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ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY of the FATTY SEED EXTRACT of Vitellaria Paradoxa (SAPOTACEAE)

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ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY of the FATTY SEED EXTRACT of Vitellaria Paradoxa (SAPOTACEAE) ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE FATTY SEED EXTRACT OF Vitellaria paradoxa (SAPOTACEAE) BY MUOGHALU, G. U (PG/M.PHARM/08/48526) DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA MARCH 2016 1 ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE FATTY SEED EXTRACT OF Vitellaria paradoxa (SAPOTACEAE) BY MUOGHALU, G. U (PG/M.PHARM/08/48526) A PROJECT REPORT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF PHARMACY DEGREE. SUPERVISORS: PROF. PETER A. AKAH & PROF. CHARLES O. OKOLI DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA MARCH, 2016. CERTIFICATION Muoghalu, G. U, a postgraduate student of the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology with registration number PG/M.Pharm/08/48526 has satisfactorily completed the requirement for the award of Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The work embodied in this project is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any other diploma or degree in this or other institution. ___ ___ Prof. P.A Akah Prof. C.O. Okoli (Supervisor) (Supervisor) Dr. A.C. Ezike (Head of Department) DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the Sacred Heart of Jesus for I fear all things out of my own weakness but I hope for all things from His Goodness. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I acknowledge God almighty for His goodness beyond measure and what can I say? All I have to say is thank you Lord. I owe the success of this work to my supervisors Professor C. O. Okoli and Professor P.A Akah. Working with Professor Charles, I learnt not to meet people with a preformed opinion about them. He helped immensely in design of this work and made out time to see it through. I thank him for the force he added to my heel when I gave up. It is easy for me to be grateful to him silently in my heart but it is obvious that silent appreciation profits no one. So am using this opportunity to say thank sir! I appreciate your kindness. I sincerely appreciate my family members; Dr. Chijioke Muoghalu was the man behind the mask. He is my husband, I call him my best friend and brother. I thank him for the freedom, listening ear and financial muscle he gives and of course for all his ‘troubles’ which makes the world go round. May God bless you my dear. My mother, Mrs. Margaret Okafor-Obi (Evidence) is the reliable giant on whose shoulder I stand on to see far. She represents her husband very well that even the death of Anthony Okafor-obi seems a myth. Without her help, I would not have been able to scale through in this programme. She was there all the way and I pray that God grant you long life and excellent health. I am highly indebted to my children – Chidera, Chisom, Chinonso, Chimamanda and Chijioke. They were at the center of the whole process. I appreciate my siblings- Eucharia, Chiedu, Ifeyinwa, Nwakaego, Chioma, Oluchukwu, Emeka and Izuchukwu for their immense help both financially and otherwise. I thank them for those “provoking” calls asking of my progress. The initial driving force was from my amiable Dr. Mrs. Ezike. The push and pieces of advice she offered are what I see today embodied in this project work. I thank her so much for her motherly love. At my work place I owe gratitude to Pharm. (Mrs.) Chinwe Onyeka and Pharm. Ola Okpi. They did all that was necessary for me to run a successful programme. At home I sincerely thank Mrs Eneje Uzouwa, Obianuju Udaka, Ngozi Ibemesi, Agozie Oyitabu, Ifeoma Okafor-obi and Tochukwu Okoye for backing me up in the house at various points in time during this my work. To my friends, Collins, Florence and Ifeoma, I owe respect for having the courage to continue in research. Dr. Ubaka Chukwuemeka is the backbone of the analytical work. I pray that God reward him abundantly for his understanding and help. Ubaka is a friend indeed. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Onwuka and their children Kosisochukwu and Kaodilinyechukwu has been my shelter and comfort throughout. I owe them love and prayers. Mr. and Mrs. Ibemesi are and will continue to be my own people. May God bless and keep them. I appreciate workers at the Pharmacology Department especially Mrs. Ugwu Florence for her prompt supply of rats and mice. I am also indebted to workers at the Department of Veterinary Medicine especially Dr. Sunny Udegbunam for having time for me. He handled my case like a brother. I will not forget Olisa Raphael and his friend Victor for their immense help without which I will still not be able to finish. I cannot end this acknowledgement without thanking my favoured friend and sister Dr. (Mrs.) Augustina Charles-Okoli. Strength is not measured by how muscular a person looks but in the mind. She is the ideal woman when it comes to strength and wisdom, a woman with diplomacy to be reckoned with. She set me on the fire that made me to jump up. I call her favoured, she knows why. Believing that God’s favour is for a life time, I pray that she lives in abundance of the favour of God. I sincerely acknowledge all the authors that I used their publications. TABLE OF CONTENT Title page……………………………………………………………………………………….. i Certification ………………………………………………………………………………........ ii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………... iii Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………….. iv Table of Content……………………………………………………………………………….. vi List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………….. ix List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………. xi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………... xii Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Inflammation……………………………………………………………………... 1 1.2 Causes of Inflammation…………………………………………………………... 2 1.3 Types of Inflammation…………………………………………………………… 2 1.3.1 Acute Inflammation……………………………………………………………… 3 1.3.2 Chronic Inflammation…………………………………………………………….. 4 1.4 The Inflammatory Response……………………………………………………… 5 1.5 Mediators of Inflammation……………………………………………………….. 7 1.5.1 Plasma Derived Mediators………………………………………………………… 7 1.5.2 Cell Derived Mediators……………………………………………………………. 8 1.5.2.1 Lipid Derived Mediators………………………………………………………… 10 1.6 Biomarkers of Inflammation……………………………………………………… 12 1.7 Disorders of Acute Inflammation…………………………………………………. 13 1.8 Disorders of Chronic Inflammation………………………………………………. 13 1.8.1 Arthritis …………………………………………………………………………… 14 1.8.1.1 Types of Arthritis………………………………………………………………….. 14 1.8.1.1.1 Non-inflammatory Arthritis………………………………………………………. 14 1.8.1.1.2 Inflammatory Arthritis……………………………………………………………. 15 1.9 Agents Used in Management of Inflammation/ Arthritis……………………….. 16 1.9.1 Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs………………………………………….. 17 1.9.1.1 Non selective COX Inhibitors……………………………………….................... 18 1.9.1.2 Selective COX -2 Inhibitors……………………………………………………. 20 1.9.2 Corticosteroids…………………………………………………………………… 21 1.9.3 Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs………………………………………. 21 1.9.4 Biological Disease Modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs)………………. 23 1.9.5 Medicinal Plants………………………………………………………………….. 24 1.10 Botanical Profile of Vitellaria paradoxa……………………………………….. 26 1.10.1 Plant Taxonomy…………………………………………………………………. 26 1.10.2 Plant Description………………………………………………………………… 27 1.10.3 Geographical Distribution…………………………………………………………. 28 1.10.4 Ethnomedicinal Uses………………………………………………………………. 28 1.10.5 Literature Review……………………………………………………...................... 29 1.11 Aim and Scope of Study……………………………………………………… 30 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.0 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………….. 31 2.1 Materials…………………………………………………………………………… 31 2.1.1 Animals……………………………………………………………….…………... 31 2.1.2 Chemical and Solvents…………………………………………………………….. 31 2.1.3 Drugs………………………………………………………………………………. 31 2.1.4 Equipment…………………………………………………………………………. 31 2.1.5 Patients…………………………………………………………………………….. 32 2.1.6 Shea butter…………………………………………………………………………. 32 2.2 Methods……………………………………………………………………………. 32 2.2.1 Data collection…………………………………………………………………….. 32 2.2.2 Pharmacological tests…………………………………………………………… 33 2.2.2.1 Systemic acute inflammation of the rat paw…………………………………….. 33 2.2.2.2 Topical acute edema of the mouse ear…………………………………………. 33 2.2.2.3 Formaldehyde induced arthritis in rats………………………………………….. 34 2.2.2.4 Cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats……………………………..................... 35 2.2.3 Statistical analysis………………………………………………………………. 36 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS 3.0 Results……………………………………………………………………………… 37 3.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents……………………………………... 37 3.2 Respondents’ knowledge of their disease Condition………………………………. 37 3.3 Respondents’ knowledge and use of shea butter………………………………….. 37 3.4 Effects of shea butter on systemic acute inflammation………………………… 48 3.5 Effects of shea butter on topical acute inflammation………………...................... 48 3.6 Effects of shea butter on experimental arthritis………………………………… 48 3.2.4 Effects of shea butter granuloma formation………………………...................... 48 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 4.0 Discussion and conclusion………………………………………………………………. 53 4.1 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………….. 53 4.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….. 56 References………………………………………………………………………………………. 57 Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………………… 67 Appendix 2……………………………………………………………………………………… 69 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Arachidonic acid ACPA Anti citrullinated protein
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