Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India
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Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy In Select Cities of India Supported by GoI-UNDP Project National Strategy for Urban Poor National Institute of Urban Affairs I & II floor, Core 4B, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road New Delhi – 110003 www.niua.org Research Study Series No: 110A July 2008 Research Study Series No: 110A Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy In Select Cities of India Supported by GoI-UNDP Project National Strategy for Urban Poor Submitted to Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation And United Nations Development Programme Prepared by National Institute of Urban Affairs I & II floor, Core 4B, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road New Delhi – 110003 www.niua.org July 2008 Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy In Select Cities of India Supported by GoI-UNDP Project National Strategy for Urban Poor Partners Partners Cities 1. National Institute of Urban Project Coordinator Affairs, New Delhi 2. Centre for Studies in Social Kolkata Sciences, Calcutta ` 3. Madras School of Economics, Chennai Chennai 4. Wilbur Smith Associates Pvt. Bangalore Ltd, Bangalore 5. Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad Hyderabad 6. Gujarat Mahila Housing Ahmedabad SEWA Trust, Ahmedabad 7. Shelter Associates, Pune Pune 8. PRIA, New Delhi Chandigarh 9. Ind-Care Trust, New Delhi Indore 10. National Institute of Urban Jaipur Affairs, New Delhi 11. CRRID, New Delhi Ludhiana 12. CRRID, New Delhi Ambala Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy In Select Cities of India Supported by GoI-UNDP Project National Strategy for Urban Poor NIUA Team Members 1. Prof. Chetan Vaidya, Advisor 2. Ms. Paramita Datta Dey, Senior Research Officer and Coordinator 3. Ms. Nilanjana Dasgupta Sur Research Fellow 4. Ms. Promila Jain Research Analyst Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India Preface Urbanisation and economic progress are concomitant processes. As we progress through the new millennium, the country is faced with the challenge of providing equitable services and opportunity to its millions of urban residents. To sustain the pace of economic growth India is pivoted towards, the immediate challenge before all development practitioners is how to harmoniously integrate the needs of the vulnerable and have inclusive and well-governed cities. As an endeavor to achieve this, the Government of India has been making continuous efforts through implementation of number of policies and programmes. In response to the most recent flagship reform linked policy of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, City Development Plans (CDPs) have been prepared for 63 mission cities. To further augment the efforts of CDPs for achieving sustained and inclusive city development, Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies have been prepared for eleven out of the 63 cities, as part of the GOI-UNDP Project on National Strategy for Urban Poor. NIUA partnered with nine locally based agencies to prepare the eleven UPRSs. In addition to task managing the coordination between all the agencies, NIUA has also prepared the UPRS for Jaipur. This report presents a brief summary and analysis of the eleven UPRS prepared as part of this project. It attempts to comprehensively understand local conditions, identify core issues and challenges set out an inclusive perspective and vision for the future development of a city in India. Prof. Chetan Vaidya Director Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India Acknowledgement The Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy (UPRS) project report is a culmination of the efforts and contributions of a wide group of stakeholders – all of whom have been instrumental in bringing this report to its present shape. At the outset I would like to thank Dr. H.S. Anand, Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA), Dr. P.K. Mohanty, Joint Secretary (MoHUPA) for their valuable comments and direction provided during the continuous review of the project. Mr.Alkesh Sharma National Project Coordinator (GOI-UNDP Project) deserves a special mention for his supervision and attention to details as the project progressed. The guidance, continuous help and endorsement from Dr. Suraj Kumar, Ms. Prema Gera and Mr. Ashok Malhotra from UNDP are worth mentioning. Prof. Chetan Vaidya, Prof. M.P Mathur and Dr. Shreekant Gupta who have headed NIUA at different points of time since the inception of the project and seen it through completion have provided the leadership for the UPRS project. I am grateful to all of them for their direction and guidance in the project activities. I would like to thank Prof. V.K. Dhar for his help whenever I sought his advice. I acknowledge the contributions made by the team members of all the partner institutes who have shown great enthusiasm and collaborative team effort throughout the project. I am also grateful to all those who helped in the completion of the project in various ways and put up with the odd working hours and regular outstation trips. I also acknowledge the help and assistance of all those whose names do not appear explicitly. Paramita Datta Dey Project Coordinator and Senior Research Officer NIUA Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India CONTENTS Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction to Poverty 1.1 Trends in Poverty 1.2 Goals for the 21st Century 1.3 Urban Poverty in India 1.4 Role & Impact of MDGs & Five Year Plans in Eradication of Poverty in India 1.5 Approaches to urban poverty eradication actions in India 1.7.1 Background to the project 1.7.2 Objectives 1.7.3 Methodology 1.7.4 Consultations & Workshops Chapter 2: General Profile of Select Cities 2.1 Mega Cities – Kolkata and Chennai 2.2 Cities with 4 million plus population – Ahmedabad, Bangalore and Hyderabad 2.3 Cities with 1 million plus population – Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Pune, Indore and Ambala 2.4 Comparative Study of 11 select cities 2.5 Slum Profile 2.6 Location of Slums and Ownership of land 2.7 Environmental sensitivity of slum areas 2.8 Housing condition Chapter 3: Infrastructure Status – An Overview 3.1 Basic Services To Urban Poor 3.1.1 Access to Water 3.1.2 Sewerage System 3.1.3 Toilet Facility 3.1.4 Availability of Drainage Facilities 3.1.5 Solid Waste Management 3.1.6 Availability of Electricity and Street Lights 3.1.7 Access to Roads and Street Sweeping 3.2 Socio-Economic Profile 3.2.1 Education level 3.2.2 Health 3.2.3 Occupational Profile 3.2.4 Source of Credit 3.3 Estimates Of Financial Investment For Citywide Slum Upgrading Chapter 4: Conclusion 4.1 General Consensus on the Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy 4.2 Lessons Learnt 4.3 Way Forward Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India Annexure Annexure 1: Executive Summaries of each city 1. Chennai 2. Kolkata 3. Bangalore 4. Ahmedabad 5. Hyderabad 6. Ludhiana 7. Chandigarh 8. Pune 9. Indore 10. Jaipur 11. Ambala Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India LIST OF FIGURES 1. Distribution of population living on less than $1 a day, 1998 (1.2 billion) 2. Map of world poverty by country, showing percentage of population below national poverty line 3. An Indian Slum 4. Slum Population in million plus cities in India 5. National Local Feedback processes for Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies 6. Location Map of the 11 select cities 7. Kolkata Metropolitan Area 8. Chennai Urban Agglomeration 9. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Area 10. Bangalore Development Authority 11. Hyderabad Metropolitan Area 12. Ludhiana Municipal Corporation Area 13. Chandigarh City Map 14. Jaipur Municipal Corporation Area 15. Pune Municipal Corporation Area 16. Indore Municipal Corporation Area 17. Ambala City and Ambala Sadar 18. Distribution of Land Ownership in the 11 select cities 19. Categories of Environmentally Sensitive Slum Areas in the 11 select cities. 20. Ownership of Dwelling Units 21. A Public Toilet Block in Pune Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India LIST OF TABLES 1. Different schemes adopted by the Government during these three phases 2. Monitorable Targets – Tenth Plan (2002-2007) 3. Workshops and Consultancies 4. Percentage Of Slum Population To The Total Population And The Educational Level For Each 11 Cities 5. Primary Survey Details of each 11 select cities 6. Source of Water 7. Frequency of Water Supply 8. Availability of Water 9. Distance to Source of Water 10. Availability of Sewer Connection 11. Type of Toilets 12. Distance to Community Toilets 13. Type of Storm Water Drainage System 14. Frequency of Cleaning of Drains 15. Method of Disposal of Solid Waste 16. Frequency of collecting Solid Waste 17. Availability of Electricity 18. Frequency of Street Lightening 19. Frequency of Street Sweeping 20. Total Investment needed for citywide slum improvement Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy in Select Cities of India Executive Summary The current approach of the Government of India is to tackle urban poverty is three pronged. The first is to provide urban poor with housing and infrastructure. The second is to ensure institutional reforms to facilitate decentralization as envisaged in the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA) and to ensure accountability of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to the citizens. The third approach is to facilitate access to livelihoods / employment through policies like the National Policy for Urban Street Vendors (NPUSV) and programmes like the Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY). City Development Plans (CDPs) have been prepared for all the 63 JNNURM cities. There is a clear need, however, for CDPs to promote integrated strategies for the urban poor in these cities. In order to address this lacuna, as a first pilot, Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies (UPRSs) for 11 cities have been prepared under the GOI-UNDP Project on National Strategy for the Urban Poor. These eleven cities comprise two mega cities (Kolkata and Chennai) three cities with 4 million plus population (Ahmedabad, Bangalore and Hyderabad) and five cities with 1 million plus population (Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Pune, Indore) and Ambala (a non-JNNURM city for an alternative perspective).