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STORYTELLING AND NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES:
INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL OF THE ABC’S
HEYWIRE FOR REGIONAL YOUTH

Sasha Mackay

Bachelor of Fine Arts (Hons), Creative Writing Production
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

Creative Industries Faculty
Queensland University of Technology

2015

Keywords

Australian Broadcasting Corporation Heywire new media narrative identity public service media regional Australia storytelling voice youth

  • Storytelling and new media technologies: investigating the potential of the ABC’s Heywire for regional youth
  • i

Abstract

This thesis takes a case study approach to examine the complexity of audience participation within the Australian public service media institution, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). New media technologies have both enabled and necessitated an increased focus on user created content and audience participation within the context of public service media (PSM) worldwide and such practices are now embedded within the remit of these institutions. Projects that engage audiences as content creators and as participants in the creation of their own stories are now prevalent within PSM; however, these projects represent spaces of struggle: a variety of institutional and personal agendas intersect in ways that can be fruitful though at other times produce profound challenges. This thesis contributes to the wider conversation on audience participation in the PSM context by examining the tensions that emerge at this intersection of agendas, and the challenges and potentials these produce for the institution as well as the individuals whose participation it invites.

The case study for this research – Heywire – represents one of the first instances of content-related participation within the ABC. Since 1998, Heywire has invited 16-22 yearold Australians who live in rural, regional and remote parts of the country to share selfrepresentational narratives on an online platform managed by the ABC (www.abc.net.au/heywire). Taking a cultural studies approach, and through semistructured interviews, participant observation and textual analysis, this thesis investigates the value of this project for the institution as well as for the young people who it engages as storytellers. The values of self-representation and individual self-expression are at the heart of Heywire, and yet, the PSM context produces some explicit challenges. At times, the intentions of participants intersect with the agendas of the institution in ways that are

unproductive; at other times, young people’s use of Heywire results in highly meaningful

outcomes for the ABC, as well as the participants for whom this project functions as a unique opportunity for narrative identity and voice. Through investigating Heywire, its unproductive tensions and meaningful potentials, this research illuminates some of the exciting possibilities of PSM-facilitated participation, while also drawing attention to the missed opportunities of participatory practices in the public service media context.

Storytelling and new media technologies: investigating the potential of the ABC’s Heywire for regional youth ii

Table of Contents

Keywords....................................................................................................................................i Abstract.....................................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................v Statement of Original Authorship............................................................................................vi Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................vii

Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................1

Background ...............................................................................................................................2 Context......................................................................................................................................3 Methodology and research process .........................................................................................4 Chapter overview................................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 2: Contemporary discussions and debates .......................................................17

Public Service Media.............................................................................................................. 17

Participation...............................................................................................................................26

Digital Storytelling.................................................................................................................. 39

Digital storytelling and the Heywire project ..............................................................................40 Diverse contexts, similar intentions...........................................................................................42 Differences and new developments ..........................................................................................54

Youth and New Media ........................................................................................................... 60

Cautionary approaches ..............................................................................................................65 Celebratory perspectives ...........................................................................................................68 New media, new possibilities.....................................................................................................73

Storytelling and new media technologies: investigating the potential of the ABC’s Heywire for regional youth iii

Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................79

Chapter 3: The Platform .............................................................................................. 82

Heywire’s place and purpose within the ABC ........................................................................ 84

Funding structure.......................................................................................................................93 The ABC’s aims ..........................................................................................................................96

The website .......................................................................................................................... 102

Criteria and judging..................................................................................................................107

The Summit .......................................................................................................................... 111

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................125

Chapter 4: The Participants ........................................................................................127

The interviewees......................................................................................................................128 The interviews..........................................................................................................................130 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................164

Chapter 5: The Stories ................................................................................................169

Narrative and identity..............................................................................................................171 Heywire stories: three categories............................................................................................176 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................203

Chapter 6: Conclusion ................................................................................................207

Discussion of Findings .......................................................................................................... 208 Implications .......................................................................................................................... 213

Bibliography .............................................................................................................217 Appendix 1..............................................................................................................233 Appendix 2..............................................................................................................235 Appendix 3..............................................................................................................237

Storytelling and new media technologies: investigating the potential of the ABC’s Heywire for regional youth iv

List of Figures

Figure 1: Heywire website homepage, 2015. ........................................................................7 Figure 2: Three levels of Heywire. .........................................................................................8 Figure 3: Heywire Blog, May 2014 .......................................................................................76 Figure 4: Heywire webpage describing the Summit. .........................................................100 Figure 5: Heywire website homepage, July 14th 2014......................................................102 Figure 6: Steps for entering a Heywire story. ....................................................................106 Figure 7: Heywire webpage Tips for a great entry.............................................................109 Figure 8: Circles activity. ....................................................................................................113 Figure 9: Brainstorming in the Gold Room. .......................................................................113 Figure 10: Testimonials from Heywire winners shown on the website.............................115 Figure 11: Heywire webpage describing the Grants..........................................................117 Figure 12: Descriptions of the Summit. .............................................................................144 Figure 13: Example of Heywire stories as they appear on the website.............................176

Figure 14: Kayla’s professionally produced Heywire story................................................179 Figure 15: Claire’s Heywire story (participant’s version)...................................................183 Figure 16: Tamara’s professionally produced Heywire story. ...........................................189 Figure 17: Bella’s Heywire story (participant’s version). ...................................................193 Figure 18: Beth’s professionally produced Heywire story.................................................198 Figure 19: Lucy’s Heywire story (participant's version).....................................................201

Figure 20: Evie’s professionally produced Heywire story..................................................238

Storytelling and new media technologies: investigating the potential of the ABC’s Heywire for regional youth

v

Statement of Original Authorship

The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made.

QUT Verified Signature

Signature:

  • Date:
  • ___2nd October 2015________

Storytelling and new media technologies: investigating the potential of the ABC’s Heywire for regional youth vi

Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to acknowledge my principal supervisor Dr Donna Hancox for her tireless assistance and encouragement from the very beginning, when this thesis was only the vaguest of ideas. I am so grateful for her support and guidance over the past few years and for the enthusiasm with which she has always approached my work. I would like to thank Associate Professor Jean Burgess for joining my supervisory team after confirmation, for her incisive feedback, and her guidance in refining this research. Her expertise has been invaluable. I also acknowledge my second associate supervisor Professor Sharyn Pearce for her exceptional proofreading skills, and for always engaging with my writing closely and critically.

This research would not have been possible without the keen interest and support of ABC Rural, most particularly, Dan Hirst and Jonathan Atkins who were extremely generous with their time and knowledge. I would like to thank Dan Hirst for accommodating me at the Heywire Regional Youth Summit in February 2013 – a field trip that provided many crucial insights – for his quick responses to my emails and phone calls, and for generally doing his utmost to ensure I had the data I needed. All my research participants were incredibly helpful, and I thank them for their enthusiasm during interviews, their honesty and their generosity.

It has been a privilege to share my PhD journey with Jackie Kauli and Lauren
Woodlands, my two office companions whose intelligence and dedication have been an inspiration, and whose friendship, laughter and coffee-making skills have brightened every working day. A special thank you also to Emma, Ben, Liz, Ariella, Jarryd, Elizabeth and Nina who have accompanied me at various stages, been wonderful friends, provided hilarious distractions, and also fruitful collaborations. I also acknowledge and thank my parents for telling me that everything I chose to do and say was worthwhile. Finally, I could never have done this without Tim whose love, patience and faith in me was a motivation and a comfort, and who I cannot thank enough.

Storytelling and new media technologies: investigating the potential of the ABC’s Heywire for regional youth vii

Chapter 1: Introduction

Growing up on a cattle station in rural Queensland, I listened to Heywire stories broadcast on the radio every summer. Early each morning, the voice of a young person would

punctuate the ABC’s usual programming and open a window into a life I could relate to or

empathise with. Through years of being an audience for these stories, then later a participant who shared anecdotes of her own life in rural Australia via this platform, I came to understand Heywire as a unique and possibly valuable opportunity for young people to make their voices heard and to share their experiences of life in the bush. Yet, when I became an online producer and editor for this project in 2010 it became clear to me that the way the ABC envisaged and managed the project was sometimes at odds with the way young people wanted to tell their stories. The thousands of stories hosted on the website suggested that Heywire was fulfilling a purpose in the minds of its young, rural and regional participants, and that it was providing a space in which they could represent their own lives and express their views. However, there were certain limitations imposed by the need for these stories to align with a vision for voice designed by the ABC. What this meant for the storytellers is that some narratives and voices were privileged and heard to the exclusion or silencing of others.

The initial impetus for this study was incited by the perspectives I gained as a producer, and the questions I began to ask concerning the Heywire project’s usefulness for a large number of geographically dispersed young people. I wondered: what were young people achieving through telling their personal stories on a platform such as this? What did Heywire mean for them and was it useful? As a storytelling project managed by the

national broadcaster that sought to “give voice” to young people who lived outside of Australia’s capital cities, Heywire was fraught with tensions, but it also appeared to

encompass the potential to support young, rural and regional people to be the authors of their own identities and represent the nature of their lives in a way that could be recognised by the broader Australian public. This thesis investigates these tensions and potentials.

  • Chapter 1: Introduction
  • 1

Background

Technological developments and changing patterns of media production and consumption have created numerous challenges and opportunities for public service media (PSM) institutions. A fully digitised, convergent media environment has prompted PSM institutions such as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) to move beyond their traditional role as broadcasters of media content towards a more inclusive model in which audiences are invited to participate in the creation of their own stories. Through an increased focus on audience participation and user-created content PSM can be seen to be genuinely attempting to reflect the multiplicity of voices within the societies they represent.

Projects that involve audiences in processes of media production, sharing, and meaning-making are becoming increasingly prevalent in the PSM context, and they are now

a centrally important part of the broadcaster’s service to the public. These institutions

propose that the opportunities they provide for participation and content creation are also valuable to their audiences: people are invited to author their own identities and represent their own lives rather than suffer homogenising or degrading accounts of their lives and identities delivered by media professionals (Meadows 2003, 192). Further, public service institutions such as PSM are seen as legitimate players in the public sphere; they not only guarantee an audience for self-representations, but confer on them a legitimacy that they would not otherwise have (Thumim 2009, 632, 2012, 128).

Within the spectrum of ways PSM is fostering audience participation, a popular and effective method is to invite specific cohorts or identity groups to use digital technologies to create and share personal stories that reflect that identity. Self-representational narratives are solicited and curated through various projects and distributed via multiple broadcast platforms that are managed by the PSM. Such projects are of great significance to the facilitating institutions, representing a way through which PSM institutions can be seen to be orienting themselves within a shifting media landscape and continuing to provide a service to the public (Thumim and Chouliaraki 2010, 84; Thumim 2009, 621).

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    Section I. CV ‐ Katina Michael 1. Qualifications & Employment EDUCATION Masters of Transnational Crime Prevention with Distinction Faculty of Law (2007‐2009) University of Wollongong Doctor of Philosophy School of Information Technology & Computer Science (1997‐2003) “Technological Trajectory of the Automatic Identification Industry” University of Wollongong Bachelor of Information Technology with Credit Cooperative Scholarship $30,000 School of Mathematical and Computer Science (1994‐1996) University of Technology Sydney ACADEMIC POSITIONS HELD Professor (August 2018 – to present) School for the Future of Innovation in Society School of Computing, Informatics & Decision Science Engineering Director of the Center for Engineering, Policy & Society Professor (since November 2015 – to present) School of Computing and Information Technology University of Wollongong Associate Dean International (2013‐ 2017) A member of the executive team Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences University of Wollongong Originally hired as a Lecturer (2002‐2005), then promoted to a Senior Lecturer (2006‐2009), and Associate Professor (2010‐2015) Faculty of Informatics University of Wollongong Katina Michael ‐ 1 ACADEMIC POSITIONS CONT. Faculty Fellow (2017 – Present) Centre for Law, Science & Innovation Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law Arizona State University Visiting Academic (2016 – 2017) Web Science Institute (WSI) University of Southampton Visiting Professor (2016‐2017) Foreign Expert Scholarship (Jiangsu Province) Department of Electronic Commerce Nanjing University INDUSTRY POSITIONS HELD Senior Network and Business Planner (1999‐2001) Engineer (1998‐1999), Network and Systems Solutions Graduate Engineer (1996‐1997), Systems Engineering Department Nortel Networks Nortel Networks (previously Nortel/Northern Telecom) was one of the world’s leading telecommunications vendors, specialising in digital switching equipment and later broadband networks.

  • Community Radio National Listener Survey 2018

    Community Radio National Listener Survey 2018 Summary Report of Findings Community Broadcasting Association of Australia May 2018 Table of Contents 1. Background .................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 McNair Community Radio National Listener Survey .................................................................5 1.2 McNair yellowSquares ..........................................................................................................................5 2. Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Awareness of Community Radio ......................................................................................................6 2.2 How Many People Listen to Community Radio .........................................................................6 2.3 How Much They Listen and When ...................................................................................................7 2.4 Why They Listen ....................................................................................................................................8 2.5 Who Listens .............................................................................................................................................9 3. Method ....................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Telephone Survey ..............................................................................................................................
  • Report of Media Coverage - Eske Derks Nature Neuroscience Study - August 2018 Executive Summary

    Report of Media Coverage - Eske Derks Nature Neuroscience Study - August 2018 Executive Summary

    WED 29 AUGUST 2018 Report of media coverage - Eske Derks Nature Neuroscience study - August 2018 Executive summary Desire for cannabis linked to mental illness Barrier Daily Truth, Broken Hill NSW, General News 29 Aug 2018 Page 5 • 160 words • ASR AUD 236 • Photo: No • Type: News Item • Size: 82.00 cm² • NSW • Australia • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute - Press • ID: 1001111073 A major international study has found people with certain mental disorders including schizophrenia have a higher genetic disposition to use cannabis. The study, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience yesterday, found 35 genes that influence whether people are likely to ever use the drug. View original - Full text: 160 word(s), <1 min Audience 4,945 CIRCULATION These genes make you highly likely to get high Courier Mail, Brisbane, General News, Janelle Miles 28 Aug 2018 Page 4 • 169 words • ASR AUD 1,458 • Photo: No • Type: News Item • Size: 83.00 cm² • QLD • Australia • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute - Press • ID: 1000486817 A STUDY of more than 180,000 people worldwide has identified 35 genes that influence whether people are likely to use cannabis recreationally. The international research, co-led by QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute scientist Eske Derks, uncovered genetic overlaps between recreational cannabis use, some mental health conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and certain personality traits, such as risk-taking behaviour. View original - Full text: 169 word(s), <1 min Audience 135,007 CIRCULATION Genes could influence desire to use cannabis The Dominion Post, Wellington, General News, Ruby Macandrew 28 Aug 2018 Page 3 • 418 words • ASR AUD 1,645 • Photo: No • Type: News Item • Size: 279.00 cm² • NZ • New Zealand • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute - Press • ID: 1000453174 An international team of researchers has conducted the biggest ever study into genetic predisposition for cannabis use, identifying dozens of genes that influence whether people are likely to use the drug.