15 The chart, U.S.-Mexico Border Population, 2000, illustrates where the primary growth is and the large numbers of Hispanics in this region. U.S.-Mexico Border Population, 2000 Borderplex Population Hispanic Percent Population Population Share San Diego, California 2,813,833 750,965 27% 4,026,065 Tijuana, Baja California 1,212,232 El Paso, Texas 679,622 531,654 78% 1,898,439 Cuidad Juarez, Chihuahua 1,218,817 McAllen, Texas 569,463 503,100 88% 989,926 Reynosa, Tamaulipas 420,463 Calexico, California 142,361 102,817 72% 906,963 Mexicali, Baja California 764,602 Brownsville, Texas 335,227 282,786 84% 753,368 Matamoros, Tamaulipas 418,141 Laredo, Texas 193,117 182,070 94% Nuevo Laredo, 504,032 310,915 Tamaulipas Nogales, Arizona 38,381 31,005 81% 198,168 Nogales, Sonora 159,787 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, El Paso Branch, Business Frontier, Issue 2, 2001 (El Paso, Texas, January 2, 2002) p. 1-2. Census data from 2006 showed that El Paso is home to 4 percent more young people than the Texas average and almost 10 percent more than the United States average.16 In 2006, 43 percent of El Paso's population was 25 years old or younger, compared to 39 percent for Texas. Comparatively, in Hidalgo and Webb Counties, the percentage of the population under the age of 25 is even higher.17 Mexico's Northern Border Region Growth Both Texas and Mexico are affected by changes that occur across the Border, including changes in the population levels. The population of the Mexican Border states grew by 26 percent during the 1990s, with an annual growth rate of 2.4 percent.18 This region continues to see a population increase, with 1.87 percent annual growth between 2000 and 2007.19 Further, as it is in the United States, a relatively young population is present on the Mexican side of the Border.